Hormone

11) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the A) adenohypophysis. B) infundibulum. C) neurohypophysis. D) basal ganglion. E) mesencephalon.

C

15) Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) act on target cells by turning on genes. E) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.

C

16) Which of the following statements is true regarding the parathyroid glands? A) The gland sits over the heart. B) The two glands straddle the larynx in the neck. C) There are four small glands. D) The parathyroid gland contains the four thyroid glands. E) None of the answers are correct.

C

17) The hormone related to appetite control is A) erythropoietin. B) brain natriuretic peptide. C) leptin. D) thymosin. E) melanin.

C

18) Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) are modified connective-tissue cells. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood. D) contain few vesicles.

C

31) Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) TSH and FSH. B) GHIH and GHRH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) CRF and GnRH.

C

32) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) diabetes insipidus. B) dwarfism. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) rickets.

C

33) Growth hormone does all of the following except A) spare glucose. B) promote muscle growth. C) speed up metabolism. D) promote amino acid uptake by cells. E) promote bone growth.

C

43) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

C

60) Cushing's disease results from an excess of A) parathyroid hormone. B) growth hormone. C) glucocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) ADH.

C

61) Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? A) pancreatic hormones B) antidiuretic hormones C) glucocorticoids D) thyroglobulins E) mineralocorticoids

C

63) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) thymosin. B) cortisol. C) aldosterone. D) parathormone. E) somatotropin.

C

64) The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all the following steps except A) activation of a specific gene. B) activation of a G protein. C) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane. D) transport into the target cell. E) binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein

C

73) Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the A) endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system. B) splenic pulp of the lymphatic system. C) epidermis of the integumentary system. D) bone marrow of the skeletal system. E) hypothalamus of the nervous system.

C

12) The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are A) the cells of the parathyroid glands. B) the cells of the thymus gland. C) the cells of the pituitary gland. D) the cells of the ovaries and testes. E) all cells of the body.

E

14) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. C) cell becomes inactive. D) cell membrane becomes depolarized. E) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

E

22) An activated G protein can trigger A) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. B) the activation of adenyl cyclase. C) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. D) a fall in cAMP levels. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

26) Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) progesterone. D) thyroid hormone. E) cAMP.

E

27) Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of a hormone B) blood level of glucose C) nervous stimuli D) blood level of an ion like calcium E) none are correct

E

28) Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results? A) loss of emotional response B) loss of melatonin secretion C) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion D) loss of GH secretion E) loss of ADH secretion

E

30) Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) GH. B) FSH. C) ACTH. D) TSH. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

34) The hormone oxytocin A) triggers prostate gland contraction. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) is produced in the hypothalamus. D) promotes uterine contractions. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

36) Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) uterus B) mammary glands C) prostate D) ductus deferens E) All of the answers are correct.

E

38) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) TSH. B) ADH. C) ACTH. D) FSH. E) MSH.

E

39) The hypophyseal portal system A) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. B) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. C) carries ADH and oxytocin. D) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

45) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of glucose in the blood. D) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

E

47) When blood glucose levels fall, A) protein synthesis increases. B) insulin is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) calcitonin is secreted. E) glucagon is released.

E

5) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called A) adjuvants. B) synergists. C) resistors. D) agonists. E) antagonists

E

6) Hypogonadism could be caused by an insufficiency of hormones from the A) ovaries. B) anterior pituitary gland. C) adrenal cortex. D) testes. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

62) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia A) during pregnancy. B) in some disease processes. C) in very young children. D) during fetal development. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

65) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) parathyroid hormone. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) calcitonin. E) thyroxine.

E

67) Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration? A) alpha cells B) All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells. C) osteoclasts D) C cells E) osteoblasts

E

72) Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in A) goiter. B) acromegaly. C) diabetes insipidus. D) Addison's disease. E) diabetes mellitus.

E

13) Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids B) eicosanoids C) thyroid D) catecholamines E) peptide hormones

A

23) When adenyl cyclase is activated, A) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. B) cAMP is broken down. C) cAMP is formed. D) ATP is produced. E) ATP is consumed.

