HSS 307 - objectives quizzes
Mitosis is the name for the process of cell division. A. True B. False
A. True
Unstable molecules with an unpaired electron are called free radicals. A. True B. False
A. True
Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called A.ACE inhibitors B.diuretics C.calcium channel blockers D.beta blockers
A.ACE inhibitors
________ is composed of multiple globular molecules polymerized to form long chains or filaments. A.Actin B.Tropomyosin C.Troponin D.Myosin E.Titin
A.Actin
Calcium can bind to ____________, a protein found in all cells that can result in altered protein activity. A.Calmodulin B.Enzymes C.Kinase D.Integrin
A.Calmodulin
The law of mass balance states: mass balance = existing body load + intake - __________ A.Excretion B.Reabsorbtion C.Water D.Secretion
A.Excretion
Glycogen is stored glucose in the liver. What hormone signals the breakdown of glycogen to glucose? A.Glucagon B.Insulin C.Thyroid hormone D.Vasopressin
A.Glucagon
The anterior pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin. A.True B.False
A.True
Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A.a cell wall B.a cell membrane C.plasma membrane D.plasmalemma E.All of the answers are correct.
A.a cell wall
The motor end plate is A.a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. B.the same as the neuromuscular junction. C.the same as the synaptic cleft. D.formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. E.a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.
A.a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.
Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter A.acetylcholine B.norepinephrine C.epinephrine D.calcium
A.acetylcholine
Which is NOT a chemical class of hormone? A.adrenal B.amine C.peptide D.steroid E.None of the above
A.adrenal
Autorhythmic cells A.are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat. B.are the same size as myocardial contractile cells. C.have organized sarcomeres. D.contribute to the force of contraction. E.None of the answers are correct.
A.are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat.
Perfusion is A.blood flow through an organ. B.the driving force behind blood flow. C.delivery of oxygen to cells. D.the connection between capillaries and other vessels. E.movement of blood through a shunt.
A.blood flow through an organ.
The force for glomerular filtration is the A.blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. B.osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries. C.fluid pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules. D.ATP-dependent processes in the nephron. E.None of the answers are correct.
A.blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A.calcitonin. B.thyroid hormone. C.parathyroid hormone. D.growth hormone. E.testosterone.
A.calcitonin.
Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the A.carotid artery. B.aorta. C.venae cavae. D.cerebral arteries. E.cephalic arteries.
A.carotid artery.
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the A.choroid plexus. B.arachnoid villi. C.frontal sinuses. D.pia mater. E.ventricles.
A.choroid plexus.
The clearance of _______________ is used clinically to estimate GFR. A.creatinine B.urea C.glucose D.penicillin
A.creatinine
The amount of filtrate entering the proximal tubules of the kidneys each minute is the A.glomerular filtration rate B.total absorption C.glucose clearance D.urea clearance
A.glomerular filtration rate
Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? A.hypothalamus B.thalamus C.pituitary gland D.brain stem E.medulla
A.hypothalamus
Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure. A.increases B.decreases C.has no effect on
A.increases
Select the THREE basic components of a control system. A.integrating center B.input signal/stimulus C.reflex loop D.oscillator E.output signal/response F.feedback
A.integrating center B.input signal/stimulus E.output signal/response
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because A.it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. B.it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. C.it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained. D.it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. E.All of the answers are correct.
A.it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.
Enzymes increase reaction rate by A.lowering the activation energy of a reaction. B.increasing the free energy in the products. C.raising the activation energy of a reaction. D.converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
A.lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
If the permeability of an ion increases, A.more of that ion is able to cross the membrane. B.less of that ion is able to cross the membrane.
A.more of that ion is able to cross the membrane.
A motor unit consists of A.one neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls. B.one skeletal muscle fiber and all the neurons that control that fiber. C.one skeletal muscle fiber and the neuron that controls that fiber. D.one axon terminal branch and the myofibrils it controls.
A.one neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls.
When blood glucose levels rise, as in the "fed" state, A.only insulin is released. B.only glucagon is released. C.only peripheral cells take up less glucose. D.only protein synthesis decreases. E.All of these answers are correct.
