HK 368 FINAL
blood flow =
(change in pressure) / resistance
What is the stroke volume response to increasing intensities of exercise
- not linear - increases w intensity increases until about 50-60 % of Vo2 max (which is not that intense) and then it levels out
partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli _______ partial pressure of oxygen in the cells ______ it equates with the ________
100 mmHg 40 mmHg environment it is in
intrinsic control of the distribution of blood
LOCAL control by arterioles to meet the metabolic demands of various tissues
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is ____ shaped, which is good because if we are at altitude our hb with remain saturated with a slight drop in PO2, protective.
S
intrinsic cardiac control
SA node - sets its own rhythm
blood can be displaced in the veins in these three ways
SNS skeletal muscle pump respiratory pump
we can predict _____ from the heart rate response to exercise intensity
VO2
the Fick equation
VO2 = Q x (a-v)O2diff
extrinsic neural control of the blood distribution
WHOLE BODY control ; the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction in most areas of the body
vo2 max is a function of ____ and ______
max CO max a-v o2 diff
gases move by
diffusion
pulmonary ventilation
moving air in and out of the lungs
blood gases in arteries _____ from rest to ex
do not change
cardiac output ________ at rest and submax ex after training
does not change (increased SV but lower heart rate)
after training, blood pressure at rest _______
does not change unless someone is hypertensive it would decrease
respiratory adaptations to training: change at rest? change during submax ex? change during max ex?
no change decrease increase (bc increase tidal volume and increase frequency)
after training, vo2 _______ at rest, _____ at submax ex, and _____ at maximum
no change no change (bc a given amt of work requires a given amt of o2) increases
Do we use the full capacity of our lungs?
no, our lungs are actually much bigger than we need them to be
ventilation response to increasing ex intensities
not really linear at a certain intensity you start to hyperventilate (maybe to buffer lactic acid)
you can increase Vo2 max with training, but
only to a certain point
the body's ability to sustain prolonged dynamic ex using large muscle groups
cardiorespiratory fitness
what accounts for the increased max CO with training?
a higher stroke volume, NOT max heart rate bc max heart rate does not change
heart rate increases in proportion to
exercise intensity
the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles control
expiration, if forced
Sv is affected by
gravity
trained individual have a ______ blood volume
greater due to more plasma
What is SDH? How does training affect it?
an enzyme important in krebs cycle that increases with training that allows you to exercise more bu assisting in aerobic metabolism
what is the term for the increase in heart rate that occurs right before you even start exercising
anticipatory rise
peripheral chemoreceptors are in ... they sense..
aortic arch and carotid arteries partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide pH
chemoreceptors are found in _________ blood not ______ blood, so blood concentrations stay constant in _______. this is also why ventilation is closer tied to CO2 production
arterial venous arterial
what is the major dilator of blood vessels in active muscles during ex? what is a less significant one?
autoregualation - increase temp, decreased pH, increased Co2 etc SNS fiber innervations to the muscles
smaller plasma volume results in _______
hemoconcentration (increased hematocrit)
the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance
hemodynamics
extrinsic control of the heart
parasympathetic sympathetic endocrine system
when air gets humidified on its way into the system _______ is reduced because another gas (water vapor) is added to the total pressure
partial pressure oxygen
rate of diffusion depends on
partial pressures of the gases across the membranes
exhalation is usually
passive
trained people have a ______ tpr
decreased
trained individuals have a ______ hematocrit and ______ RBC counts
decreased incresed bc there is a greater increase in plasma volume than there is in RBCs
systolic bp ______ during submax ex after training
decreases
Plasma volume ______ at the onset of exercise why?
decreases increased cap pressure due to increase bp increase metabolites in muscle cells increased osmotic pressure in interstitial spaces draws fluid out of the blood (due to sweat)
RER ______ with training, meaning more _____ is burned
decreases fat
training _____ the lactate threshold
delays
after training ____ number of capillaries in trained muscles _____ myoglobin content _____ muscle fiber size ____ number of mitochondria _____ oxidative enzyme acitivity
increase for all
there is _______ capiliarization and _______ recruitment of existing capillaries during ex after training
increased increased
trained people have a __________ blood volume and a ______ heart rate, leading to a higher ________
increased preload (filling)
after aerobic training, the size of type 1 fibers ____
increases
maximum cardiac output ______ with training
increases
vo2 max ______ with aerobic training
increases - this can be an indicator of how good training is
the a-v o2 dif _______ with exercise intensity increases
increases bc more oxygen will be released to muscles (lowered venous o2 return)
systolic bp ______ and diastolic bp _____ during max exercise after training
increases decreases
the left ventricle chamber size _______ after training and the walls ______ in thickness after training
increases increases (more blood can enter and the walls can pump it out harder)
systolic pressure _________ with increasing ex intensity. diastolic bp _______ with increasing ex intensity. bp is ______ during upper body exercise and resistance training.
