HLTH 2030 Exam 3 - Chapter 12, 13, 14

True or False: Damage to the ventral root causes spastic paralysis, whereas damage to the descending tracts causes flaccid paralysis.

False

The prefix ____ means head.

cephal-

Evolutionary development of a head and brain containing neural and sensory organs is a process called ____.

cephalization

The function of the blood-brain barrier is to keep neurons from innervating blood vessels. prevent all contact between bloodborne molecules and brain tissue. provide an impenetrable barrier between blood and brain, because the brain gets all its nourishment from the cerebrospinal fluid. help protect the central nervous system.

help protect the central nervous system.

Baroreceptors are a type of __________ that monitors __________. thermoreceptor / temperature changes mechanoreceptor / blood pressure nociceptor / pain nociceptor / chemicals in solution

mechanoreceptor / blood pressure

To what depth must an injection of anesthetic be inserted to numb the spinal cord and thus relieve pain caudal to that area? to the depth of the epidural space to the depth of the subarachnoid space to the depth of the subdural space to the depth of the pia mater to the depth of the central canal of the spinal cord

to the depth of the epidural space

Which answer choice correctly identifies functions of the hypoglossal nerve? food mixing and manipulation by the tongue; somatic motor fibers to the trapezius muscle special sensory fibers carry information about taste; parasympathetic fibers control tear production from the lacrimal gland innervation of skeletal muscles of the pharynx; parasympathetic innervation to pupil constrictor muscles tongue movements during speech and swallowing

tongue movements during speech and swallowing

Two consecutive neurons communicate at a ____, where they physically come together.

synapse

Interneurons sense information from the stimulus in the periphery take in sensory information, direct it to specific CNS locations, and initiate the appropriate response carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the CNS. carry outgoing motor information to effectors in the PNS.

take in sensory information, direct it to specific CNS locations, and initiate the appropriate response

Use the diagram pictured above to answer the following question.Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron from which the axon leaves the cell body. A B C D E

B

Which letter indicates a tactile corpuscle (Meissner's corpuscle) that is responsive to light pressure? A B C D E

B

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate (inferiorly) in the average adult? S5 C3 Between L5 and S1 Between L1 and L2

Between L1 and L2

Which letter indicates receptors that respond chiefly to pain and temperature? A B C D E

C

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres? Corpus callosum Vermis Septum pellucidum Intermediate mass

Corpus callosum

Which letter indicates Wernicke's area, which is important for understanding spoken words? A B C D E

D

Which letter indicates a lamellar corpuscle (Pacinian corpuscle) that rapidly adapts to deep pressure stimuli? A B C D E

D

Which letter indicates a bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini ending) that slowly adapts to deep pressure stimuli? A B C D E

E

Which letter indicates the cranial nerve with nerve fibers that pass through the hypoglossal canal? A B C D E

E

Which letter indicates the primary visual cortex, which receives information from neurons in the retina of the eye? A B C D E

E

Which statement is true concerning neuronal regeneration? According to recent studies, regions of the thalamus and medulla oblongata have been shown to form new neurons. In the CNS, if neuroglial cells form parallel bands to guide new axonal extensions, some return of function to the damaged region of the brain or spinal cord is possible. Reinnervation of the target organ with partial recovery of function is sometimes possible in the PNS. After injury, most neurons are prompted to undergo mitosis. None of the listed choices is correct.

Reinnervation of the target organ with partial recovery of function is sometimes possible in the PNS.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons? inability to divide ability to survive without oxygen longevity high metabolic rate

ability to survive without oxygen

__________neurons are rare neurons, but are located in the retina and in the olfactory mucosa.

bipolar

The prefix ____ means "do the opposite of or reverse."

de-

The processes that branch from the cell body of a neuron and receive signals from other neurons are__________.

dendrites

Microglia are unlike other neuroglial cells in that they __________. derive from pre-natal monocytes are involved with synapse formation are capable of mitosis conduct nerve impulses are the only neuroglial cell to bear cilia

derive from pre-natal monocytes

The prefix ____ means "within."

endo-

The prefix ____ means "higher than normal."

hyper-

When potassium channels have been open long enough to over-shoot resting membrane potential, ____ has occurred.