A.only insulin is released.
A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy. A.potential B.kinetic C.chemical
A.potential
The two-point discrimination test A.provides a measure of receptive field size for touch receptors. B.monitors the activity of taste buds. C.provides information about olfactory receptors. D.is used to determine clarity of vision.
A.provides a measure of receptive field size for touch receptors.
Which parameters are associated with increased resistance? A.reduced flow B.reduced friction C.increased blood vessel diameter D.decreased viscosity E.decreased length
A.reduced flow
Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system? A.regulation of water balance B.regulation of pH balance C.protection against pathogens D.vocalization E.gas exchange
A.regulation of water balance
Functions of the large intestine include A.resorption of water and compaction of feces B.chemical digestion of chyme C.absorption of the products of digestion D.temporary food storage E.All of these answers are correct
A.resorption of water and compaction of feces
Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A.rough endoplasmic reticulum B.smooth endoplasmic reticulum C.mitochondria D.nucleoli E.Golgi apparatus
A.rough endoplasmic reticulum
Tonic receptors A.slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. B.are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. C.will always decrease to the point where no action potentials are generated. D.are attune to changes in a parameter, not the extent of that change.
A.slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus.
If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, A.stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow. B.the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow. C.the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure. D.the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow and the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure.
A.stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow.
The substance produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension is called A.surfactant B.acetylcholine C.type II alveolar cells D.interstitial fluid
A.surfactant
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the A.sympathetic division. B.parasympathetic division. C.craniosacral division. D.intramural division. E.somatomotor division.
A.sympathetic division.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, A.the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy. B.entropy decreases in living systems that are not receiving energy. C.energy can be converted, but not be created nor destroyed. D.the total amount of energy in the universe never changes.
A.the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy.
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by A.the entry of food into the stomach B.the sight, thought or smell of food C.the entry of chyme into the small intestine D.the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine E.the entry of chyme into the large intestine
A.the entry of food into the stomach
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle results in A.the formation of cAMP. B.decreased rate of contraction. C.decreased force of cardiac contraction. D.increased sensitivity to acetylcholine. E.All of the answers are correct.
A.the formation of cAMP.
The most important polar molecule is ________ because it is practically a universal solvent. A.water B.bicarbonate C.sodium chloride D.magnesium sulfate E.nucleic acid
A.water
Blood flow will increase to areas of the lung that are A.well ventilated (high pO2) B.not well ventilated (low pO2) C.blood flow does not change within the lungs
A.well ventilated (high pO2)
In which situation would the stroke volume be the greatest? A.when venous return is increased B.when venous return is decreased C.when the force of contraction is decreased D.when the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume is small E.when calcium channel blockers are present
A.when venous return is increased
Homeostasis is the same as equilibrium. A. True B. False
B. False
The body has one fluid compartment. A. True B. False
B. False
The extracellular matrix is simply an inert substance that¿s only function is to hold cell together. A. True B. False
B. False
The intracellular and extracellular fluids are at osmotic and chemical equilibrium. A. True B. False
B. False
The cardiac output is equal to A.the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume. B. the product of heart rate and stroke volume. C.the difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise. D.the stroke volume less the end-systolic volume. E.the product of heart rate and blood pressure.
B. the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
The resting membrane potential in a typical nerve cell is approximately A.+70 mV. B.-70 mV. C.+35 mV. D.-35 mV. E.0 mV.
B.-70 mV.
Which of the following are examples of cations? A.SO42- B.Ca2+ C.HPO42- D.HCO3- E.Cl-
B.Ca2+
A factor that is required for ligand binding at the binding site is called ________________. A.Enzyme B.Cofactor C.Receptor D.Substrate
B.Cofactor
When energy is released during catabolism, it is temporarily trapped in high energy bonds or electrons of certain compounds. Which of the following is NOT associated with carrying energy? A.NADPH B.DNA C.NADH D.FADH2 E.ATP
B.DNA
Exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective and secretory are all functional categories of what type of tissue? A.Connective B.Epithelial C.Adipose D.Neural
B.Epithelial
The variables of oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and blood oxygen content are unrelated. A.True B.False
B.False
________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells. A.All, norepinephrine B.Most, norepinephrine C.All, acetylcholine D.Most, acetylcholine
B.Most, norepinephrine
Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle? A.Blood is ejected from the atrium. B.The SA node fires. C.The P wave develops. D.Ventricular systole occurs. E.Atrial systole occurs.
