Hitler - IB History

SA

(Brownshirts or stormtroopers) - paramilitary group that was to -discourage opposition with violence -staff concentration camps -protect the Nazi party

The Great Depression (Dawes Plan stopping)

What initially causes the decline of the Golden Age of the Weimar Republic?

1921

When did Hitler become the leader of the NSDAP?

Vienna, Austria

Where did Hitler pick up on his racist and anti-Semitic ideas

Communists (KPD)

Who do the Nazis blame for failure of Germany?

Franz von Papen

Who is Hitler's vice when he is appointed Chancellor?

Second Reich (1971 - 1918)

German Empire -1871: Unification of German states after the Franco-Prussian War —Growth of industrialization leads to growth of socialism -> Nation is greater than the individual TO -1918: Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II after WWI

Diktat

German word describing feeling of resentment towards the Treaty of Versailles

France occupied the Ruhr Valley and took reparations from industries and businesses there

Germany failed to make war reputation payments so...

Enabling Act

-"Law for removing the distress of the people and the Reich" -before the election, communists and socialists were rounded up to prevent them from voting -bill passed -Hitler declared the Third Reich -Starts Gleischatung ("coordination") -Nazis start supervising all aspects of society

Hitler's use of violence, intimidation, and murder

-Beer Hall Putsch -Use of SS/SA

Hitler's methods to gain power

-Charisma and Oratory -National Socialism -Pragmatism -Opportunistic -Bribery -and others

Volksgemeinschaft

"People's community"

People/community

"Volk"

Nazis overseeing all aspects of society

-Civil service sector was purged of anything anti-Nazi Party or non-Aryan -Mass media - press and broadcasting were placed under Goebbel's direction (man in charge of propaganda) -Education - universities did not put up any resistance. In order to keep their jobs, many didn't say anything -curriculum in schools aligned with Nazi beliefs -book tunings - anything not considered "Aryan" was burned

Third Reich

-Claimed -Started when Hitler named himself Chancellor

Weimar Republic

-German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy -Hastily set up in order to fulfill and lessen the terms given by the Treaty of Versailles

The Golden Age of the Weimar Republic

-Gustav Stresemann - leader -Period of economic growth and political stability -People are doing better -NSDAP has to slow down and play the long game

Opposition: Catholic Church

-Hitler initially promised to stay out of church affairs -but eventually removed all rights of the church

Methods to gain power: Charisma and Oratory

-Hitler was an extremely talented speaker -Was it the content of Hitler's speeches or the performances?

Why did the Weimar Republic fail (1918-1919)?

-Republic was set up hastily in order to avoid a severe penalty from the Treaty of Versailles conditions -Resentment of the Treaty of Versailles (especially "war guilt clause") aka. "diktat" -Citizens blame the Weimar and the left-wing government for accepting the terms from the Treaty of Versailles

Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)

-SS purged the SA; many executed or sent to execution camps -Leader (Rohm) didn't get along well with Nazi elders -Claimed the Nazi party was filled with communists and had tried to hold a coup -Killed ~1000 people and were now in control of the military

Opposition: Jehovah's Witnesses

-actual vocal opposition -refused to salute or join -persecuted for opposition

Opposition: Communists

-even more poorly organized than left groups -abolished in June 1933 so members fled to Paris and London

Beer Hall Putsch

-had no backing from police -Hitler was arrested and sentenced to a minimum of 5 years in prison

Hitler's abuse of the democratic system

-idea of outvoting instead of outshooting the opposition -didn't hide desire to get rid of representative body -expanded the party into national organization -"worked" with other political parties -Hitler legally appointed -Enabling Bill was passed

Why did the Weimar Republic fall (1919-1923)?

-military could remain autonomous as long as they supported new government -New Constitution permitted tons of political parties to form and many of them were anti-democracy -inherited many officials from the old rígeme (didn't allow for "cleansing" period) -economic crisis

Opposition: Military

-noncommittal to anything during Weimar Republic -Submitted to Hitler in August 1934 -Some questioned the blind loyalty to Hitler later in the 1930s -Hard to fight against siding with Hitler when Germany was winning WWII -Six assassination attempts on Hitler in 1943 (operation Valkyrie)

Methods to gain power: Miscellaneous

-people nor army didn't care about or support democracy -weak constitution -bad economy, especially after Stock Market collapse -division on the left to unite to stop him -fear of going too left or towards Communism -they underestimated Hitler

Methods to gain power: Bribery

-political parties (for Enabling Act passed) -Army (promises after Night of Long Knives)

Opposition: Left groups

-sent for "reeducation" at concentration camps if caught -not united so couldn't stop it -KPD leaders fled to Paris to try to organize but they were too fractured

July 1933

All political parties except NSDAP abolished

Methods to gain power: Opportunistic

Circumstances lined up for him... Great Depression, Reichstag fire...

April 1933

Decree purged the civil service of "unreliable elements" - Jews and those of Jewish descent were targeted

Jews, Marxists, anyone associated with the Treaty of Versailles, Weimar traitors

Demonized which groups?

Inflation, loss of confidence in the government, uprisings

Economic crisis lead to _______, ______________________, and __________.

March 1933

Federal states lose independent power

Friedrich Ebert

First leader of Weimar Republic who made a deal with military that they could stay autonomous as long as they supported the new government

Fuhrer

Hindenberg dies and Hitler gives himself the title of _______ which is like president and chancellor together

Fuhrer, Reich Chancellor

Hitler names himself _______ and _______ ____________ after Hindenburg dies on August 2, 1934.

Propagandist

Hitler saw himself as a ________ to help to power the extreme nationalists who would rescue Germany from "Bolshevism," the Jews, and the Treaty of Versailles

Methods to gain power: Pragmatism

Hitler simply used who he needed at the time

Prison

Hitler wrote Main Kampf while he was in ________.

First Reich (962AD - 1806AD)

Holy Roman Empire -962 AD: Crowning of Otto I TO -1806 AD: Dissolution of Empire by Franz II to avoid Napoleon attacking them if he thought they were too powerful

Promising to increase military size and give more modern equipment

How did Hitler get the army on his side?

Citizens are anti communist, opposing parties are too fractured, Nazis had a regional presence across the country, propaganda

How did the Nazis suddenly get control after Hindenberg starts going senile?

25 points

How many points did Hitler's plan have when he became leader of the NSDAP?

National socialism

Idea of community (blood and ethnicity) and not social class

Chancellor

In January 1933, Hitler is legally named ________.

Camaraderie

Make people want to belong, especially to the future

Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis)

NSDAP

50

NSDAP ends up getting over ____% representation after election and some "convincing" of other party members

SS

Original purpose was to serve as Hitler's bodyguards; later took SA's place

Socialism

Overthrow of capitalism; stresses primacy of working class

Opposition: Protestant churches

Protesters were sent to internment camps

Gestapo

Secret police that tracked down enemies of the regime

Dawes Plan

The US loans money to Germany to stimulate Germany's economy so Germany can pay off reparations to US, France, and England

Methods to gain power: National Socialism

The message appealed to the angry, fearful, and disillusioned

Franz von Papen

The people get mad at the government when their economy starts declining, so they cycle through Chancellors. Who suggests that Hitler should be named Chancellor?