Horney Personality Theory

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aggressive personality's motto

"If I have power, no one can hurt me"

withdrawn personality's motto

"If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me"

compliant personality's motto

"If you love me, you will not hurt me"

Neurotic trends (10)

1. The neurotic need for affection and approval 2. The neurotic need for a "partner" who will take over one's life 3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life within narrow borders 4. The neurotic need for power, for control over others, and for a facade of omnipotence 5. The neurotic need to exploit others and get the better of them 6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige 7. The neurotic need for personal admiration 8. The neurotic ambition for personal achievement 9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence 10. The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability

Basic anxiety

A child's all-pervasive sense of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.

Compliant type

A neurotic's trend to be in harmony with others and to avoid friction. Compliance may mask a strong inner need to compete, excel, or dominate.

Aggressive type

A personality disposition to use aggressive acts to actualize the ideal self-image.

Moving toward people

A self-effacing solution to the core neurotic conflict. The person identifies with the despised real self. Horney described such an individual as a compliant type.

1. Karen Horney refers to individuals who present themselves as human doormats as

A. compliant personalities

Moving away from people

Adjustment to basic anxiety that uses the need to be self-sufficient. Horney referred to the person using this adjustment technique as the detached type.

Moving toward people

Adjustment to basic anxiety that uses the need to be wanted, loved, and protected by other people. Horney referred to the person using this adjustment technique as the compliant type.

Moving against people

An expansive solution to the core neurotic conflict. The person handles the neurotic conflict by adopting an aggressive approach, which includes the tendency toward mastery and control, to dominate and exploit others. Such a person is viewed as an aggressive type.

Karen Horney's brother

Berndt

Basic hostility

Children's often hidden anger toward all-powerful but indifferent and manipulative adults. Many children must repress their anger and feelings of hostility to survive, resulting in internalized hostility

Tyranny of the should

Domination by an often unrealistic view of what one should

despised real self

False conceptions of one's competence, worth, and lovability based on belief in others' evaluations, especially those of the parents. Negative valuations may reinforce one's sense of helplessness.

Resignation solution ("Solutions" to Neurotic Conflict)

Freedom "moving away" (detachment) Need for 3. Restrictions of life to narrow borders 9. Self-sufficiency 10. Perfection and unassailability "If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me." Vacillation between despised real self and ideal self

Real self

In Horney's later theorizing, the essential core of a person's being and very center of existence. The real self contains all the potential for growth and health, including 'the ability to tap his own resources, the strength of his will power, the special capacities or gifts he may have; the faculty to express himself, and to relate to others with his spontaneous feelings." The true core of one's being, containing potential for growth, happiness, will power, special capacities and gifts, and the urge for "self realization," that is, the need to be spontaneously what one truly is.

Self-effacing solution ("Solutions" to Neurotic Conflict)

Love "moving toward" (compliance) Need for: 1. Affection and approval 2. Partner to take control 3. Restriction of life to narrow borders "If you love me, you will not hurt me." Identification with the despised real self

Expansive solution ("Solutions" to Neurotic Conflict)

Mastery "moving against" (aggression) Need for 4. Power, omnipotence, and perfection 5. Exploitation of others 6. Social recognition and prestige 7. Personal admiration 8. Personal achievement "If I have power, no one can hurt me." Identification with the ideal self

Neurotic needs

Rigid. compulsive, innate strivings to predict, control, and survive a hostile world.

Neurotic trends

Strategies designed to overcome the fears, helplessness, and sense of isolation experienced by the neurotic person.

Secondary defenses/auxiliary conflict solutions

Techniques to buttress neurotic solutions to the core neurotic conflict. Unlike Freudian defenses, these are not designed to deal with id impulses, but rather to protect the person from seeing major aspects of his or her character and personality.

Moving away from people

The adoption of a protective solution of resignation to the core neurotic conflict. Such an approach includes the tendency to become detached from human affairs and resigned to an emotionally flat life. Such a person is perceived as a detached type.

Core neurotic conflict

The alienation of the individual from his or her real self. It leads the person to adopt an idealized self at the expense of one's spontaneity, self-trust, and independence.