B.The SA node fires.
Renin is an enzyme that catalyzes conversion of A.angiotensinogen to ANG I, eventually leading to a decrease in blood pressure. B.angiotensinogen to ANG I, eventually leading to an increase in blood pressure. C.ANG I to ANG II, eventually leading to an decrease in blood pressure. D.ANG I to ANG II, eventually leading to an increase in blood pressure.
B.angiotensinogen to ANG I, eventually leading to an increase in blood pressure.
The term meaning "programmed cell death" is A.necrosis. B.apoptosis. C.oncogenesis. D.diuresis. E.cytocide.
B.apoptosis.
Ingestion of salt causes A.blood pressure to decrease. B.blood pressure to increase.
B.blood pressure to increase.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A.dissolved in plasma. B.bound to hemoglobin. C.in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D.bound to a plasma protein. E.carried by white blood cells.
B.bound to hemoglobin.
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A.oxygen. B.carbon dioxide. C.bicarbonate ion. D.sodium ion. E.hemoglobin.
B.carbon dioxide.
A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would A.interfere with oxygen binding to hemoglobin. B.cause an increase in blood pH. C.increase the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood. D.decrease the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma. E.All of the answers are correct.
B.cause an increase in blood pH.
The correct order of phases in digestion is A.cephalic, intestinal, gastric B.cephalic, gastric, intestinal C.gastric, intestinal, cephalic D.gastric, cephalic, intestinal
B.cephalic, gastric, intestinal
The binding of acetylcholine to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction causes the opening of a A.Na+ channel. B.channel for both Na+ and K+. C.calcium channel. D.ryanodine receptor.
B.channel for both Na+ and K+.
Which of the following systems does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments? A.respiratory system B.circulatory system C.digestive system D.urinary system E.All of the above.
B.circulatory system
The ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure is termed A.reliance B.compliance C.elastic recoil D.constriction
B.compliance
The CSF ONLY provides physical protection, not chemical protection for the brain. A.true B.false
B.false
The ideal gas law states that A.gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B.gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
B.gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
Without cortisol's permissive effect on ________, an animal would die. A.insulin B.glucagon C.thyroid hormone D.parathyroid hormone E.aldosterone
B.glucagon
The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. A.oxygen B.glucose C.sodium D.potassium E.fatty acids
B.glucose
An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called A.hyperpotasseplasmia B.hyperkalemia C.hyperpotassemia D.hypercalcemia E.hypernatremia
B.hyperkalemia
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to A.decrease the temperature of the plasma. B.increase the partial pressure of oxygen. C.decrease the partial pressure of nitrogen. D.increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs. E.decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
B.increase the partial pressure of oxygen.
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A.decrease the rate of breathing. B.increase the rate of breathing. C.decrease pulmonary ventilation. D.decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E.increase the pH of arterial blood.
B.increase the rate of breathing.
Hyperthyroidism A.decreases oxygen consumption. B.increases protein catabolism. C.decreases protein synthesis. D.slows heart rate. E.causes cold intolerance.
B.increases protein catabolism.
Within a single fiber, the tension developed during a twitch depends upon the A.amplitude of the action potential. B.length of the sarcomeres prior to contraction. C.length of the thick filament. D.duration of the stimulus.
B.length of the sarcomeres prior to contraction.
An enzyme that digests fats is A.hydrolase. B.lipase. C.lyase. D.ligase. E.kinase.
B.lipase.
