HK 368 FINAL

blood flow =

(change in pressure) / resistance

What is the stroke volume response to increasing intensities of exercise

- not linear - increases w intensity increases until about 50-60 % of Vo2 max (which is not that intense) and then it levels out

partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli _______ partial pressure of oxygen in the cells ______ it equates with the ________

100 mmHg 40 mmHg environment it is in

intrinsic control of the distribution of blood

LOCAL control by arterioles to meet the metabolic demands of various tissues

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is ____ shaped, which is good because if we are at altitude our hb with remain saturated with a slight drop in PO2, protective.

S

intrinsic cardiac control

SA node - sets its own rhythm

blood can be displaced in the veins in these three ways

SNS skeletal muscle pump respiratory pump

we can predict _____ from the heart rate response to exercise intensity

VO2

the Fick equation

VO2 = Q x (a-v)O2diff

extrinsic neural control of the blood distribution

WHOLE BODY control ; the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction in most areas of the body

vo2 max is a function of ____ and ______

max CO max a-v o2 diff

gases move by

diffusion

pulmonary ventilation

moving air in and out of the lungs

blood gases in arteries _____ from rest to ex

do not change

cardiac output ________ at rest and submax ex after training

does not change (increased SV but lower heart rate)

after training, blood pressure at rest _______

does not change unless someone is hypertensive it would decrease

respiratory adaptations to training: change at rest? change during submax ex? change during max ex?

no change decrease increase (bc increase tidal volume and increase frequency)

after training, vo2 _______ at rest, _____ at submax ex, and _____ at maximum

no change no change (bc a given amt of work requires a given amt of o2) increases

Do we use the full capacity of our lungs?

no, our lungs are actually much bigger than we need them to be

ventilation response to increasing ex intensities

not really linear at a certain intensity you start to hyperventilate (maybe to buffer lactic acid)

you can increase Vo2 max with training, but

only to a certain point

the body's ability to sustain prolonged dynamic ex using large muscle groups

cardiorespiratory fitness

what accounts for the increased max CO with training?

a higher stroke volume, NOT max heart rate bc max heart rate does not change

heart rate increases in proportion to

exercise intensity

the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles control

expiration, if forced

Sv is affected by

gravity

trained individual have a ______ blood volume

greater due to more plasma

What is SDH? How does training affect it?

an enzyme important in krebs cycle that increases with training that allows you to exercise more bu assisting in aerobic metabolism

what is the term for the increase in heart rate that occurs right before you even start exercising

anticipatory rise

peripheral chemoreceptors are in ... they sense..

aortic arch and carotid arteries partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide pH

chemoreceptors are found in _________ blood not ______ blood, so blood concentrations stay constant in _______. this is also why ventilation is closer tied to CO2 production

arterial venous arterial

what is the major dilator of blood vessels in active muscles during ex? what is a less significant one?

autoregualation - increase temp, decreased pH, increased Co2 etc SNS fiber innervations to the muscles

smaller plasma volume results in _______

hemoconcentration (increased hematocrit)

the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance

hemodynamics

extrinsic control of the heart

parasympathetic sympathetic endocrine system

when air gets humidified on its way into the system _______ is reduced because another gas (water vapor) is added to the total pressure

partial pressure oxygen

rate of diffusion depends on

partial pressures of the gases across the membranes

exhalation is usually

passive

trained people have a ______ tpr

decreased

trained individuals have a ______ hematocrit and ______ RBC counts

decreased incresed bc there is a greater increase in plasma volume than there is in RBCs

systolic bp ______ during submax ex after training

decreases

Plasma volume ______ at the onset of exercise why?

decreases increased cap pressure due to increase bp increase metabolites in muscle cells increased osmotic pressure in interstitial spaces draws fluid out of the blood (due to sweat)

RER ______ with training, meaning more _____ is burned

decreases fat

training _____ the lactate threshold

delays

after training ____ number of capillaries in trained muscles _____ myoglobin content _____ muscle fiber size ____ number of mitochondria _____ oxidative enzyme acitivity

increase for all

there is _______ capiliarization and _______ recruitment of existing capillaries during ex after training

increased increased

trained people have a __________ blood volume and a ______ heart rate, leading to a higher ________

increased preload (filling)

after aerobic training, the size of type 1 fibers ____

increases

maximum cardiac output ______ with training

increases

vo2 max ______ with aerobic training

increases - this can be an indicator of how good training is

the a-v o2 dif _______ with exercise intensity increases

increases bc more oxygen will be released to muscles (lowered venous o2 return)

systolic bp ______ and diastolic bp _____ during max exercise after training

increases decreases

the left ventricle chamber size _______ after training and the walls ______ in thickness after training

increases increases (more blood can enter and the walls can pump it out harder)

systolic pressure _________ with increasing ex intensity. diastolic bp _______ with increasing ex intensity. bp is ______ during upper body exercise and resistance training.