hyperpolarization

Region of the adult telencephalon that is covered by parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

insula

Which factors contribute to increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission? increased concentration of potassium outside the neuron nodes of Ranvier and a smaller diameter axon the number of mitochondria in the axon terminals and how many microtubules are present within the axon larger diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath

larger diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath

At what point in embryonic development do sensory peripheral axons begin growing from the neural crest of dorsal root ganglia? late in the fourth week of development not earlier than week eight of development during the fifth week of development not until week 13 of development

late in the fourth week of development

The falx cerebri passes through the _________. transverse cerebral fissure longitudinal fissure lateral sulcus central sulcus

longitudinal fissure

The simplest type of reflex, in which there is no interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron, is called a __________reflex.

monosynaptic

White matter represents dendrites traveling together in the ANS. myelinated axons traveling together in the CNS. aggregations of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord. aggregations of neuron cell bodies in the brain.

myelinated axons traveling together in the CNS.

Spina bifida and anencephaly are both examples of what category of congenital malformation? dyskinesia cerebral palsy neural tube defects hydrocephalus

neural tube defects

The prefix ____ means "pertaining to the nervous system."

neuro-

Supporting cells of the nervous system are collectively called ____.

neuroglia

A nerve cell is the same as a nerve fiber neurilemmocyte neuron nerve

neuron

The prefix ____ means "around" or "surrounding."

peri-

Which of these is not a function of the nervous system? sensory input secreting hormones into the bloodstream to affect far-away organs integration of motor and sensory information motor innervation to muscles or glands

secreting hormones into the bloodstream to affect far-away organs

Structures that pick up environmental changes from inside or outside of the body are called ganglia motor endings nerves sensory receptors

sensory receptors

Children that have had chicken pox may experience a reactivation of this viral infection in adulthood, which is known as peripheral neuropathy sciatica Bell's palsy polio shingles

shingles

Motor neurons to skeletal muscle belong to the autonomic nervous system. afferent division of the autonomic nervous system. somatic division of the nervous system. visceral division of the nervous system.

somatic division of the nervous system.

The ____ division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle.

somatic motor

The cell bodies located in the anteriormost region of the spinal cord's gray matter belong to this group. visceral motor visceral sensory somatic motor somatic sensory

somatic motor

The cell bodies located in the posteriormost region of the spinal cord's gray matter belong to this group. somatic motor somatic sensory visceral motor visceral sensory

somatic sensory

A man walking barefoot stepped on a piece of glass. His foot jerked upward in which type of reflex? visceral, monosynaptic stretch reflex visceral, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex somatic, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex somatic, monosynaptic withdrawal reflex

somatic, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex

The prefix ____ means body.

somato-

Damage to which region of the brain would result in someone being unable to identify an item in his or her pocket by touch alone? somatosensory association cortex visceral sensory area visual association area posterior association area

somatosensory association cortex

The prefix ____ means "being together" or "similar."

syn-

The__________nerve transmits afferent impulses for the special senses of hearing and balance.

vestibulocochlear

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section? Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus Optic chiasm Corpus callosum

Superior colliculus

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the posterior division of the brachial plexus? Supinator Flexor pollicis longus Pronator teres Biceps brachii

Supinator

It is easy to confuse the terms sulcus and gyrus (on the cerebral cortex). The difference between these two terms is that a sulcus is a groove, and a gyrus is a deeper groove. a sulcus is the same as a fissure on the cerebral cortex, whereas a gyrus is a lobe. a sulcus corresponds to a folia on the cerebellum, whereas a gyrus corresponds to a fissure. a gyrus is a ridge, and a sulcus is a groove.

a gyrus is a ridge, and a sulcus is a groove.

Which letter indicates Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking? A B C D E

A

Which letter indicates epithelial tactile complexes (Merkel discs), light pressure receptors found in the epidermis? A B C D E

A

Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that transmits olfactory impulses? A B C D E

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS) __________. is not always easy to diagnose because of its range of symptoms and presentation is five times more common in temperate Europe or the United States than in tropical countries is a demyelinating disease that affects more women than men, and affects men later in life is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by numbness or pain on the skin, muscle weakness, slurred speech, and difficulty in maintaining balance All of the listed answers are accurately ascribed to MS.

All of the listed answers are accurately ascribed to MS.