Despised self

The child's view of him or herself as despicable, unlovable, and unworthy. This is a false conception of self that is derived from false negative evaluations by others of one's ability, worth, and lovability.

Expansive solution

The disposition to act towards others in aggressive ways to obtain personal goals.

Idealized or ideal self

The false sense of self constructed by the individual hurt by negative evaluations and parental indifference. This person strives for perfection in a wishful way to compensate for feelings of inadequacy and unlovability.

Basic evil

The often hostile, rejecting and domineering attitude of a child's parents.

Ideal self

The perfect or near perfect sense of self that a person wishes to be or imagines that he or she actually is as a compensation for feelings of vulnerability in a hostile world.

Actual self

The person physically and mentally as he or she actually exists, independent of anyone's perceptions. the objectively existing person, with physical and psychological characteristics seen independent of subjective distortions.

Detached type

The personality disposition to move away from others in defensive ways to protect self image and esteem.

Self-effacing solution

The personality disposition to move towards others in style of personal suffering and martyrdom.

Protective structure

The protective structure in a person consists of character attitudes of compliance, aggression, or withdrawal as well as secondary defenses or auxiliary conflict solutions. In neurotics, the protective structure, developed to protect against threats to their self-images, hinders personal growth.

Comprehensive neurotic solution

The resolution of the conflict between feelings of basic anxiety and hostility by dealing with the world and its people through the shoulds of the ideal self.

Compartmentalization

The secondary neurotic defense technique by which the individual pigeonholes his or her life into rigid and exclusive categories. Anything that occurs in one compartment cannot contradict, influence, or support whatever transpires in another.

Excessive self-control

The secondary neurotic defense technique by which the individual seeks to check all spontaneity. Emotional impulses are kept under control.

Externalization

The secondary neurotic defense technique by which the individual shifts his "center of gravity" from the self to others. Other people become the center of all of the neurotic's emotional life; one focuses not on what one thinks or feels but on the thoughts and feelings of others.

Elusiveness

The secondary neurotic defense technique that involves avoiding making any decisions whatsoever. Completely opposite to the arbitrarily right neurotic, the elusive neurotic seeks never to be pinned down to anything, never to state any issue or opinion clearly.

Cynicism

The secondary neurotic defense technique through which the individual adopts a cynical stance toward life and traditional moral and ethical values. By believing in nothing in particular, the person avoids hurt or disappointment by others.

Arbitrary rightness

The secondary neurotic defense technique through which the individual chooses one solution or one position rigidly to ward off indecision or doubt.

Rationalizations

The secondary neurotic defense technique through which the individual uses self-deception by reasoning. It offers plausible but inaccurate explanations to excuse one's failures unacceptable tendencies, thus warding off anxiety.

Blind spot

The secondary neurotic defense technique through which the person refuses to see his or her own defenses. It deals with a marked discrepancy between one's actual behaviors and one's idealized self-picture

38. For the child who is caught between the conflict of feelings of helplessness and inexpressible hostility, the "real self" he or she develops is

a. a negative self-image

44. Horney changed her usage on the term real self from indicating the damaged self-image of a child to indicate

a. a possible self

27. Karen Homey's father was

a. a ship's captain b. authoritarian c. extremely religious D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

52. Underneath the apparent simple need for harmony in the compliant character type, there is actually

a. a strong inner need to compete, excel, dominate

48. The neurotic individual who feels driven, instead of being the driver, manifests what Horney calls

a. abandonment of self-responsibility for behavior

47. The individual's alienation from his or her real self can result in

a. abandonment of self-responsibility for his or her behavior b. active moves away from the real self c. active moves against the real self D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

31. Horney used ________________ to compensate for her self-perceived defects as a child.

a. achievement in schoolwork

25. A child who keeps people at arm's length or exerts dominance over them in order to solve his survival problems is a (an) character type, according to Homey.

a. aggressive

18. The child's overwhelming helplessness may lead to

a. aggressivity b. overcompliance c. withdrawal D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