Bile is secreted by the A.stomach B.liver C.pancreas D.gallbladder E.none of the above
B.liver
During the fasting state, the energy stores of the ________ become the major source of glucose for the whole body. A.brain B.liver C.muscles D.pancreas E.adipose tissues
B.liver
Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney? A.vasa recta B.loop of Henle C.glomerulus D.renal corpuscle
B.loop of Henle
Down-regulation may allow a target cell to A.only increase its number of receptors for a ligand. B.only decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. C.only increase its binding affinity for a ligand. D.decrease the receptors' binding affinity and increase its number of receptors.
B.only decrease its number of receptors for a ligand.
The primary function of the proximal tubule is A.filtration. B.reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water. C.secretion of acids and ammonia. D.secretion of drugs. E.adjusting the urine volume.
B.reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.
Type II alveolar cells A.allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes. B.secrete a chemical known as surfactant. C.are phagocytic. D.allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic. E.None of the statements are true.
B.secrete a chemical known as surfactant.
Calcium is important in the synapse because it A.is necessary for acetylcholine synthesis. B.signals the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter. C.binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening ion channels, and triggering graded potentials. D.leaves the axon terminal, hyperpolarizing the cell.
B.signals the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter.
The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are A.somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons. B.somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons. C.the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. D.voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons.
B.somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.
Slow waves are A.segmental contractions B.spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization C.cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation D.reflexes that originate and are integrated by the enteric nervous system E.peristaltic contractions
B.spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization
Myogenic autoregulation means that A.increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel. B.stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively. C.blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. D.increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. E.stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body.
B.stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.
The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the A.stretch reflex. B.tendon reflex. C.flexor reflex. D.crossed extensor reflex. E.reciprocal reflex.
B.tendon reflex.
Energy is defined as A.the light and heat from the sun. B.the capacity to do work. C.doing tasks that make you tired. D.using glucose to synthesize ATP.
B.the capacity to do work.
The most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is A.the cell that releases it. B.the cell that responds to it. C.the method of transport. D.the route of transport. E.There are no differences¿they are the same.
B.the cell that responds to it.
Chemical digestion refers to A.the absorption of nutrients in the gut B.the enzymatic breakdown of food C.the effects of chewing, churning and segmentation D.the input of food into the digestive tract E.the progressive dehydration of indegestible residue
B.the enzymatic breakdown of food
Most reflex movements are integrated by A.the brain. B.the spinal cord. C.central pattern generators. D.proprioceptors. E.effectors.
B.the spinal cord.
The blood brain barrier is composed of __________ junctions which do not allow the free passage of substances between cells. A.gap B.tight C.paracrine D.autocrine E.villi
B.tight
The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output. A.brain stem B.vagus nerve C.hypothalamus D.motor end plate
B.vagus nerve
For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? A.1 B.2 C.2.5 D.3.5 E.4
C.2.5
Put these phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order. 1 opening of the semilunar valves 2 isovolumic contraction 3 beginning of atrial systole 4 closure of the AV valves 5 completion of ventricular filling 6 beginning of ventricular systole 7 ventricular relaxation 8 ventricular ejection A.4, 5, 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 6 B.3, 2, 6, 1, 4, 5, 8, 7 C.3, 5, 6, 4, 2, 1, 8, 7 D.3, 5, 6, 1, 8, 4, 2, 7 E.3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 8, 7, 1
C.3, 5, 6, 4, 2, 1, 8, 7
Correctly order these steps of the immune process: 1-recruitment of assistance and coordination of response 2-communication with other immune cells 3-destruction or suppression of invader 4-detection and identification of foreign substance A.1, 2, 3, 4 B.4, 3, 2, 1 C.4, 2, 1, 3 D.2, 1, 3, 4 E.2, 4, 3, 1 F.3, 4, 1, 2
C.4, 2, 1, 3
Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the motor units and their activation? A.A motor unit in muscles of gross movement can have thousands of muscle cells. B.All muscle fibers in a single motor unit are of the same fiber type. C.A weak contractile stimulus activates fast-twitch motor units. D.The metabolic capacity of muscle fibers within a motor unit can be altered. E.At its peak intensity, a contractile stimulus will activate muscle fibers that are easily fatigued.