A

24) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) gene transcription is initiated. B) adenyl cyclase is activated. C) cyclic nucleotides are formed. D) protein kinases are activated. E) G proteins are phosphylated.

A

29) If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH, ACTH, PRL B) PRL C) TSH D) ACTH E) ADH and OXT

A

3) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called A) integrative. B) antagonists. C) permissive. D) synergists. E) radicals.

A

35) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? A) growth hormone B) epinephrine C) parathyroid hormone D) cortisol E) insulin

A

40) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) somatomedins. B) hepatic hormones. C) glucocorticoids. D) gonadotrophins. E) prostaglandins.

A

41) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

A

48) Which of the following is false concerning melatonin? A) Exposure to light stimulates production. B) It is produced by pinealocytes. C) Exposure to light inhibits production. D) It inhibits releases of GnRH. E) It is made from serotonin.

A

50) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) aldosterone. B) antidiuretic hormone. C) cortisone. D) oxytocin. E) calcitonin.

A

51) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) prolactin. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) TSH. E) FSH.

A

59) Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are A) mineralocorticoids. B) glucocorticoids. C) antidiuretics. D) androgens. E) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

A

66) Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? A) iodine B) colloid C) iron D) sodium E) potassium

A

69) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) adrenaline. D) erythropoietin. E) atrial natriuretic peptide.

A

19) Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called A) androgens. B) gonadotropins. C) tropic hormones. D) somatotropins. E) immunogens.

B

20) Peptide hormones are A) produced by the suprarenal glands. B) composed of amino acids. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) chemically related to cholesterol. E) lipids.

B

25) The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) suprarenal glands. B) hypothalamus. C) thymus gland. D) thyroid gland. E) pancreas.

B

37) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) MSH. B) ADH. C) FSH. D) TSH. E) ACTH.

B

4) Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells. A) germ B) target C) stem D) peripheral E) pluripotent

B

42) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

B

49) A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except A) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. B) ACTH levels. C) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. E) the level of fatty acids in the blood.

B

52) Type II diabetes is characterized by A) a decrease in secretion by pancreatic beta cells. B) a lack of response by target cells to insulin. C) low blood-glucose concentration. D) inadequate insulin production. E) excessive secretion of glucagon

B

54) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) somatotropin. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) MSH.

B

55) The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) STH. E) MSH.

B

56) Melatonin is produced by the A) thymus. B) pineal gland. C) heart. D) skin. E) kidneys.

B

68) Type 2 diabetes A) is not as common as type 1 diabetes. B) can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than with medication. C) is typically diagnosed in the very young. D) is a lack of insulin production. E) is associated with an immune reaction to the pancreatic cells.

B

74) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A) cortisol. B) epinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) testosterone. E) thyroid hormone.

B

8) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the A) commissure. B) isthmus. C) peninsula. D) pars intermedia. E) aqueduct.

B

1) The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to ________ on target cells. A) membranes B) microvilli C) endoplasmic reticula D) receptors E) genes

D

10) The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone. A) capillaries B) ducts C) plexuses D) follicles E) tubules

D

2) The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is A) acetylcholine. B) steroids. C) androgen. D) epinephrine. E) glucagon.

D

21) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except A) thyroid hormone. B) melatonin. C) epinephrine. D) testosterone. E) norepinephrine.

D

44) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

D

46) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) cortisol. B) peptide P. C) glucagon. D) insulin. E) somatostatin.

D

53) Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood? A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) glucagon D) insulin E) cortisol

D

57) The term used to describe excess production of urine is A) diabetes insipidis. B) hematuria. C) glycosuria. D) polyuria. E) polydipsia.

D

58) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are A) none; only extra fluids are needed. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) oxytocin. E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

D

7) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid A) iodine. B) glutamic acid. C) glycine. D) tyrosine. E) epinephrine.

D

70) The interstitial cells of the testes produce A) progesterone. B) inhibin. C) LH. D) testosterone. E) FSH.

D

71) Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) inhibin B) testosterone C) gonadotropins D) estrogen E) progesterone

D

9) Why might someone want to take erythropoietin in a non-medical situation? A) to increase muscle mass B) to sleep C) to increase sex drive D) to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina E) to increase the chance of getting pregnant

D