HOSA- Transcultural Healthcare

The people of Mexican origin comprise __% of the Hispanic or Latino population

63%

As of 2015, what percentage of the US population is White?

77.4%

What is Gugel Mugel?

A Polish concoction made from warm milk with butter, whiskey, and honey, a mustard, or an onion poultice, or a few drops of turpentine and sugar, that may be used to treat a cough

What is used as a sedative to treat nervousness in Hispanic culture?

Orange leaves, Te de narranjo

In ancient China, the physician uses _______ and ___________ to diagnose disease.

inspection, palpation

Polish people use this to treat a cold:

Poultices made of flaxseed, mustard, or oatmeal Also, goosefat could be rubbed on the chest

What is used by Germans for ringworm?

Chamomile compresses

What were some of the reasons why Chinese people began immigrating to the US in the 1800s?

Discovery of gold in CA Need for cheap labor to build the transcontinental railroads

What are the 5 major elements in Chinese cultures that destroy and create each other?

Fire Wood Water Earth Metal

What is used for stomachaches by Germans?

Peppermint tea

Polish people use ______ teas to treat constipation.

Senna-leaf

Polish people use ______ teas to treat indigestion.

Spearmint

What herb is used to treat nervousness in Hispanic culture?

Spearmint tea, Yerb Buena

The ______ is important for Italians.

family

Describe susto

(In Mexican culture) An illness resulting from fright Afflicts many people-- males and females, rich and poor, rural dwellers and urbanites It involves soul loss: the soul is able to leave the body and wander freely, this can occur when a person is dreaming or when a person experiences a traumatic event Symptoms: restlessness while sleeping, listlessness, anorexia, and disinterest in one's appearance, loss of strength, depression, introversion The person is treated by curandero who coaxes the soul back into the person's body During the healing rites, the person is massaged and made to relax

What are herbrias?

(In Mexican culture) They sell herbs, amulets, and talismans

Describe the religious rituals that Mexicans commonly use to cure an illness.

1) Making promesas (promises)- they might promise to God or a saint to donate money to a cause if they get better from an illness 2) Visiting shrines-- making pilgrimages to shrines to offer prayers and gifts 3) Offering medals and lighting candles- such as pinning small medals on statues of saints and lighting the candles in a church 4) Offering prayers

What are the 5 causes of illnesses believed by Mexicans?

1) The body's imbalance - imbalance between "hot" and "cold" or "wet" and "dry" - The theory of hot and cold was taken to Mexico by Spanish priests and was fused with Aztec beliefs - There are 4 body humors, or fluids: blood (hot and wet), yellow bile (hot and dry), phlegm (cold and wet), black bile (cold and dry), when all 4 humors are balanced, the body is healthy; when any imbalance occurs, there is illness 2) Dislocation of parts of the body - examples are empacho and caida de la mollera

Describe the order of seeking care done by many Hispanics.

1) The person seeks advice from a daughter, mother, grandmother, female neighbor, etc. 2) If that advice isn't sufficient, the person turns toward a senoria (a woman who is especially knowledgeable about the causes and treatment of illness) 3) If that isn't enough, the person turns toward a more sophisticated folk practitioner, a curandera or an espiritista, and if the problem is "psychiatric", a santero might be consulted 4) If that isn't enough, a physician might be consulted 5) If that isn't enough, the person may return to a folk practitioner. After that, the person may go back and forth between the last two systems.

As of 2015, what percentage of immigrants to the US are European?

11.9%

The Germans have contributed what percent of the total immigration population?

15.2%

According to the 2014 census, what percent of the US population is Hispanic or Latino?

17.3%

Over _____% of the US population claims Italian ancestry.

17.4%

List the periods in history where many Germans immigrated to the US

1840s 1890 1903-1905

When did the major influx of Poles to the US happen?

1870-1913

More than _____% of the US population are of Asian heritage, some _____ people.

5.3% 18.9 million

What was the peak year for Polish immigration?

1921

Between 1880 and 1930, the Chinese population in the US declined by nearly ____%.

20%

How long is the US-Mexico border?

2000 miles

Between 1820 and 1990, over _______ people from Italy immigrated to the US.

5 million

What do Germans use to treat physical injuries such as bumps?

A hard knife (cold metal)

what is a botanica?

A place visited primarily by people from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and other Hispanics around that area. The botanicas sell herbs, amulets, milagros, and statues of saints

What is a curandero?

A traditional healer

Describe Chinese amulets.