C.A weak contractile stimulus activates fast-twitch motor units.
Which is NOT true regarding autonomic reflexes? A.Vomiting, sneezing, and coughing are all examples of autonomic reflexes. B.Integrating centers for autonomic reflexes in the brain include the hypothalamus, brain stem, and limbic system. C.Autonomic reflexes are all monosynaptic, with their synapse in the central nervous system. D.Many autonomic reflexes are characterized by tonic activity, a continuous stream of action potentials.
C.Autonomic reflexes are all monosynaptic, with their synapse in the central nervous system.
What is a possible cause of lower alveolar PO2? A.The composition of the inspired air is abnormal. Altitude affects oxygen content of air. B.Alveolar ventilation is inadequate. Pathological factors include increased airway resistance (asthma), decreased lung compliance (fibrosis), and overdoses of drugs or alcohol. C.Both a and b D.None of the above
C.Both a and b
Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE? A.Hypothalamic trophic factors control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. B.It receives input from multiple sources. C.It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord. D.The hypothalamus contains various centers for behavioral drives such as hunger and thirst.
C.It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord.
Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE? A.It is normally equal to zero volts. B.The inside of the membrane is positively charged compared to the outside. C.It results, in part, from the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+. D.It is due in part to the presence of extracellular proteins.
C.It results, in part, from the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+.
The falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to A.Na+ flow in the cell only. B.Na+ flow out of the cell only. C.K+ flow out of the cell only. D.K+ flow into the cell only. E.Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.
C.K+ flow out of the cell only.
Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A.Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. B.Prohormones can be activated before their release via post-translational modification. C.Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. D.Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.
C.Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.
Integrating centers compare the input signal to the _________, the desired value of the variable. A.Target B.Stimulus C.Setpoint D.Output signal
C.Setpoint
All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT A.an increase in arterial resistance. B.a decrease in arterial diameter. C.a decrease in cardiac output. D.sympathetic stimulation.
C.a decrease in cardiac output.
Saturation occurs when A.molecules are moved by the use of vesicles. B.the energy required to move molecules results from a high-energy bond. C.a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate. D.a preference of a carrier protein for a substance is demonstrated based on the differing affinities of the carrier for the substrates. E.a carrier molecule has the ability to transport only one molecule or a group of closely related molecules.
C.a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate.
Protein specificity is the A.activation of a specific protein that is needed to perform a particular function. B.degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand. C.ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands. D.degree to which a protein-ligand complex initiates a response. E.degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand and the ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands.
C.ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands.
During hyperventilation A.alveolar ventilation increases, alveolar PO2 decreases and PCO2 increases B.alveolar ventilation increases, alveolar PO2 decreases and PCO2 decreases C.alveolar ventilation increases, alveolar PO2 increases and PCO2 decreases D.alveolar ventilation increases, alveolar PO2 increases and PCO2 increases
C.alveolar ventilation increases, alveolar PO2 increases and PCO2 decreases
Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division. A.somatic B.sensory C.autonomic D.somatic and sensory E.somatic and autonomic
C.autonomic
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A.solute dissolved in the plasma. B.carbaminohemoglobin. C.bicarbonate ions. D.solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E.carbonic acid.
C.bicarbonate ions.
Histamine increases airway resistance due to its primary role in the respiratory system is as a A.surfactant. B.bronchodilator. C.bronchoconstrictor. D.vasodilator. E.vasoconstrictor.
C.bronchoconstrictor.
Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor? A.cold temperature B.photon of light C.cell stretch D.oxygen
C.cell stretch
In response to severe dehydration, aldosterone will A.decrease, leading to increased osmolarity. B.increase, leading to increased osmoloarity. C.decrease, leading to decreased osmolarity. D.increase, leading to decreased osmolarity.
C.decrease, leading to decreased osmolarity.
All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT A.glucose. B.potassium. C.erythrocytes. D.urobilinogen.
C.erythrocytes.
