HRPO ch 3-6
Goal-setting theory has been tested in a variety of settings. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the findings of these studies?
Goals set for organizations as a whole are typically more effective than goals set for individual employees
Which of the following would be most likely to support an organization's empowerment efforts?
Increasing commitment to training
Which of the following best describes the current view of job enrichment?
Job enrichment has recently fallen into disfavor among managers
Which of the following is NOT a motivation factor in Herzberg's model?
Job security
_____ refers to an individual's general strategy for dealing with other people and the degree to which they feel they can manipulate others in interpersonal situations.
Machiavellianism
The _________________ makes job specialization difficult to implement, even though it seems as if it would be highly effective.
Monotony associated with each task
Which theory serves as the basis for job enrichment?
None of these
Who developed a learning style orientation measure to address some of the limitations of the Kolb inventory?
Towler and Dipboye
T/F: Employees may improve their own productivity if they are able to participate in making decisions about how their jobs are done.
True
People who are impatient, competitive, ambitious, and uptight are said to have what personality type?
Type A
A 360-degree feedback system includes __________
a wide range of feedback, as well as intangible and subjective measures of performance.
A person who has a(n) __________ locus of control believes that most of the things that happen to her are out of her hands.
external
Luck, lack of resources, and other people are examples of __________ factors.
external
Which type of reinforcer is most appropriate when a manager realizes he or she has been rewarding the wrong thing and wants to stop the behavior?
extinction
T/F: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, physiological needs include things that offer safety and security, such as adequate housing and clothing and freedom from worry and anxiety.
false
T/F: According to the expectancy theory of motivation, a negative sum of valences will encourage motivated behavior regardless of other factors.
false
T/F: Attitudes are more stable than personality attributes
false
T/F: Employees who are expected to work unusual and demanding schedules are usually satisfied receiving additional time off and do not require higher pay.
false
T/F: Herzberg's dual-structure theory suggests that the feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction that workers experience are derived from the same set of factors.
false
T/F: In the early stages of the learning process, fixed-ratio reinforcement is particularly effective for promoting desirable behaviors.
false
T/F: Most firms have found that tying direct compensation to the amount of time an employee has spent with an organization is the most effective way to maintain a high level of motivation.
false
T/F: Stereotyping is categorizing or labeling people based on a wide range of attributes.
false
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is most important for which of the following groups?
firefighters
A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed.
fixed-interval
Allowing employees to decide what hours they work on the days they are required to work would be an example of __________
flextime
_____________ stress refers to manageable levels of stress for reasonable periods of time that generate positive emotions including satisfaction, excitement, and enjoyment.
functional
According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached...
further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time.
When a firm shares the value of productivity gains with the workforce, it is called __________.
gain sharing
The extent to which goals are challenging, attainable, and require effort is known as ___________
goal difficulty
Maslow helped to increase managers' awareness of the motivating potential of giving employees which of the following?
greater responsibility, challenge, and continuous development
In collectivistic cultures such as Japan, performance appraisals tend to be ________
group-based
Which sensory modality is LEAST important to learning?
gustatory
The problems with telecommuting include all of the following EXCEPT
have to be at work during core time
Which one of the following statements has been cited as a weakness of the job characteristics theory?
he role of individual differences frequently has not been supported by scientific research
Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that
high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction
All of the following statements about the key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory are true EXCEPT
high profits for stockholders
Which strategy/strategies gives job candidates realistic information about what it would be like to work for a given firm?
hiring customers, realistic job previews, AND using employee referrals
Paid time off (PTO) is an example of ________
indirect compensation
What term refers to the manner in which individuals process and organize information during learning?
information processing capacity
What term refers to the number and type of assignments employees are given based on expectations?
input
According to Victor Vroom, _______________ is the belief that performance will result in obtaining a particular reward.
instrumentality
Personality clashes are an example of ____________
interpersonal value conflict
An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) ____
is a company-established plan in which employees acquire shares of the company, often at below-market prices, as part of their benefits
The problems encountered when implementing job rotation in the workplace include all of the following EXCEPT
it is ineffective for training purposes
The behavioral approach to decision-making is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
it uses logic
Worker productivity and motivation can be improved through positive work-related experiences, according to the theory of ___________________
job enrichment
A work group of three secretaries who take turns answering the phones, sorting mail, and typing and filing correspondence are demonstrating which of the following?
