Honors World History

Nationalists and liberals both had a strong belief in an united nation, and loyalty was to the people not the king. Conservatives and liberals favored people with power/undermined middle class (no power), but conservatives wanted organized religion while liberals religious toleration. Liberals also wanted the church and state to be separate (secularization). Conservatives wanted obedience to the traditional political authority (monarchy), while liberals and nationalists wanted loyalty with people (constitutions and Bill of Rights to ensure rights).

Compare and contrast nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism?

act that made 9 the minimum age to work, because of the harmful working conditions.

The Factory Act of 1833

Capital

a ready supply of money.

universal male suffrage

all adult males could vote.

conservatism

political philosophy based on tradition an social stability, rulers like Metternich believed in this philosophy. ________ favored obedience to political authority and believed that organized religion was crucial to order in society.

puddling

process of making better quality iron where coke is used to burn away impurities in crude iron and produce an iron of high quality. Developed by Henry Cort.

Nationalism

unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols.

Charles Dickens

British novelists during Britain's Industrial Age. He became very successful with his realistic novels that focused on the lower and middle classes. Oliver Twist and David Copperfield, were some of his novels that described the urban poor and the brutal life they led with vivid realism.

Robert Fulton

Built the first paddle-wheel steamboat in 1807. It was called the Clermont, and by 1860 a thousand steamboats operated the Mississippi River and made transportation easier on the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic coast.

Klemens von Metternich

He was the leader of the Congress of Vienna, and the Austrian foreign minister. He claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. ________ was one of the believers of conservatism.

The Enlightenment stressed reason as the key to discovering truth, while romanticism emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. Romantics believed that emotion and sentiment were only understandable to the person experiencing them, they valued individualism, and the exotic and unfamiliar attracted them. The Enlightenment was more scientific and logical.

How did romanticism compare to the ideas of the Enlightenment?

Queen Victoria

Reigned Britain from 1837 to 1901. She had a sense of duty and moral respectability, which reflected the attitudes of her age, which is now called the _______ Age. Britain's national pride is well reflected on _______. She reigned the longest in English history. The progress in the stable economy from the Industrial Revolution created a sense of nationalism that is well reflected in ______.

Individualism, feelings, emotion, and imagination, passionate interest in the past, rebellion against convention, exotic.

What are the values of the romantics?

Louis Pasteur

A Frenchmen who proposed the germ theory of disease. This was crucial to the development of modern scientific medical practices. Vaccine against rabies. First to isolate AIDS. 1830s. Germ theory explained the cause of sickness and spread of bacteria.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1814. They meet to arrange a final peace settlement with the goal to restore the old order after Napoleon's defeat.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A new leader of Italian unification in southern Italy. He raised an army called Red Shirts, because of their uniform color, made up of volunteers. His forces took control of the majority of Sicily, and continued to the mainland and conquered more land. The land he won was turned over to Piedmont, and a new kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under King Victor Emmanuel II. He was an Italian patriot.

multinational state

A state or empire with a collection of different peoples, of different nationalities. The Austrian Empire was a __________ that included Germans, Czechs, Magyars (Hungarians), Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians.

Bill of Rights

A written document listing the freedoms that are guaranteed by the document. The liberals believed that all the freedoms, including freedom of assembly, speech, and press, should be guaranteed in a document like a _________.

Otto von Bismark

Appointed prime minister by William I during the 1860s. _______ is often seen as the nineteenth century leading practitioner of realpolitik, or politics based on practical matters rather than on theory and ethics. _______ collected taxes to strengthened the army. He helped unify the North and South German states through war with France. This unification created the Second German Empire whose ruler was the kaiser. German unity had been achieved by Prussian monarchy and army. ________ also governed without approval of Parliament from 1862 to 1866.

Organic evolution

Darwin's principle that every plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life. This principle was published in his book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection". According to Darwin this process worked because "in every species, 'many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive.' This results in a 'struggle for existence.'" 1859 (book published). Ties into natural selection.

