HSCI 445 Exam 1
Dose
# of program units delivered; how many times offered
face validity
*lowest level of validity extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
4 levels
1. Nominal: lowest level in the measurement hierarchy. Uses names or labels to categorize people, place, and things ---mutually exclusive and mutually exhausted (does not represent any particular value or order)
When would you use Audience segmentation?
--When you're concerned about a particular segment of the population --When the target population is composed of a number of different segments --When you'll need very different messages to reach different segments of the target population
How to write objectives
-box 6.5 143-145. examples of objectives -box 6.7- what needs to be included in the objectives: who is gonna be affected, when, how much, whats gonna happen -you want to be able to write them appropraitely for process, impact, and outcome.
4 steps of using an existing measurement instrument
1. Identifying measurement instruments: search literature, you may not need to use the entire instrument, you may use parts 2. Getting your hands on the instrument: Some instruments may be copyrighted 3. Is it the right instrument: pg 118 4. Final steps before proceeding
Objectives should include the following elements
1. The outcome to be achieved or what will change ---The conditions under which the outcome will be observed, or when the change will occur ---The criterion for deciding whether the outcome has been achieved or how much change The priority population or who will change
4 Levels of measurement
2. Ordinal: rank order categories. the distance between categories cannot be measured ----Mutually exhausted (there is a category for all levels) and exclusive (the respondent cannot select two categories) (Example: how you decisive your level of satisfaction with your health care. A. very satisfied, B. satisfied, 3. not satisfied)
4 Levels of measurement
3. Interval: Its continuous, has ranking orders. The distance between categories CAN be measured. there is no absolute zero value ----mutually exclusive and exhausted (Examples: weight, cholesterol, height, blood pressure)
4 Levels of measurement
4. Ratio: HIGHEST level in the measurement hierarchy. continuous ranking order. Distance between the categories CAN be measured. Uses a scale with an absolute zero ----mutually exclusive and exhausted
Competition
An alternative to an offer
Goals
Broad statements that describe the expected outcomes of the program
Common marketing research methods
Common methods Focus groups Pretesting program components(brochures,videos, curricula, etc.) Ongoing monitoring surveys interviews libraries
Qualitative
Data collected with the use of narrative and observational approaches to understand individuals knowledge perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors (Examples: Color of your hair) Hints: [asks why is subjective interprets, provides depth of understanding]
Behavior Change
Develop a strategy --Think about what the target audience needs to make --Change possible --Decide how to maximize benefits --Decide how to minimize costs --Learn about and counter the competition --Make the new behavior socially desirable --Make the change easily done --Pretest
Costs of Behavior Change*
Economic Physical: you get into an accident and get injured. Maybe have surgery Time and Logistics: does it save u time to text while driving Psychological: you feel horrible after getting a ticket or getting into an accident Social
Methods/Learning Opportunities
Health Education Interventions Main Components of a Session: Curriculum Matrix or Lesson Plan Overview Statement of purpose Goals Behavior objectives Outline of content Methods/strategies/learning opportunities List of materials Evaluation activities List of available resources and materials Block plan/schedule 2 pg box 8.4 pg 207 -list several (5) or multiple choice what is a learning opportunity.
Health Education Strategies************
Health education provides the opportunity to gain in depth knowledge about a particular health topic: 1. Health communication 2. Health education 3. Health policy/enforcement 4. Environmental change 5. Health-related community service 6. Community mobilization 7. Other
Types of Curriculum Adaptation How Should We Adapt?
How should we adapt curriculum? Identify what needs to be changed PRE factors Determine whether or not the existing curriculum is the appropriate to address the new change DO background research Pretest material
4 primary purposes of Promotion Exchange and Competition Concepts
Inform--increase product awareness or inform consumer of the products Persuade-- get people to join program Reinforce-- remind them that the products exists Differentiate-- position products as being different from the competition pg 306
4 primary purposes of promotion
Inform—increase product awareness or inform consumers Persuade—convince people to purchase the product Reinforce—remind them that the product exists Differentiate—position the product as being different from the competition; whats the difference between the others
Key Decisions in Health Education Curriculum
Lecture •Discussions •Worksheets •Games •Debates •Case studies •Displays/bulletin boards •Experiments •Demonstrations •Guest speakers •Field trips •Guided imagery •Models •Music •Mass media
Changing the curriculum to
Make it more culturally specific Make it more localized Make it larger or smaller Number of participants Number of sessions Make it age appropriate
Quantitative
Numerical data collected to understand individuals knowledge on understanding perceptions and behavior (Example: Statistics) Hint: [ how many numbers, how often, what you can assign a number, & anything definitive]
HOW TO WRITE A LESSON PLAN FORMAT
PG 205 AND IN PPT
Benefits of Social Marketing
Planners make it easier for the priority population so they know exactly what to do. Reaches target audience Helps customize your message to those target audiences Helps create greater and longer-lasting behavior change
Social Marketing Approach
Program planning approach that uses marketing principles to influence behavior change Four main components --Focus on target audience --Audience segmentation --Integrated marketing mix --Exchange and competition concepts
Types of Curriculum Adaptation
Quantity: changing the number of sessions or extent of information Input*: changing the way the sessions are delivered Classroom teacher vs health educator Participation*: changing the extent to which target audience is involved in the sessions/curriculum (example activities/exercises) Time*: changing the time allocated for each activity or session Difficulty(: change the skill level or difficulty of information Age appropriate information Level of reading and comprehension Level of support*: increase amount of health educators or classroom support
Benefits of Behavior Change?*
Short term individual benefits? Short term benefits to others Long term individual benefits? Long term benefits for others?