21. A person who feels lonely and helpless in a hostile world is experiencing what Horney calls

a. basic anxiety

71. The neurotic individual who has a defense of a "refusal to see" his own defenses has the creation of

a. blind

7. The neurotic trend, according to Horney, is characterized by its

a. compulsive rigidity

76. The person who adopts the Machiavellian attitude "Do what you please, so long as you don't get caught" is Horney's description of

a. cynicism

73. "Self-deception by reasoning" is the secondary defense of

a. excessive self-control

74. An individual who "will not allow himself to be carried away, whether by enthusiasm, sexual excitement, self-pity, or rage" has in Horney's terms

a. excessive self-control

17. The child's motto "I have to repress my hostility because I need you" describes the child repressing hostility because of

a. feelings of helplessness

16. Repression of basic hostility in children toward their manipulative parents is triggered by

a. feelings of helplessness b. fear c. love or guilt D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

42. The idealized image of self eventually becomes the ___________________ when it is no longer recognized as fiction.

a. idealized self

4. While the normal personality adopts each of the three stances from time to time, using them as coping strategies when necessary, the neurotic

a. is unable to shift out of one particular stance b. becomes entangled in his or her efforts to ward off anxiety c. adopts one mode in his or her strivings for safety and control D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

62. Neurotically detached individuals reject coercion and advice from others because

a. it threatens their independence

54. Aggressive individuals who need to excel by exploiting others and who attain recognition by exerting dominance and power over others are

a. moving against people

67. According to Horney, which of the neurotic trends is present in the resignation solution of the detached individual?

a. need for restriction of life to narrow borders b. need for self-sufficiency c. need for perfection D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

78. Horney believed that when a child exhibited passionate clinging to one parent and jealousy of anyone interfering with the exclusive possession of that parent, the child is presenting early manifestations of

a. neurotic conflicts

43. The ideal self becomes the _____________________ as it actualizes the fantasized image by which all difficulties in his or her life can be surmounted.

a. normal, healthy solution

14. Horney points out that the reason a child does not receive enough love and warmth from the parents is that the parents are incapable of giving it because of their

a. own neuroses

61. By being detached, the neurotic individual who "moves away from people" •

a. removes himself from emotional involvement with others b. removes himself from his own inner conflicts C. BOTH A AND B

59. Neurotic individuals who use the strategy of "moving away from people" are examples of the solution of

a. resignation

9. A person who has the neurotic need to be undemanding and contented with little has the neurotic need to

a. restricts one's life within narrow borders

69. Externalization, compartmentalization, and elusiveness are

a. secondary defenses to the primary solution of neurotic conflict

11. The individual who has a necessity never to need anyone, yield to any influence, or be tied down to anything has the neurotic need for

a. self-sufficiency and independence

65. The type of neurotically resigned individual who is without hope or positive commitment, finds life worthless, and is a "well-adapted automation" is a subvariety of

a. shallow living

53. The self-effacing type has idealized the qualities of

a. suffering

35. Homey considered _____________ after her brother's death.

a. suicide

51. The compliant character type, "moving toward others," manifests the neurotic trend of

a. the intense need for affection and approval b. the need for a partner c. the restriction of one's life within narrow borders D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

8. The neurotic trends are different in intensity from normal, healthy values in that

a. they are are disproportionate in intensity b. they are indiscriminate in application to all other persons c. they have extreme disregard for reality and provoke anxiety D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

49. The neurotic individual who succumbs to the idealized self by striving for it at all costs, perpetually and inexorably, manifests

b. active moves away from the real self

45. The term Horney used to define the totality of what a person really is besides his or her own self-perceptions, is the

b. actual self

2. Horney refers to individuals who view the world as dangerous and therefore respond with hostility as

b. aggressive personalities

39. When a child has a very negative sense of "real self," he or she develops

b. an idealized image of the self

24. A child who is passive, nonassertive, and appeasing would be a (an) character type according to Horney.

b. compliant

34. Horney's relationship with her children was

b. detached

33. In adolescence, Horney felt ___________ towards religion

b. drawn

70. The secondary defense in which the neurotic individual shifts all feelings outward to others is

b. externalization

22. The danger of the child's repression of hostility toward his own family is that

b. he will generalize his hostility toward people in general

77. Horney reinterpreted Freud's concept of the Oedipus complex from a focus on sexuality to a focus on

b. interpersonal attitudes

13.Horney referred to the "basic evil" of parents as

b. lack of genuine warmth and affection

55. The aggressive personality type, with his or her expansive solution, solves the neurotic conflict with a

b. mastery of others

57. The subvariety of the expansive type who has an inflated estimate of his own worth (as in a prophet, a man of destiny, or the benefactor of mankind), is the

b. narcissistic type

6. Horney calls the up-to-ten needs that may govern the neurotic personality

b. neurotic trends

46. Horney considered the goal for psychotherapy to be

b. providing the person with means to free the "real self"