An integrating center A.is the disturbance or change that sets the pathway in motion. B.is an electrical and/or chemical signal that travels to the effector. C.evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint. D.is the minimum stimulus that must be achieved to set the reflect response in motion.
C.evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint.
The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as A.cytosol. B.protoplasm. C.extracellular fluid. D.cytoplasm. E.plasma.
C.extracellular fluid.
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are A.carbohydrates. B.proteins. C.fats. D.nucleic acids. E.vitamins.
C.fats.
The liver and skeletal muscles store glucose as ________ for a ready energy source. A.lipids B.glucose C.glycogen D.urea E.ketone bodies
C.glycogen
The process of glycogen formation is known as A.lipogenesis B.gluconeogenesis C.glycogenesis D.beta-oxidation
C.glycogenesis
The tension generated in a skeletal muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of A.thick and thin filaments present. B.nebulin and titin molecules present. C.high-energy crossbridges formed. D.low-energy crossbridges formed. E.active sarcomeres.
C.high-energy crossbridges formed.
Synergism occurs when A.one hormone triggers the secretion of a second hormone. B.one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone. C.hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted. D.hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicted. E.a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone.
C.hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted.
Measuring oxygen consumption as a way of estimating a person's metabolic rate is a type of A.direct calorimetry B.transport work C.indirect calorimetry D.diet-induced thermogenesis
C.indirect calorimetry
Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins? A.plasma only B.interstitial fluid only C.intracellular fluid only D.both plasma and intracellular fluid E.both plasma and interstitial fluid
C.intracellular fluid only
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system. A.urinary B.thirst-quenching C.lymphatic D.immune E.digestive
C.lymphatic
The flexion reflex A.prevents a muscle from overstretching. B.prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C.moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. D.makes adjustments in other parts of the body in response to a particular stimulus. E.is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
C.moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.
The speed with which force is developed by skeletal muscles is determined by the A.Ca2+ ATPase activity. B.sarcoplasmic calcium concentration. C.myosin ATPase isoform. D.Ca2+ ATPase activity and sarcoplasmic calcium concentration. E.Ca2+ ATPase activity, myosin ATPase isoform, and sarcoplasmic calcium concentration.
C.myosin ATPase isoform.
Which are cholinergic receptors? (may select multiple answers) A.alpha B.beta C.nicotinic D.muscarinic E.none are cholinergic
C.nicotinic D.muscarinic
Each of the following is a primary tissue type EXCEPT one, identify the exception. A.muscle tissue B.neural tissue C.osseous tissue D.connective tissue E.epithelial tissue
C.osseous tissue
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ions? A.pH and hydrogen ions are equivalent. B.pH and hydrogen ions are directly proportional. C.pH and hydrogen ions are inversely proportional. D.pH is always 100 times more than the number of hydrogen ions. E.pH and hydrogen ions are independent and unrelated.
C.pH and hydrogen ions are inversely proportional.
Which is not one of the four main categories of membrane receptors? A.receptor-channel B.receptor-enzyme C.phosphorylated kinase D.G protein-coupled E.integrin
C.phosphorylated kinase
Which of the following is not a major biomolecule. A.carbohydrates B.proteins C.polymers D.lipids E.nucleotides
C.polymers
The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in A.preventing overstretching of the cells. B.enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells. C.preventing tetanus. D.preventing fibrillation. E.regulating Ca2+ availability to the cells.
C.preventing tetanus.
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A.prevent the external environment from changing. B.prevent the internal environment from changing. C.quickly restore changed conditions to normal. D.ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. E.prevent excessive blood loss.
C.quickly restore changed conditions to normal.
Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception. A.regulation of extracellular fluid volume B.maintenance of ion balance in body fluids C.regulation of blood protein levels D.regulation of blood osmolarity E.homeostatic regulation of blood pH
C.regulation of blood protein levels
The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as A.highly specific. B.completely nonspecific. C.relatively nonspecific.
C.relatively nonspecific.