As difficult as the problem of stimulating axonal regeneration is, other problems challenge researchers and clinicians as they try to restore complete function to someone with a spinal cord injury. Some of these problems might include which of the following? Controlling the secondary damage from inflammation while minimizing the risk from infections, which are usually prevented (in part) by the inflammatory process. stimulating neuron cell bodies to regenerate when the neurons are totally destroyed restoring the neuronal synapses of a destroyed neuron. All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which letter indicates an area that is characterized by huge neurons known as pyramidal cells? A B C D E

B

Which letter indicates the falx cerebri? A B C D E

B

Which letter indicates the structure where cranial nerve fibers from the retina cross to the opposite side of the brain? A B C D E

B

Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that has three major branches? A B C D E

C

Which letter indicates the primary somatosensory cortex? A B C D E

C

Where is the arbor vitae located? Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum

Cerebellum

WHich region of the brain is necessary for consciousness? Brain stem Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon

Cerebrum

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between spinal neuronal pathways and cortical neuronal pathways? Spinal neuronal pathways exit the spinal cord and travel up to the cerebral cortex and are faster than cortical neuronal pathways. Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are faster than spinal neuronal pathways. Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are slower than spinal neuronal pathways. Spinal neuronal pathways stay within the spinal cord and are slower than cortical neuronal pathways.

Cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are slower than spinal neuronal pathways.

Which letter indicates the corpora quadrigemina, meaning "four bodies?" A B C D E

D

Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that has motor fibers that innervate muscles of facial expression? A B C D E

D

Which letter indicates the meningeal layer of the dura mater? A B C D E

D

Sensory fibers of which cranial nerve pair pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone? I II IV V VIII

I

Which of the following statements describes interneurons? Interneurons are multipolar neurons that are confined to the CNS and are linked together in chains that form complex neuronal pathways. Interneurons are unipolar neurons whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia. Interneurons are neurons only found in the autonomic nervous system. Interneurons are an embryonic cell type that becomes a neuron.

Interneurons are multipolar neurons that are confined to the CNS and are linked together in chains that form complex neuronal pathways.

Which of these statements is true of the hypothalamus? It controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates hunger and thirst sensations. It controls emotional responses and provides information on equilibrium. It contains the cardiac and vasomotor centers that regulate heartrate and blood pressure. It contains centers that regulate sneezing, hiccupping, and coughing.

It controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates hunger and thirst sensations.

Which of the following is true regarding the peripheral nervous system? It includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. It only involves efferent, motor neurons. It includes neurons carrying the sense of touch but not special senses, such as taste or vision. It only involves somatic neurons.

It includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

What is unusual about the last nerve in the thoracic series (T12)? It provides innervation to the posterior abdominal wall. It is the only thoracic nerve that does not supply intercostal muscles. Most of its fibers enter the brachial plexus. It lies inferior to the 12th rib.

It lies inferior to the 12th rib.

Which spinal nerves are involved in the lumbar plexus, and what could become paralyzed if these nerves are damaged? L1-L4; muscles of the abdominal wall and skin of the anterior thigh L1-L4; quadriceps femoris and adductor muscle group L1-L4; gracilis and tibialis anterior L4-S4; gluteal muscles, and hamstrings All of the choices are correct concerning the lumbar plexus.

L1-L4; quadriceps femoris and adductor muscle group

Which of the following explains why cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the PNS (outside the CNS) in ganglia? Neuroblasts of the basal plate form sensory neurons. Neuroblasts of the alar plate form sensory neurons. Sensory neurons arise from neural crest cells. Sensory neurons derive from mesoderm. Sensory neurons are capable of dividing throughout life.

Sensory neurons arise from neural crest cells.

Drag each image into the appropriate bin to identify the type of nerve fiber responsible for each of the given functions. Somatic Sensory (SS) Visceral Sensory (VS) Somatic Motor (SM) Visceral Motor (VM) Pain, pressure Vision Taste Hunger Contraction of skeletal muscle Secretion of pancreas Contraction of bladder Contraction of heart

Somatic Sensory (SS): Pain, pressure Vision Visceral Sensory (VS): Taste Hunger Somatic Motor (SM): Contraction of skeletal muscle Visceral Motor (VM): Secretion of pancreas Contraction of bladder Contraction of heart

Which of the following areas from the central core of the brain? Cerebellum Epithalamus Thalamus Hypothalamus

Thalamus

What neuronal action occurs at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata? The axons of general sensory neurons relay proprioceptive impulses from the spinal cord to the cerebellum at the pyramids. There is a slight drying of brain tissue due to lack of cerebral spinal fluid in this region. The axons of upper motor neurons cross to the opposite side of the brain. Cranial nerves attach at this region and cross to the opposite side of the brain.