37. Homey rebelled against classical psychoanalysis much in the same way that she had rebelled against

b. religion and her father

28. Horney's father's four children from his first marriage regarded Karen and her brother, Berndt, with

b. resentment

20. The child's fundamental motive for repressing hostility is to

b. satisfying contact with parents

10. The person whose self-evaluation depends completely on public acceptance has the neurotic need for

b. social recognition or prestige

23. Horney's concept of "basic anxiety" is most similar to

c. Jung's archetype of "shadow"

50. The neurotic individual who treats himself impersonally, due to self-hate, manifests what Homey calls

c. active moves against the real self

58. The subvariety of the expansive type who believes that people are essentially malevolent, crooked, and untrustworthy is the

c. arrogant type

29. Karen Homey's relationship to her mother was

c. close, loving, devoted

72. A person who is divided by his own conflict, as a defense against recognizing this, has the secondary defense of

c. compartmentalization

68. As Horney believed that neurotic patterns are designed to minimize anxiety in dealing with people, she also believed that the neuroses are the evidence of

c. damaged interpersonal processes

32. When Homey's excessive affection toward her brother was rejected, she became

c. depressed

3. Horney refers to individuals who remain coldly aloof and withdrawn as

c. detached personalities

75. The neurotic individual who avoids making decisions, beclouds issues, or never states any opinion clearly is using the secondary defense of

c. elusiveness

5. Horney believed that at the center of psychic disturbances are unconscious strivings developed in order to cope with life despite

c. fears, helplessness, and isolation

19. In a family where genuine warmth and affection is replaced by the parents' continual verbal protestations of how much they are sacrificing for the child, the child's motto would be "1 have to repress my hostility

c. for fear of losing love

56. The common denominator of all of the subvarieties of the expansive type is

c. identification of the neurotic's real self with his idealized self

60. The motive for the neurotic who "moves away from people" is to

c. never to be dependent on anyone

12. Both Adler and Horney believed that one of the most powerful early perceptions of a child is his or her

c. perceived helplessness

30. In her earlier years, Homey coped with her feelings by performing altruistic, self- sacrificing deeds. However, when she was nine years old, she shifted strategies and became

c. rebellious and openly ambitious

63. Passive resistance to life and continual emotional inertia describes the resigned neurotic who has

c. rebelliousness

64. Active resistance to the "trivia" of life and the appeal of freedom and independence from others describes the resigned neurotic who has

c. rebelliousness

41. Horney's list of the neurotic's things he or she ought to be or do is the

c. tyranny of the shoulds

26. The child who creates a protective shell of isolation in order to cope with basic hostility and anxiety is a (an) character type, according to Homey.

c. withdrawn

15. The main result in the child with indifferent, inconsistent parents is

d. basic hostility

36. The central conflicts of Homey's life were

d. feelings of inadequacy and resentment of being made to feel that way by her family

40. The idealized self-image is the substitute for

d. genuine self-confidence and pride

66. The common denominator of the three types of detached resigned types is

d. vacillation between identification with despised real self and ideal self

79. Monte concludes that Homey's theories

d. were brilliant descriptions of neuroses

Rationalization

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

negative real self

despised self

Creation of blind spots

inability to see how different one is from one's ideal image

tyranny of the shoulds

list of things neurotics feel they ought to do

potent childhood perception

perceived helplessness

Arbitrary rightness

secondary adjustment technique in which a person rigidly declares that his or her own view is correct

rationalization

self-deception by reasoning

"basic evil" of parents

the cause of "basic hostility" in a child

actual self

the objective totality of what a person really is

Solution of resignation

the personality disposition to act in a detached and withdrawn of behavior.


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