Amulets are used to prevent evil spirits and to protect health The amulets consist of a charm with an idol or a Chinese character painted in red or black ink and written on a strip of yellow paper They are hung over a door or pasted on a curtain or wall, worn in the hair, or placed in a red bag and pinned on clothing The paper may be burned and the ashes mixed in hot tea and swallowed to ward off evil Jade is considered the most precious of all stones because it is seen as the giver of children, health immortality, wisdom, power, victory, growth, and food Jade charms are worn to bring health and, should they turn dull or break, the wearer will surely meet misfortune The charm prevents harm and accidents Children are kept safe with jade charms, and adults are made pure, just, humane, and intelligent by wearing them

Describe caida de la mollera

An example of a Mexican "dislocation" "Fallen fontanel" Occurs in infants and young children younger than 1 year old who are dehydrated (usually because of diarrhea or severe vomiting) and whose anterior fontanelle is depressed below the contour of the skull Some of the more rural and poorly educated may believe that it is caused by a nurse's or physician's having touched the baby's head The mortality rate for this illness is very high

Describe the holistic concept, as explained by Dr. P. K. Chan (1988)

An important idea of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing and treating disease 2 main components: 1) A human body is regarded as an integral organism, with special emphasis on the harmonic and integral interrelationship between the viscera and the superficial structures in these close physiological connections, as well as their mutual pathological connection 2) Special attention is paid to the integration of the human body with the external environment- the onset, evolution, and change of disease are considered in conjunction with the geographic, social, and other environmental factors

Describe acupuncture.

Ancient Chinese practice of puncturing the body to cure disease or relieve pain The body is punctured with special metal needles at points that are precisely predetermined for the treatment of specific symptoms There is an acquired skill and ability to know precisely where to puncture the skin 9 needles are used in acupuncture, each with a specific purpose Eg: the arrowhead needle is used for superficial pricking, the round needle is used for massaging, the blunt needle is used for knocking or pressing, the filiform needle is the most extensively used needle The specific points of the body into which the needles are inserted are known as meridians The needles are thin, and the puncture barely penetrates the skin and rarely draws blood The meridians extend internally throughout the body in a fixed network There are 365 points on the skin where these lines emerge The meridians are also identified in terms of yin and yang, as are the diseases The treatment goal is to restore the balance of yin and yang Acupuncture is now being commonly used as a method of anesthesia and pain relief in some hospitals Used mainly for diseases where there is an excess of yang A "cold" treatment

Describe the Chinese Dragon.

Appears on January 1, the Chinese New Year, and other festive occasions He brings physical as well as spiritual health and strength, luck, and prosperity; and he symbolizes heroism, self-confidence, excellence, perseverance, and happiness

Describe Chinese beliefs about the pulse.

Believe that there are many pulse types They are all grouped together and must be felt with the 3 middle fingers A person with a strong, regular pulse is in good health Pulse is considered the storehouse of the blood By the nature of the pulse, the physician can determine the disease, eg: if the pulse is weak and skips beats, the person may have a cardiac problem, if the pulse is too strong, the person's body is distended 6 different pulses, 3 in each hand Each pulse is specifically related to various organs and has its own characteristics According to ancient Chinese sources, there are 15 ways of characterizing the pulses There are 7 piao pulses (superficial) and 8 li pulses (sunken) Eg of an illness that manifests with a piao pulse is a headache, an illness that manifests with a li pulse is anxiety

What is used among Germans for constipation?

Black draught or castor oil

Describe bleeding in Chinese culture.

Bleeding is performed to "remove heat from the body" Often done with the use of leeches Only small amounts of blood are removed

Describe Italian beliefs about blood.

Blood is regarded by some Italians, especially the elderly, to be a "plastic entity" that responds to fluids and food and is responsible for many variable conditions Various adjectives, such as high and low and good and bad, are used to describe blood

The Chinese have known this kind of cancer since early times:

Breast cancer

What is the difference between brujas and curanderos?

Brujas are witches and they use black magic, or malevolent magic Curanderos use white, or benevolent, magic

The largest Hispanic population is in _____ and other large populations are in ________

California New Mexico and in Texas along the Mexican border

What herb is used as a tea to cure fright in Hispanic culture?

Camomile tea, Manzanilla

What is taken among Germans for diarrhea, vomiting, or a sore throat?

Chicken soup

What is Kinderfeste?

Children's feat (from Germany)

What are methods used by Polish people to prevent illness?