increases stays the same, or changes very little higher (because more constriction in the upper body, more dilation in the lower body)

the diaphragm and external intercostals control

inspiration

During exercise more blood goes to the active muscles, and less goes to the

internal organs

air takes the path of _______. So not all alveoli are always ________ during normal breathing but that is okay

least resistance ventilated

the relationship between heart rate and % of VO2 max used during exercise is

linear

what is the CO response to increasing intensities of ex? What is ex intensity stayed the same?

linear steady state response

trained individuals have an increased plasma volume since they have increased ______ and increased _________

plasma proteins ADH/aldosterone

the respiratory control centers are located in the

pons and medulla

pulmonary diffusion

process of gas exchange in the lungs (air with high o2 low co2, blood with low 02 high co2)

the inspiratory center and expiratory center are _____ innervated

reciprocally

where can we find mixed venous blood

right atrium r ventricle pulmonary artery

the brain proportion of blood decreases during exercise, but since VO increases, its amount ___

stays the same

Hering Breur - Reflex

stretch receptors in the lungs start the expiratory process- prevent overstretching of the lungs

where does gas exchange occur

the alveoli, capillaries

Stroke volume is

the amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat

autoregulation

the arterioles can self-regulate their blood flow in response to chemicals like o2 co2 k h etc, chemicals in the endothelium, and pressure changes across vessel walls

What is the (a-v)O2 difference

the difference in oxygen content bw arterial and venous blood

systolic bp

the highest pressure in the artery during systole

what is cardiovascular drift?

the steady drift in HR upwards due to opening of vessels to get rid of heat when exercising in the heat

you can increase distance as you train, and this means you can increase your _____

training volume

3 big functions of blood

transport (gases, nutrients, waste) temp regulation acid base balance

Stroke volume is influenced by body position. It can increase to 2x during ex when ______ but increases only about 30% during ex when _______

upright supine this is because when you lay down you already have a higher venous return and sv is already higher

heart filling depends on

venous return ventricular distensibility =preload

heart emptying (ventricles) depends on

ventricular contractility aortic pressure =afterload

the best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness is

vo2 max

when PO2 is high, hemoglobin..... when PO2 is low, hemoglobin....

wants to bind O2 wants to give up O2

alveoli need to be ______ for good gas exchange

well ventilated and profused

diastolic bp

the lowest pressure in the artery during rest

what drives our breathing

the need to get rid of CO2

How much oxygen do we use/lose at the tissues during circulation

about 20-25 percent (PO2 from 100 to 40) there is a lot of oxygen loaded in our hemoglobin, not all of it is used

when the PO2 is about 40 in the blood returning to the heart, it is _____ saturated

about 75%

What determines someone's max heart rate?

age only age- not fitness!; 220-age

trained people have an increased stroke volume _______

all of the time, at rest, submax ex, and max ex

trained people have a _______ recovery in heart rate after ex

faster

what is the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

20 ml o2 / 100 ml blood

oxygen contents at rest : arterial = venous =

20 ml o2 / 100 ml blood 14 ml o2 / 100 ml blood

Whole blood _____ plasma ______ formed elements (mostly ______, <1% is _____)

55% 45% RBCs white blood cells and platelets

______ of the blood at rest is in the veins

64%

pressure of atmospheric air

760 mmHg

aldosterone conserves

Na+

How is oxygen transported

small amount dissolved in plasma vast majority attached to hemoglobin

partial pressure =

% gas x total pressure

central chemoreceptors sense

CO2 and acidity control ventilation

BP=

Q x TPR

What is the Bohr effect?

a shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve down and to the right during exercise because temperature increases and ph decreases in the muscles and this makes hemoglobin want to release more oxygen at the muscles -- beneficial for us!

how is carbon dioxide transported in the blood

a small amount dissolved in plasma a small amount as carbaminohemoglobin and plasma proteins majority as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

the tweener fibers

type IIa