The axons of upper motor neurons cross to the opposite side of the brain.

Which of the following is true regarding the basic divisions of the nervous system? The central nervous system includes the spinal nerves and cranial nerves. The nerves in our arms and legs are part of the central nervous system. The brain and spinal cord are part of the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is in charge of integrating incoming sensory information with past experiences and dictating motor responses.

The central nervous system is in charge of integrating incoming sensory information with past experiences and dictating motor responses.

Why are sensory neurons that monitor touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature considered "general sensory receptors"? They are formed earlier in embryonic development, and are the source for the special sensory receptors. Their receptors are widely distributed over the body. They only give a "general" understanding of the sense being perceived. They are too unspecialized to have individual categories and names.

Their receptors are widely distributed over the body.

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the spinal cord? Through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the head and neck. The spinal cord is a major integration center for reflexes. It provides a two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain. Through the spinal nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the entire body inferior to the head. All of the statements are functions attributed to the spinal cord. There are no exceptions.

Through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the head and neck.

All of the following are characteristics of dendrites except that they are more extensive branching than axons. always conduct action potentials. typically occur as more than one per cell. conduct signals toward the cell body.

always conduct action potentials.

The prefix ____ means spider.

arachn-

The meningeal layer resembling spider legs is the ____.

arachnoid mater

Ganglia are terminal boutons of motor neurons. sense information and initiate impulses in sensory neurons. are clusters of peripheral cells. are bundles of peripheral axons.

are clusters of peripheral cells.

Which of the following subcategories of the peripheral nervous system is correctly matched with its description? somatic motor - awareness of nausea, hunger, and chemical changes in the body somatic sensory - innervation to skeletal muscles autonomic (visceral motor) - innervation of smooth and cardiac muscle visceral sensory - includes the sense of touch and proprioception

autonomic (visceral motor) - innervation of smooth and cardiac muscle

This part of the neuron may have branching collaterals. synapse axon terminal axon cell body dendrite

axon

The prefix ____ means brain or cerebrum.

cerebr-

Bleeding in the brain, known as a stroke, is more accurately called ____.

cerebrovascular accident

Which of these regions has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum? hypothalamus cerebrum cerebellum thalamus

cerebrum

Which of these regions of the brain has frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes? hypothalamus cerebrum cerebellum thalamus

cerebrum

The nerves of the anterior division of the brachial plexus innervate all of the following muscles EXCEPT the __________. biceps brachii pronator teres deltoid coracobrachialis

deltoid

This region of a neuron is characterized by numerous, short cytoplasmic extensions and is often referred to as receiving regions. synapse cell body axon terminal axon dendrite

dendrite

When a neuron is stimulated and sodium channels open, the process of ____ has begun.

depolarization

__________is seen in a stretch reflex when the stretch of a muscle stimulates numerous sensory neurons that then synapse with 100 or more neurons in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

divergence

Which fiber tract carries the sensations of discriminative touch and proprioception? spinocerebellar tract dorsal column corticospinal tract spinothalamic tract

dorsal column

Which branch of the spinal nerve innervates the muscles indicated with the arrows? ventral root dorsal ramus intercostal nerve dorsal root

dorsal ramus

Sensory impulses from the skin would be transmitted into the spinal cord on the ventral root. sympathetic nerve pathway. pathway of parasympathetic neurons. dorsal root.

dorsal root.

Which of the following most immediately encases the smallest component of a nerve? endoneurium perineurium fascicle epineurium

endoneurium

____ are a group of natural chemicals that reduce the perception of pain.

endorphins

Gray matter in the CNS contains all of the following except dendrites neuron cell bodies neuroglia fiber tracts

fiber tracts

The peripheral nerve fibers that measure the degree of stretch in the biceps brachii muscle and its tendons are classified as general somatic sensory. general visceral motor. special visceral sensory. general somatic motor.

general somatic sensory.