Cleanliness Wearing scapulars Avoiding drafts Following the proper diet Not gossiping Keeping away from people with colds Wearing medals because "God is with you all the time to protect you and take care of you"

Describe some Chinese beliefs on the causes of disease.

Disease is caused by an upset in the balance of yin and yang The weather also has an effect on the body's balance and the body's relationship to yin and yang Eg: Heat can be injurious to the heart, and cold is injurious to the lungs Overexertion is harmful to the body Prolonged sitting is harmful to the flesh and spine Prolonged lying in bed can be harmful to the lungs

What kind of folk medicine and miracle-worker paraphernalia are on sale on the main street of Warsaw?

Divining rods Cotton sacks filled with herbs to be work over an ailing heart or liver Coils of copper wire to be placed under food to rid it of poisons Pendulums

What are methods of maintaining health among Germans?

Dressing properly for the season Proper nutrition Wearing shawls to protect oneself from drafts Taking cod-liver oil Exercise Hard work

Describe Italian beliefs about evil eye and curses.

Evil eye: Malocchio Curses: Castiga Less severe illnesses, such as headaches, are caused by malocchio, whereas more severe illnesses can be caused by castiga Castiga are sent by God or by evil people Curses can be punishment from God of sin and bad behavior

Describe empacho

Example of Mexican "dislocation" Believed to be caused by a ball of food clinging to the wall of the stomach Common symptoms include stomach pains and cramps It is treated by rubbing and gently pinching the spine Prayers are recited during the treatment Another common cause of this illness is thought to be lying about the amount of food consumed

What are 2 genetic disease commonly seen among Italians?

Favism- a severe hemolytic anemia caused by deficiency of the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and triggered by the eating of fava beans The thalassemia syndromes, also hemolytic anemias that include Cooley's anemia (or beta-thalassemia) and alpha-thalassemia

What are some definitions of health that Polish people consider?

Feeling okay- as a whole- body, spirit, everything a person cannot separate happy until war, do not need doctor, do not need medicine active, able to work, feel good, do what I want to do good spirit, good to everybody, never cross

How are limpias done by curanderos?

First way: passing an unbroken egg over the body of the ill person Second way: passing herbs tied in a bunch over the body, the back of the neck is given particular attention because it is considered a vulnerable spot

What are milagros?

Literally means "little miracles" In Mexico, miniature articles placed on statues and offered to a saint in thanks for answeing a person's prayers for healing, success, a good marriage, etc. Made from wax, wood, bone, or a variety of metals This practice originated in Spain

Describe moxibustion.

Has been practiced in Chinese culture as long as acupuncture has It also aims to restore the balance of yin and yang Used in diseases where there is an excess of yin Performed by heating mugwart and passing it above the skin, but never touching it, over certain specific meridians It is used with caution, as there are meridians where it cannot be applied

Over half of all people who reported Asian heritage in the US live in 3 states:

Hawaii California Washington

How is health described in German culture?

Health is more than not being ill, but as a state of wellbeing-- physically and emotionally The ability to do your duty Positive energy to do things The ability to do, think, and act the way you would like To go and congregate, to enjoy life

More than half of the growth in the total US population between 2000 and 2013 was due to the increase in the ______ population

Hispanic

What is the Santo Nino?

Holy Child

What is used by Germans to treat a cough or a cold?

Honey and milk or lemon juice and whiskey

________ has the highest percentage, 60.9%, of Asians in the US.

Honolulu County, Hawaii

Describe the use of the amulet in Hispanic culture.

Jet stone amulet Depending on the age and size of the person, one bead is worn as a necklace for protection from the mal ojo (evil eye) or envidia (envy of others)

What is the first known volume that described the circulation of blood?

Huang-ti Nei Ching (Yellow Emperor's Book of Internal Medicine) Described the oxygen-carrying powers of blood and defined the 2 basic world principles: yin and yang, powers that regulate the universe

Describe cupping.

In China Cupping involves creating a vacuum in a small glass by burning the oxygen out of it, then promptly placing the glass on the person's skin surface Cupping draws blood and lymph to the body's surface that is under the cup, which increases the local circulation Doing this is to remove cold and damp "evils" from the body and/or to assist blood circulation This procedure is often used to treat lung congestion

Describe Tui Na

In Chinese culture, it is massage "pushing and pulling" A complex system of massage or manual acupuncture point stimulation that is used on orthopedic and neurological conditions

What is a retalbo?

