HS SCIENCE- EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW FOR THE EOC
What is absolute zero?
-459.67ºF, -273.15ºC, 0 K
At what temperature does water boil?
212ºF, 100ºC, 373.2 K
At what temperature does water freeze?
32ºF, 0ºC, 273.2 K
What is room temperature?
70ºF, 21ºC, 295 K
What is the highest number of electrons that can be found in a valence shell?
8
All elements above what number on the periodic table are radioactive?
83
What is normal body temperature?
98.6ºF, 37ºC, 310.15 K
Polar
A _____ covalent bond shares unequally.
Cation
A _____ is a metal that is now positive because it lost an electron.
Base Strength
A _____ is strong if all of its molecules break apart in water to form O- which combines with water to form OH-.
Synthesis
A _______ reaction is when 2 or more substances combine to form a new substance.
catalyst
A _______ speeds up a chemical reaction.
Covalent Bond
A ________ bond normally occurs between 2 nonmetals, and is when the atoms share electrons.
Nonpolar
A ________ covalent bonds share equally. They also happen between diatomic molecules.
Decomposition
A __________ reaction is when a single substance breaks down to form 2 or more simpler substances.
Double Displacement
A ___________ reaction is when ions from 2 different compounds trade places.
Single Displacement
A ___________reaction is when an element replaces another element that was in a compound.
Lewis Dot Diagram
A diagram that has the elements abbreviation at its center, and dots around it represent valence electrons. You draw circles around electrons to represent covalent bonds
What is an electron?
A negatively charged particle found in the electron cloud of an atom; has a mass of 1/1800 amu
What is a neutron?
A neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 amu
What is a proton?
A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 amu
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs thermal energy
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases thermal energy
What is a thermal conductor?
A substance that acts as a conduit for thermal energy
What is a thermal insulator?
A substance that blocks the transfer of thermal energy
pH
A value that is used to express the acidity or alkalinity of an acid or base
What is an isotope?
A variation of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
What is the most reactive group of metals?
Alkali metals
Octet Rule
All atoms want to have 8 electrons in their valence shell, except for hydrogen and helium, which want 2. This is the ____ _____.
valence shell
All bonding and chemistry happens in the _________ _______.
Why is there no such thing as cold?
All transfers of thermal energy are referred to as heat
Anion
An _____ is a nonmetal that is now negative because it gained an electron.
Acid Strength
An _____ is strong if all of its molecules break apart in water to form H+ ions, which combine with the water to form H3O+
inhibitor
An ______ slows down a chemical reaction.
Molecule
Basic unit of a covalent bond.
Formula Unit
Basic unit of an ionic bond
Ionic Compound Physical Properties
Brittle, high melting points, soluble, conducts electricity.
Covalent Compound
Change the last syllable of the 2nd element to say ide. Use prefixes to show how much of each atom there are. You only use a prefix in the 1st word if there is more than 1 of that atom, but you always have a prefix on the 2nd word. Ex: CO2 Carbon Dioxide This is how to find the name of a(n) _____________.
Name and describe the three ways that heat can be transferred through matter.
Conduction (wavelike particle motion), convection (currentlike particle motion) and radiation (wavelengths of varying penetration)
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outer electron shell of an atom; used in chemical bonding
What are metalloids?
Elements that form the border between metals and nonmetals
Law of Conservation of Mass
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed
Signs of a Chemical Reaction
Energy change (heat, light), gas formation, solid formation, color change.
What is thermal energy and what unit is it measured in?
Energy that is transferred by heat; measured in joules
Covalent Compound Chemical Properties
Formed by sharing electrons, weak attraction
Ionic Compound Chemical Properties
Formed by taking electrons, strong attraction because of the crystal lattice
What are the four forces found in an atom?
Gravity (mass), electromagnetic (charge), strong (nucleus) and weak (subatomic particles)
What are periods?
Horizontal rows on the periodic table
Which two elements are the exception to the octet rule?
Hydrogen and helium (2 valence electrons)
Polar
In a ________ covalent bond, one nucleus is pulling harder than the other.
Nonpolar
In a _________ covalent bond, both nucleus are pulling the same.
Exothermic Reaction
In this reaction, heat is released.
Acid
Increases hydronium ions (H3O+) when put into water
Base
Increases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
What typically happens to matter when it is heated versus when it is cooled?
It expands when heated and shrinks when cooled
What happens to matter at absolute zero?
It is theorized that the movement of particles will stop completely
Where does most of an atom's mass come from?
Its nucleus
What are the two most common units of measure for heat energy?
Joules and calories
Covalent Compound Physical Properties
Low solubility, low melting points, some conduct electricity
Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed.
What is the least reactive group of nonmetals?
Noble gases
Mono-
Prefix for 1
Deca-
Prefix for 10
Di-
Prefix for 2
Tri-
Prefix for 3
Tetra-
Prefix for 4
Penta-
Prefix for 5
Hexa-
Prefix for 6
Hepta-
Prefix for 7
Octa-
Prefix for 8
Nona-
Prefix for 9
Base
Properties: Bitter, slippery, conducts electricity, and changes indicators to a darker color.
Acid
Properties: Sour, reacts with metals, change indicators to a lighter color.
An atom always has the same number of _____ and _____.
Protons and neutrons
What are lanthanides?
Rare earth metals used to make alloys in the industry
What are actinides?
Rare earth metals; typically man-made and radioactive
What are the four states of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas and plasma
What is specific heat?
The amount of energy it takes to to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree
What is temperature and what unit is it measured in?
The average kinetic energy of particles; measured in degrees
Ionic Bond
The electron(s) have to be stolen before this bond can occur.
What is heat and what unit is it measured in?
The energy transferred between substance with differing temperatures; measured in joules
What are transition metals?
The groups of metals in between the alkaline earth metals and the nonmetals; share similar properties
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
The law that states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred
What does an element's atomic mass number indicate?
The number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
What is an element's atomic number?
The number of protons in its nucleus
What is the octet rule?
The rule that states that all elements react towards the purpose of gaining eight valence electrons
What are alkaline earth metals?
The second-most reactive group of metals
What can cause matter to undergo a change of state?
Thermal energy
Ionic Bond
This bond is between the cation and the anion.
Endothermic Reaction
This reaction requires heat
What are groups/families?
Vertical columns on the periodic table
Ionic Bond
When a nonmetal takes electron(s) from a metal so they both can have a full octet.
Neutral
When an acid and base combine, they form a _______solution,
Bonding
________ is either sharing, giving, or taking valence shell electrons.
Activation Energy
______________ is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.
Temperature, Concentration, and Surface Area
______________, ____________, and _______ _____ affect the rate of the chemical reaction.
nonmetals
anions
Metals
cations
Binomial Nomenclature
the naming system for compounds composed of 2 nonmetallic elements.
Ionic Compound
write the cation first, and the anion second. Change the last syllable of the anion to ide. You don't use any prefixes in this. This is how to find the name of a(n) _______________.