job rotation
Allowing two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hours-a-week job is known as ___
job sharing
The first widespread model of how individual work should be designed was
job specialization
A person who feels equitably treated is motivated to _____.
keep things as they are
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience
learning
Arthur appears to be poised, calm, resilient, and secure. He displays low _____.
neuroticism
What term refers to feeling obliged to stay with an organization for moral or ethical reasons?
normative commitment
What term refers to an employees' opportunities to express their opinions, speak at meetings, and contribute to solving problems?
output
A goal is most likely to be attained when ________________
people are given feedback showing progress toward the goal and people are strongly committed to it
Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months. Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance. This belief is an example of the __________ expectancy.
performance-to-outcome
What term refers to the match between an individual and his or her supervisor and workgroup?
person-group fit
What term refers to the fit between a person's abilities and the demands of the job?
person-job fit
________fit refers to the fit between a person's interests, abilities, values, and personality and a profession
person-vocation
Boris works as a receptionist. He's happy with his salary, he gets along well with his coworkers and his boss, there's no stress, and he can get all of his tasks done proficiently. however, he feels unfulfilled and hopes to get a different job soon. Which of the following does Boris lack?
person-vocation fit
A performance bonus is an example of which of the following?
positive reinforcement
What term refers to valuing control of situations and other people?
power
_________ refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people.
projection
All of the following are true about employee benefits EXCEPT
providing employee benefits is easier for firms in the United States than for firms in other countries.
The critical psychological states of the job characteristics theory include all of the following EXCEPT
recognition for work outcomes
According to the job characteristics model, task identity is the degree to which a job ____
requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
According to the human relations approach, offering employees _____________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.
self-direction
T/F: According to the human relations approach, offering employees _____________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.
self-direction
What term refers to a person's confidence in his or her ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task?
self-efficacy
Can only be internal; the relationship between a person's self-efficacy and self-respect.
self-esteem
What term refers to any system that interacts with the environment through one of the basic senses?
sensory modality
A key component of equity theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcome ratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon?
social comparison
Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished?
strength
What type of learners are most likely to enjoy making outlines of text and lecture material?
structured learners
High Machiavellians exhibit ______________.
-resistance to social influence -orientation to cognitions rather than emotions -bossiness
In the study of stress, what does GAS stand for?
General Adaptation Syndrome
Which term refers to the capacity to rapidly and fluidly acquire, process, and apply information?
General mental ability
What psychologist's work laid the foundation for the study of behavior modification?
B.F. Skinner
_____ is NOT one of the seven universal emotions.
Confusion
_____ depend primarily on active experimentation and abstract conceptualization to learn.
Convergers
What term refers to the fundamental premises people hold about themselves and their functioning in the world?
Core self-evaluations
___ is the first step in the organizational behavior modification process.
Defining what can be approved
___________________ is the first step in the organizational behavior modification process.
Defining what can be improved
___________ are superior in generating alternative hypotheses and ideas and tend to be imaginative and people- or feeling-oriented
Divergers
T/F: Managers who want to raise the level of job performance from their employees find that motivation is easier to manage than ability or environment.
False
Who developed the two-factor theory?
Frederick Herzberg
Who theorized that there are a number of distinct forms of intelligence that each individual possesses in varying degrees?
Gardner
n the job characteristics theory, which of the following is not a factor presumed to cause the emergence of psychological states?
Experienced responsibility
Which of the following traits is/are related to job satisfaction?
Extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability
T/F: Managers should have sole responsibility for evaluating employees since studies have shown that employees are not capable of evaluating their own performance.
False
Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions is associated with being imaginative, cultured, curious, broad-minded, and artistically sensitive?
Openness to experience
A supervisor can enrich a job by doing which of the following?
Organizing work in teams, granting additional authority to employees, and introducing new or harder tasks
Which of the following statements about performance measurement with a developmental orientation is true?
Performance appraisals with a developmental orientation provide information for future performance improvement
Which of the following ties a worker's earnings to the number of units produced?
Piecework program
___________________ would be LEAST likely to result in improved performance.
Setting unattainable goals to maximize worker productivity
Which of the following is not an example of an organizational enhancement arising from team environments?