In Mexico, a painting on wood or a piece of metal that illustrates a healing miracle

Describe the role of the physician in ancient China.

In ancient China, the role of the physician was to prevent illness The first-class physician not only cured an illness, but could also prevent disease from occurring The second-class physician had to wait for patients to become ill before they could be treated The physician was paid for by the patient while the patient was healthy When illness occurred, payments stopped and the physican was required to pay for both the services for the patient and the medicine

An important saint for Italians and whom an imporant summer festival is held for is:

Madonna Della Cava

Which US state has the highest percentage White non-Hispanic population?

Maine

What are methods used by Polish people to have good health?

Maintaining a happy home Being kind and loving Eating healthy food Remaining pure Walking Exercising Wearing proper clothing Eating a well-balanced diet Trying not to worry Having faith in God Being active Dressing warmly Going to bed early Working hard

Describe mal ojo

Means "bad eye" Believed to result from excessive admiration on the part of another Symptoms: General malaise, sleepiness, fatigue, and severe headache The folk treatment is to find the person who has caused the illness by casting the "bad eye" and having him or her care for the afflicted person

The term Mesoamerican describes people with these origins:

Mexican, Central and South American origins

What do Italians believe about moving air and fresh air?

Moving air, in the form of drafts, causes irritation and then a cold that can lead to pneumonia Fresh air is important for health Homes and the workplace must be well ventilated to prevent illness from occurring

The US cities with the largest Asian populations are:

NYC LA San Francisco San Jose Honolulu

Where did santeria originate in ?

Nigeria, the country of origin of the Yoruba people who came to the New World as slaves over 400 years ago

Describe Taoism.

Originated with a man named Lao-Tzu, who is believed to be born around 604 BC The word Tao has several meanings: way, path, or discourse On the spiritual level, it is the way of ultimate reality; it is the way of all nature, the primeval law that regulates all heavenly and earthly matters To live according to the Tao, one must adapt oneself to the order of nature Taoism teaches harmony between humans and nature, charity, happiness, and a long life

What is a moral illness in Hispanic culture and what are examples?

Others can judge the victim Vice- use of drugs (drogadicto) Character weakness- alcoholism (alcoholismo) Emotions- jealousy (celos) and/or rage (coraje)

How many people in the US claim Polish ancestry?

Over 9.5 million

Polish people use _________ teas to treat colic and cramps.

Peppermint, chamomile, or bess-plant

Describe curanderismo and curanderos

Practiced all over the southwestern US, Mexico, and many South American countries The curandero is a holistic healer and the people who seek help from one do so for social, physical, and psychological purposes The curandero can be either a "specialist" or a "generalist", a full-time or part-time practitioner Mexicans who believe in them consider them religious figures Curanderos can recieve their "gift of healing" in these ways: - they may be born to heal - they may learn to heal by apprenticeship - they may receive a calling through a dream, trance, or vision

What do Germans use to treat congestion?

Rubbing goose fat on the chest

What is used by Germans for toothaches?

Salbec teas

What might Polish people use salt pork for?

Salt pork is placed on puncture wounds; the wound is soaked in hot water

What is Sangerfeste?

Singing festival (from Germany)

How might Polish people might define illness?

Something wrong with body, mind or spirit One wrong affects them all Not capable of working, see the doctor often Not right, something ailing you Not active, feeling bad Opposite of health, not doing what I want to do

What might be used by Polish people to clean scratches?

Spider webs

What does the santero use to help people cope with day-to-day difficulties and health problems?

Storytelling and medicinal herbs

What is used to treat fright and to ward off evil spirits in Hispanic culture?

Sweet basil, Albacar

What is one practice used by Italians to remove evil eye?

Take an egg and olive oil, drip them into a pan of water, make the sign of the cross, recite prayers If the oil spreads over the water, the cause of the problem is the evil eye, and the illness should get better

Describe Buddhism.

Teaches harmony/nonconfrontation(silence is a virtue), respect for life, moderation in behavior, self-discipline, patience, and humility Individualism is devalued

Describe Confucianism.

Teaches the achievement of harmony through observing the 5 basic hierarchical roles and relationships of society, such as the ruler and ruled, the father and son, and betweem friends, and the importance of family

During the European freedom revolutions of 1830 and 1848, ____ was quite popular, especially in Germany, and was seen as a "wild and fabulous land".

Texas

Where were the first Polish colonies in America located in? Which is the oldest colony?