increases stays the same, or changes very little higher (because more constriction in the upper body, more dilation in the lower body)
the diaphragm and external intercostals control
inspiration
During exercise more blood goes to the active muscles, and less goes to the
internal organs
air takes the path of _______. So not all alveoli are always ________ during normal breathing but that is okay
least resistance ventilated
the relationship between heart rate and % of VO2 max used during exercise is
linear
what is the CO response to increasing intensities of ex? What is ex intensity stayed the same?
linear steady state response
trained individuals have an increased plasma volume since they have increased ______ and increased _________
plasma proteins ADH/aldosterone
the respiratory control centers are located in the
pons and medulla
pulmonary diffusion
process of gas exchange in the lungs (air with high o2 low co2, blood with low 02 high co2)
the inspiratory center and expiratory center are _____ innervated
reciprocally
where can we find mixed venous blood
right atrium r ventricle pulmonary artery
the brain proportion of blood decreases during exercise, but since VO increases, its amount ___
stays the same
Hering Breur - Reflex
stretch receptors in the lungs start the expiratory process- prevent overstretching of the lungs
where does gas exchange occur
the alveoli, capillaries
Stroke volume is
the amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat
autoregulation
the arterioles can self-regulate their blood flow in response to chemicals like o2 co2 k h etc, chemicals in the endothelium, and pressure changes across vessel walls
What is the (a-v)O2 difference
the difference in oxygen content bw arterial and venous blood
systolic bp
the highest pressure in the artery during systole
what is cardiovascular drift?
the steady drift in HR upwards due to opening of vessels to get rid of heat when exercising in the heat
you can increase distance as you train, and this means you can increase your _____
training volume
3 big functions of blood
transport (gases, nutrients, waste) temp regulation acid base balance
Stroke volume is influenced by body position. It can increase to 2x during ex when ______ but increases only about 30% during ex when _______
upright supine this is because when you lay down you already have a higher venous return and sv is already higher
heart filling depends on
venous return ventricular distensibility =preload
heart emptying (ventricles) depends on
ventricular contractility aortic pressure =afterload
the best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness is
vo2 max
when PO2 is high, hemoglobin..... when PO2 is low, hemoglobin....
wants to bind O2 wants to give up O2
alveoli need to be ______ for good gas exchange
well ventilated and profused
diastolic bp
the lowest pressure in the artery during rest
what drives our breathing
the need to get rid of CO2
How much oxygen do we use/lose at the tissues during circulation
about 20-25 percent (PO2 from 100 to 40) there is a lot of oxygen loaded in our hemoglobin, not all of it is used
when the PO2 is about 40 in the blood returning to the heart, it is _____ saturated
about 75%
What determines someone's max heart rate?
age only age- not fitness!; 220-age
trained people have an increased stroke volume _______
all of the time, at rest, submax ex, and max ex
trained people have a _______ recovery in heart rate after ex
faster
what is the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
20 ml o2 / 100 ml blood
oxygen contents at rest : arterial = venous =
20 ml o2 / 100 ml blood 14 ml o2 / 100 ml blood
Whole blood _____ plasma ______ formed elements (mostly ______, <1% is _____)
55% 45% RBCs white blood cells and platelets
______ of the blood at rest is in the veins
64%
pressure of atmospheric air
760 mmHg
aldosterone conserves
Na+
How is oxygen transported
small amount dissolved in plasma vast majority attached to hemoglobin
partial pressure =
% gas x total pressure
central chemoreceptors sense
CO2 and acidity control ventilation
BP=
Q x TPR
What is the Bohr effect?
a shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve down and to the right during exercise because temperature increases and ph decreases in the muscles and this makes hemoglobin want to release more oxygen at the muscles -- beneficial for us!
how is carbon dioxide transported in the blood
a small amount dissolved in plasma a small amount as carbaminohemoglobin and plasma proteins majority as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
the tweener fibers
type IIa