Taller organizational hierarchy
Who developed scientific management?
Taylor - employees are motivated by money
All of the following are direct organizational consequences of stress EXCEPT
accident proneness
________________ commitment is defined as the degree to which an employee feels positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals.
affective
What term refers to a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a particular way or with certain emotions?
affectivity
Sheryl is cooperative forgiving, and understanding. She has high _____.
agreeableness
Which stress stage is triggered we first encounter a stressor?
alarm
Management by objectives efforts are typically designed to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT __________
allow individual goals to determine organizational policy
What term refers to how people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements?
attribution
Which approach to performance management identifies financial and nonfinancial performance measures and organizes them into a single model?
balanced scorecard
Albert works as a salesperson making $8 an hour plus 5% of every sale he makes. He receives two weeks of paid vacation a year as well as 50% matching in a 401K retirement fund. In this scenario, "$8 an hour" represents Albert's ______
base pay
Which of the following is NOT considered a form of incentive program?
base pay
Why might some people pursue multiple vocations during the course of their careers?
because they get bored with one vocation AND because they have diverse interests
In the Equity Theory of Motivation, what is the meaning of "equity"?
belief of fair treatment relative to others
___________ refers to exhaustion of physical or emotional strength or motivation usually as a result of prolonged stress or frustration.
burnout
What term refers to an incompatibility between behavior and an attitude or between two different attitudes?
cognitive dissonance
A _____________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
continuous
What is the second step in the performance appraisal process?
documentation
David is self-aware, manages his emotions, expresses empathy for others, and possesses social skills. He has high
emotional intelligence
What term refers to a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for his/her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences him/her to apply additional discretionary effort to his/her work?
employee engagement
Which of the following statements about variable work schedules is true?
employees grow resentful and powerless
What term refers to the degree to which an employee has the authority to make and implement decisions?
empowerment
Personality is a product of which of the following?
environment AND heredity
Which of the following refers to a positive type of stress?
eustress
Humphrey and Lina, who work at different firms, each receive a 3% raise. Most of Humphrey's coworkers receive a 5% raise, and he is unhappy with his raise. Most of Lina's coworkers receive a 1% raise, and she is happy with her raise. Humphrey and Lina most likely have different reactions to their raises because their raises have different _________
symbolic value
Deming felt that when things go wrong, there is a 94 percent chance that the __________ rather than the __________ is the cause.
system, worker
An extrovert is most likely to be which of the following?
talkative
The job characteristics theory says that __________ is critical to motivating workers because it helps them identify with their work and its tangible outcome.
task identity
The two essential issues that must not be overlooked when implementing teams are
team performance and top management support.
Vertical job loading differs from job enlargement in that
the employee has more control over the job.
What term refers to drawing a general impression about something or someone based on a single (typically good) characteristic?
the halo effect
Attribution theory says that we evaluate behavior in terms of all of the following EXCEPT
the nature of the job
In most appraisal systems, who is an employee's primary evaluator?
the supervisor
Type A personality types tend to have which of the following characteristics?
they are likely to be highly work oriented; they have a strong sense of time urgency; they have a lot of drive and motivation.
Workplace bullying can include which of the following?
threats verbal abuse AND intimidation
T/F: Formal rewards play a bigger role in a person's perceptions of equity than do informal rewards.
true
T/F: MBO has value as a way to motivate employees.
true
T/F: Performance appraisal systems that evaluate individual performance tend to rank employees' performance at the same general level.
true
T/F: The third stage of GAS, exhaustion, does not always happen.
true
T/F: Workers are likely to improve their performance when they believe that needs that are important to their well-being will be satisfied if they do so.
true
T/F:Allowing work teams to plan, organize, direct, and control their own work is known as empowerment.
true
Which of the following is NOT a dimension of self-efficacy?
value
What are extrinsic work values?
values related to the outcomes of the work, such as financial gain
What are intrinsic work values?
values that are related to the work itself
A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.
variable-interval
Behavior that is reinforced after periods of time, with the time span varying from one time to the next is called
variable-interval
When does intrapersonal value conflict occur?
when being happy pulls us to spend quality time with our family, but personal ambition pulls us to work longer hours and pursue promotions
Two of the most important issues regarding how to conduct a performance appraisal are
who does the appraisal and the frequency of the appraisal