Texas Panna Maria (Virgin Mary) in Karnes County

Describe the Chinese beliefs of the organs.

The body is composed of 5 solid organs (ts'ang), which collect and store secretions, and 5 hollow organs (fu) which excrete The heart and liver are regarded as the noble organs The head is the storage chamber for knowledge The back is the home of the chest The loins store the kidneys The knees store the muscles The bones store the marrow The Chinese view the functions of the various organs as comparable to the functions of persons in positions of power and responsibility in the government; eg: the heart is the ruler over all other civil servants, the lungs are the administrators, the liver is the general who initiates all the strategic actions, and the gallbladder is the decision maker The organs have a complex relationship, which maintains the balance and harmony of the body Each organ is associated with a color; eg: the heart is red The organs also have what is referred to as an "aura", the meaning of which, in the medical context, is health The aura is determined by the color of the organ In the balanced, healthy body, the colors look fresh and shiny

What is pica?

The craving for and ingestion of nonfood substances, such as clay and laundry starch

Describe Chinese beliefs about the tongue.

The Chinese physician can make a diagnosis by the appearance of the patient's tongue More than 100 conditions can be diagnosed with glossoscopy The color of the tongue and the part of the tongue that doesn't appear normal are clues

Describe Chinese beliefs of the body.

The Chinese view their bodies as a gift given to them by their parents and forebears A person's body is not his or her personal property It must be cared for and well maintained Confucius thought that "only those shall be truly revered who at the end of their lives will return their physical bodies whole and sound"

Who introduced the first kindergartens in the US?

The German Americans

How is illness described in German culture?

The absence of well-being: pain, malfunction of body organs, not being able to do what you want, a blessing from God to suffer, and a disorder of body imbalance

What is a mental illness in Hispanic culture and what are examples?

The illness is not judged Heredity- epilepsy (epilepsia) Hex- evil eye (mal ojo) Worry- anxiety (tirisia) Fright- hysteria (histeria) Blow to the head- craziness (locura)

True or false: The Hispanic population is young and has a high birthrate.

True

What is Swamp Root

Used by Polish people A remedy used as a diuretic (substance used to produce more urine) A liquid preparation used to flush the kidneys and bladder, thereby aiding in the elimination of waste matter Contains 10.5% alcohol and various herbs such as peppermint, cape aloe, oil of juniper, and buchu leaves are incorporated into the syrup The alcohol is said to be used for the purpose of preserving the ingredients

What might Polish people use to clean cuts and other injuries?

Urine

What do Germans use to treat earaches?

Warm oil placed in the ear Warm towels placed over the ear

What are ways of preventing illness among Germans?

Wearing an asafetida bag around the neck in winter to prevent colds Scapulars Religious practices Sleeping with the windows open Keeping closet doors closed Cleanliness

Italians may view the causes of their disease as being:

Winds and currents that bear diseases Contagion or contamination Heredity Supernatural or human causes Psychosomatic interactions The suppression of emotions, as well as stress from fear, grief, and anxiety (it's not considered healthy to bottle up emotions)

Describe yin and yang.

YANG: Yang represents the male, positive energy that produces light, warmth, and fullness Matters that are dynamic, external, upward, ascending, and brilliant belong to yang The surface of the body is yang, the back part of the body is yang, the diseases of summer and fall are yang Yang protects the body from outside forces If yang is not cared for, the viscera are thrown into disorder, and circulation ceases YIN: Represents the female, negative energy- the force of darkness, cold, and emptiness Matters that are static, internal, downward, descending, dull, regressive, and hypoactive are yin The inside of the body and the front part of the body are both yin The diseases of winter and spring are of yin If yin is too strong, the person is nervous and apprehensive and catches colds easily Half of the yin forces are depleted by age 40; at 40, the body is sluggish, and at 60, the yin is totally depleted, at which time the body deteriorates Yin stores the vital strength of life

The home is a source of great pride for Italians and it is a symbol of the _______.

family

During palpation, the Chinese physician:

feels the pulse (sphygmopalpation)

During inspection, the Chinese physician:

looks at the tongue (glossoscopy), listens and smells (osphretics), and asks questions (anamnesis)

What are some examples of Italian neighborhoods in the US?

the North End in Boston Little Italy in New York

What are examples of other folk healers in Mexico, other than curanderos?

the materia- spirit channeler the partera- lay midwife

What are some of the common diseases of poor Hispanics?

tuberculosis, cancer, malnutrition, diabetes, lead poisoning