Instead of cottage industry, where families would work together in their homes, the families now worked in factories (not necessarily together). In the factories they would work long hours, were disciplined harshly, and women and children were expected to work also. When the Factory Act of 1833 was passed the number of children went down, and then in 1844 the excessive hours for women was outlawed. Soon men were expected to earn the family income, and if women did contribute it was through small labor in the home. (Farmers also declined because people wanted to move to the city for higher wages.)

How did the Industrial Revolution change the way families lived and worked?

The Country felt united after beating the British. Liberalism- conflict about slavery. North- Industrialized/ abolitionism; South- stayed with the old way and needed slaves to produce crops and such. Civil War happened because freedom and equality were being denied for the slaves (parts of liberalism).

How did the forces of liberalism and nationalism affect the events in the United States during the nineteenth century?

Scientific Revolution created a modern, rational approach to the study of the natural world. (Darwin and his theories). Faith in science grew, which undermined religious faith. Now truth was found in science and the concrete material existence of humans. These movements led to people looking at the world realistically, which led to realism (cultural movement).

How did the scientific developments affect the cultural movements of the nineteenth century?

Liberalism was tied to middle class and industrial middle class men, because it wanted voting to be open to only those men who owned property. The middle class men wanted voting rights so they could share power with landowners, so liberalism quickly spread through them.

How did the social and economic changes from the Industrial Revolution contribute to the spread of liberalism?

Realpolitik, Industrial resources, authoritarian, and militaristic values. The Prussian monarchy and army achieved this.

List the Prussian values and assets that caused the Second German Empire to become the strongest European state.

Germans, Italians, Czechs, and Slovaks.

Name four nations that were part of the Austrian Empire.

Ludwig van Beethoven

One of the greatest composers of all time. He was the bridge between the classical and romantic periods in music. Romantics believed that music was the most romantic of the arts, because it allowed the composer to probe into human emotions on a deeper level. He was one of the few composers who was able to single-handedly transform the art of music. _______ used his music to reflect what he was feeling. (Nineteenth century)

British North America Act

Passed by Parliament in 1867. This act established a Canadian nation (the Dominion of Canada) with its own constitution. The first prime minister of the Dominion was John Macdonald. Canada now possessed a parliamentary system and ruled itself, although foreign affairs remained in the hands of the British government.

Charles Darwin

Published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859. This book proposed organic evolution, a principle that every plant and animal had evolved from earlier and simpler forms of life. He believed this was achieved through natural selection, a principle that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others. He wrote "The Descent of Man" in 1871, where he argued that human beings had animal origins and were not an exception to the rule governing other species. People condemned him for denying God's role in creation. However, over time people began to accept his theories.

Czar Alexander II

Ruled Russia, and he issued an emancipation edict that freed the serfs. This edict allowed the peasants to own property and marry as they chose. _______ also tried to reform other things too, but he realized he couldn't please anyone. People who wanted reforms wanted more changes at a faster pace, while conservatives thought he was trying to destroy the basic institutions of Russian society. ________ was assassinated in 1881. Made series reforms when Russia was falling behind Western European powers. His son, _______ turned against _______'s reforms, and instead went back to other old methods of repression.

James Watt

Scottish engineer that lived during the 1760s. He improved the steam engine and in 1782, he made it possible for the engine to drive machinery. This made it possible for steam power could be used to spin and weave cotton, now cotton mills used steam engines.

German Confederation

The 38 independent states recognized by the Congress of Vienna. Austria and Prussia were included in these and held greater power.

The Crimean War is the conflict between Great Britain and France against Russia because Russia wanted to expand in the Balkans and they were afraid of Russia's gains. The effect of the war was to destroy the Concert of Europe. Russia and Austria, which had been the two chief powers, were now enemies because Austria wouldn't support Russia in the War. Russia withdrew from European affairs, and Austria didn't have any friends among the great powers now. This new international situation opened doors for Italy and Germany to unify.

The Crimean War--how did it indirectly contribute to the unification of the Italian and German states?

Louis-Napoleon

The nephew of the famous Napoleon Bonaparte, who was a French ruler. _______'s full name was Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. He became the president, elected by universal male suffrage, of the new republican France.