SMART
Specific--who, what, and where Measurable-- how much change is expected Achievable-- realistic given program resources and planned implementation Relevant-- relates directly to program/activity goals Time-bound: focuses on when the objective will be achieved
Exchange
The idea that people are willing to give up something of value or to experience costs in order to receive something they value
Mutually exhausted
The measures contains all possible answers (Examples: Yes, no, I don't know, decline to state, other)
Measurement
The process of applying numerical or narrative data from an instrument (Examples: questionnaire)
Mutually exclusive
The respondent has to be one or the other, not both. There is only one choice for them (Example: 0-10 or 11-20)
objectives
Who is going to do WHAT WHEN to what extent
Creating a measurement instrument
Wording questions,Response options, Presentation
Price
all the things that can cost the person. What it costs to obtain a product and its associated benefits. Social mental emotional, psychological. PRICE IS NOT THE SAME THING AS A BARRIER.W hat it costs the priority population to obtain the product and its associated benefits. It is what they have to "give up."
Reliability
an empirical estimate of the extent to which an instrument produces the same result (measure or score), applied once or two or more times; pg 116 internal reliability
process objectives*
are the daily tasks, activities, and work plans that lead to the accomplishment of all other levels of objectives
Learning objectives
are the educational or learning tools needed in order to achieve the desired behavior change. They are based upon the analysis of educational and ecological assessment of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. At the end of the workshop; list or define differences
Outcome objectives***
are the ultimate objectives of a program and are aimed at changes in health status, social benefits, risk factors, or quality of life. at the end of the program; 3 months AFTER. AT THE END, COMPLETION, SEVERAL WEEKS OR MONTHS AFTER
during the pilot testing, the participants will receive a higher rating....
process-BEFORE DURING PLANNING PART OF INTERVENTION impact-DURING IMPLEMENTATION outcome-IN THE END -by 2020
Biased data
data that does not accurately affect the true level due to errors ; how the data was collected, where it was collected; the way measurements were taken
Sequence
defines the order in which the material is presented Examples: Sequence: what you would need to start with first : Fats, proteins, carbs, Sugars salts My plate
Behavioral objectives
describe the behaviors or actions in which the priority population will engage that will resolve the health problem and move you toward achieving the program goal. Ex being able to incorporate more fruit in diet, prepare their own meals, doing. Looking at action
Sensitivity
do have; can't identify; the ability of the test to identify correctly those who actually have the disease.The better the sensitivity, the fewer the false positives
Equivalence
focuses on whether different forms of the same instrument, or a shorter version of an instrument, when measuring the same participants will produce similar results. Also referred to as parallel, equivalent or alternate forms reliability. Using a pre/post test
Criterion-related
if the score is an indicator of specific trait or behavior presently (concurrent), in the future (predictive)
Audience Segmentation
is a way to divide the priority population into smaller, more homogeneous or similar groups. The goal of segmentation is to create groups of people who share similar characteristics or qualities who will respond in a similar way to the intervention. Each segment of the population needed a unique marketing strategy
Specificity
is defined as "the ability of the test to identify only non-diseased individuals who actually do not have the disease. do not; can identify
Consumer Orientation
means that all marketing-related program decisions—including the type of product that is developed, how it is offered, how much it will cost, how it is promoted, and the benefits promised—are based on what planners know about the priority population and their preferences.Looks at the wants and needs of the target audience. Everything we do in our program to market is what we know about our priority population
4 levels of measurement
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Multiplicity
number of components or activities that make up the intervention
Environmental objectives
outline the nonbehavioral causes of a health problem that are present in the social, physical, psychological, economic, service, and/or political environments. by the end of week 3, 25% of my participants will be able to locate markets, fresh food places.
Curriculum
refers to a planned set of lessons or courses designed to lead to competence in an area of study (what those in the priority population will be taught) Example: include the health education curriculum of a school district (course of study) curriculum : nutrition for diabetes
Scope
refers to the breadth and depth of the material covered in a curriculum Examples: (Scope: decrease in sugar beverages, increase in fiber, equal amount of carbs, my plate, insulin levels, calorie intake)
Construct
scores on the instrument are measuring the underlying construct. There can be convergent and discriminant construct validity evidence
Content validity
the assessment of the correspondence between the items composing the instrument and the content domain from which the items were selected
Promotion
the communication strategy, including the message and associated visuals or graphics as well as the channels, used to let the priority population know about the product, how to obtain or purchase it, and the benefits they will receive
Internal consistency
the inter-correlations among individual items on the instrument, that is, whether all items on the instrument are measuring part of the same domain
Impact objective*
they describe the immediate observable effects of a program (e.g., changes in awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills, behaviors, or the environment) and they form the groundwork for impact evaluation
Social
tries to change people's behavior for the benefit of the individual, or of society.Programs that instigate voluntary change. Specific population; hey we are having a program specifically for diabetics. Change the behavior but benefit the individual or community itself. Takes the principles from commercial marketing
Commercial
tries to change people's behavior for the benefit of the marketer. Benefits the person in charge of the product. Who will be making the money from it. More widespread and general population. Ex: proactiv, air pods, car insurance
Stability
used to generate evidence of consistency over time
Product
what the planners are offering that will meet the consumers' needs, make it easy and convenient to do the behavior, and provide a benefit that consumers value. Examples: product, program, service
Placement
where the priority population has access to the product
Validity
whether an instrument correctly measures what it is intended to measure. box 5.2 know the differences between base content, criteria related