Where is the structural link between the CNS and PNS located? in motor neurons in the ventral root of the spinal nerve in sensory neurons in the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglia only in the cerebral cortex in the gray matter of the CNS

in the gray matter of the CNS

A receptor that monitors stretch of the patellar tendon can be classified as a baroreceptor and proprioceptor. mechanoreceptor and proprioceptor. nociceptor and exteroceptor. mechanoreceptor and interoceptor.

mechanoreceptor and proprioceptor.

ALS would NOT be associated with which of the following? memory difficulty loss of muscle strength difficulty breathing abnormal stretch reflexes (deep tendon reflexes) Submit

memory difficulty

A somatic motor neuron carries motor commands to the skeletal musculature. information from the skin to the CNS. information that signals muscle contraction in the organs in the ventral cavity. information, such as pain, from the viscera in the ventral cavity to the CNS.

motor commands to the skeletal musculature.

The visual association area of the cerebral cortex is located in the parietal lobe insula frontal lobe occipital lobe

occipital lobe

Which of the following is not considered a special somatic sense? taste pain smell equilibrium

pain

What types of sensory information are conveyed toward the brain in the lateral spinothalamic tracts? discriminative touch pain and temperature equilibrium visual senses

pain and temperature

Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of connective tissue called __________.

perineurium

Structures of the nervous system surrounding, but not part of the central nervous system are part of the ____.

peripheral nervous system

When the doctor uses a reflex hammer on your patellar ligament and you experience a "knee jerk" this is an example of a monosynaptic stretch reflex. polysynaptic stretch reflex. monosynaptic withdrawal reflex. polysynaptic withdrawal reflex.

polysynaptic withdrawal reflex.

Spinal nerves are located exclusively in the vertebral canal. present only in the thoracic region where plexuses are absent. present in 31 pairs. purely sensory nerves.

present in 31 pairs.

Which of the following is a descending motor spinal tract? dorsal column pathway spinocerebellar pathway pyramidal pathway spinothalamic pathway

pyramidal pathway

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of a reflex arc? effector, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, receptor receptor, motor neuron, integration center, effector, sensory neuron receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector integration center, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

The visceral motor division of the PNS __________. includes taste and smell regulates only the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body's many glands regulates only the parasympathetic division of the ANS

regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body's many glands

To which division of the peripheral nervous system does the nerve ending shown here belong? autonomic motor (VM) somatic sensory (SS) visceral sensory (VS) somatic motor (SM)

somatic sensory (SS)

If a person's corpus callosum was severed __________. the person would die shortly after the injury that person would experience a lack of communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres the person would be deaf in the left ear, would be blind in the right eye, and would not be able to read the person would not be able to distinguish a pleasant odors from unpleasant ones

that person would experience a lack of communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

In the spinal cord, the cell bodies of most interneurons lie in the ventral half of the white matter. sensory ganglia. the dorsal half of the gray matter. the PNS.

the dorsal half of the gray matter.

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the thalamus the posterior gray horn of the spinal cord the dorsal root ganglia external to the spinal cord nuclei of the cranial nerves

the dorsal root ganglia external to the spinal cord

An example of proprioception is sensing a feather touch the skin. the contraction of the triceps brachii. the sensation you feel during a wake-up stretch. the contraction of pharyngeal arch muscles used in chewing.

the sensation you feel during a wake-up stretch.

Branches of the__________cranial nerve are desensitized when a dentist gives a shot of Novocain which prevents pain impulse transmission from the teeth and gums.

trigeminal

Neural plasticity may occur when __________. damaged neurons regenerate new cell bodies that restore motor function that was lost after a stroke neuroglial cells in the CNS form parallel bands to guide axonal extensions to their original target undamaged neurons in the brain sprout new cytoplasmic branches after a stroke that partially restores lost functions the brain "bounces" against the interior of the cranium without sustaining permanent damage

undamaged neurons in the brain sprout new cytoplasmic branches after a stroke that partially restores lost functions

If one likens a spinal nerve to the trunk of a tree, then the two roots of this tree are the dorsal and ventral roots. What would represent the two large branches of this tree? In other words, moving away from the spinal cord, the spinal nerve branches into the rami communicantes. ventral and dorsal rami. dorsal and ventral root ganglia. the brachial plexus.

ventral and dorsal rami.

In a rare accident, both temporal lobes have been significantly injured. As you render care, you are least worried about which of the following? some visual agnosia auditory agnosia visceral agnosia gustatory agnosia

visceral agnosia