1. Improved farming methods increased food supply, which drove prices down and gave families more money for manufacturing goods. 2. Increased food supply also supported growing population 3. Britain had capital to invest in industrial machines and factories. 4. Britain had abundant natural resources, and manufacturers had a ready supply of markets to use 5. entrepreneurs were looking for ways to invest and make profit.

What is the cause of the Industrial Revolution?

Less people becoming farmers, more becoming factory workers; economy went up; people moved out of rural areas/into cities; industrial capitalism; new inventions; spread of railroads; longer, harder, and more dangerous working condition; new social classes; socialism?

What is the effect the Industrial Revolution caused?

Middle: People who built factories, bought the machines, and figured out where markets were. Working: the workers.

Who was part of the industrial middle class? Who was in the industrial working class?

Because he didn't want to end up like his dad, who was assassinated.

Why did Alexander III turn against the reforms of his father? (Going back to the old methods of repression)

Easier to transport people and goods. Less expensive way of transportation, which led to lower priced goods and gave people money to spend on things they didn't need. People could live farther from cities, and created jobs for farm laborers and peasants and larger markets. Larger markets meant more sales, more sales meant more factories, which meant more machinery. Railroads turned US into one big market.

Why were railroads important in the growth of cities in Europe and North America?

abolitionism

a movement to end slavery. This arose in the Northern states of the US, and challenged the Southern way of life. This was the cause of the Civil War. Southern way of life was farming and agriculture based on the work of slaves.

liberalism

a political philosophy based largely on Enlightenment principles, held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint.

Socialism

a system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities. The first half of the nineteenth century gave rise to this movement. Largely idea of intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people and who wanted to replace competition with cooperation in industry.

Industrial Capitalism

an economic system based on industrial production

kaiser

emperor. William I of Prussia was proclaimed ______ of the Second German Empire. Count Otto von Bismark hired as the new prime minister who governed Prussia eventually he helped unify the North and South German States through war against France. This unification created the Second German Empire whose ruler was the______. The _______ was named on January 18,1878. and he was William I.

principle of intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Britain refused to accept this principle, but Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France accepted it and used it against Italy and Spain.

secularization

indifference or rejection of religion or religious consideration. Nineteenth century was a age of ________, and for many truth was now found in science and the concrete material existence on humans. It shifted into a new age of science.

realism

movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was in the mid-nineteenth century. It became a movement in politics, as well as literary and visual arts. The literary ______ rejected romanticism and wanted to write about ordinary characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings. _____ also tried to avoid emotional language by using precise description. ______ became dominant in art after 1850. ______ sought to show the everyday life of ordinary people and the world of nature with photographic _____. The French became leaders in ____ art and literature. Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.

romanticism

new intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century, as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment. _______ emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. _______ believed that emotion and sentiment were only understandable to the person experiencing them, and they valued individualism. Realists were against this. Poetry was the direct expression of the soul, making it very important. They had a passionate interest in the past. It gave rise to Gothic Literature; Edgar Allen Poe and Mary Shelly (Frankenstein).

Entrepreneurs

people interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profit

plebiscite

popular vote. In the _______ where Louis-Napoleon asked the people for restoration of the empire (monarchy), 97% voted yes. He then crowned himself emperor on December 2, 1852. The government of Naploeon III, was authoritarian (firm control over military and government, and limited civil liberties).

Natural Selection

principle that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others. Created by Charles Darwin. In this process those that are naturally selected for survival reproduce and thrive, while the unfit do not. The ones that survive pass on the traits that enabled them to survive, until a new separate species occurs from them. Popular terms: "survival of the fittest".

militarism

reliance on military strength. Prussia was known for this. William I appointed Otto von Bismark as prime minster to help enlarge the Prussian army.

emancipation

the act of setting free; Czar Alexander II issued an _________ edict which set the the serfs free.

secede

to withdraw; a South Carolina convention vote to _____ from the US happened on December 20, 1860. It was the first state to _______ during from the US during the Civil War. Six more states did the same. A rival nation was created called the Confederate States of America. War began between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) in 1861. April 9, 1865 Confederates surrender, ending the war.