A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of A.metabolic alkalosis B.respiratory acidosis C.respiratory alkalosis D.metabolic acidosis E.none of the answers are correct
C.respiratory alkalosis
Cell membranes are said to be A.impermeable barrier. B.freely permeable barrier. C.selectively permeable barrier. D.only permeable to water soluble molecules. E.None of the answers are correct.
C.selectively permeable barrier.
All of the following are types of mediated transport EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A.facilitated diffusion B.primary active transport C.simple diffusion D.secondary active transport
C.simple diffusion
Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the A.liver B.stomach and small intestine C.small intestine D.large intestine E.stomach
C.small intestine
Digestible monosaccharides include all of the following except A.glucose B.galactose C.sucrose D.fructose
C.sucrose
With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ________, which acts as a relay and processing station. A.cerebellum B.medulla oblongata C.thalamus D.cerebrum
C.thalamus
The most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that A.carries highly oxygenated blood. B.contains smooth muscle in its wall. C.transports blood away from the heart. D.transports blood toward the heart. E.contains internal valves.
C.transports blood away from the heart.
Smooth muscle cells lack which protein(s)? A.actin only B.myosin only C.troponin only D.tropomyosin only E.troponin and tropomyosin
C.troponin only
Which of the following is NOT a somatosensory modality? A.proprioception B.nociception C.vision D.temperature E.touch
C.vision
There is a mixture of gases in dry air, with an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg. The composition of gases is 20.7% oxygen, 78.2% nitrogen, 0.4% carbon dioxide. What is the partial pressure of oxygen? (you should not need a calculator). A.20.7% B.~20 mmHg C.~150 mmHg D.~1500 mmHg E.cannot determine from information provided
C.~150 mmHg
The posterior pituitary gland secretes A.FSH. B.TSH. C.ACTH. D.ADH (Vasopressin). E.MSH.
D.ADH (Vasopressin).
The degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand is called the protein¿s ____________ for the ligand. A.Solubility B.Up-regulation C.Specificity D.Affinity
D.Affinity
Acid-Base balance is achieved through A.buffers B.ventilation C.renal regulation of H+ and HCO3- D.All above the above are correct.
D.All above the above are correct.
Which is not considered a category of incorrect immune responses A.overactive responses such as allergies B.lack of response such as immunodeficiency diseases C.incorrect responses such as autoimmune disorders D.All are considered categories.
D.All are considered categories.
A decrease in blood volume and therefore blood pressure could trigger the following response(s): A.increased cardiac output B.increased thirst C.increased salt excretion D.Both A and B E.A, B, and C
D.Both A and B
What is NOT one of the four major themes of physiology? A.Homeostasis B.Information Flow C.Structure and Function D.Chemical Reactions
D.Chemical Reactions
Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A.It is dominant during "resting and digesting." B.Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. C.Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. D.It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. E.All of the statements apply.
D.It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs.
Which of the following is NOT a correct comparison of cardiac myocytes to other muscle cell types? A.Like smooth muscle cells, some cardiac myocytes have pacemaker potentials. B.Like some smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled. C.Like skeletal muscle cells, actin and myosin are organized into sarcomeres. D.Like skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle is under autonomic nervous control. E.Like smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle is under hormonal control.
D.Like skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle is under autonomic nervous control.
When voltage-gated Na+ channels of a resting neuron open, A.Na+ enters the neuron. B.Na+ leaves the neuron. C.the neuron depolarizes. D.Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. E.Na+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.
D.Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.
Myelin is formed by A.axons only. B.Schwann cells only. C.oligodendrocytes only. D.Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.
D.Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.
What is NOT a function of proteins in the body? A.Communication B.Structure C.Transport D.Storing heredity information
D.Storing heredity information
Which of these is matched incorrectly? A.innate immunity - nonspecific responses B.active immunity-an immune response started and developed by the cells C.acquired immunity - responses directed towards specific invaders D.actively acquired immunity - immunity passed via the placenta or milk to offspring E.Each is correctly described.
D.actively acquired immunity - immunity passed via the placenta or milk to offspring
Information coming into the central nervous system is transmitted along ________ neurons. A.afferent B.sensory C.efferent D.afferent and sensory E.sensory and efferent
D.afferent and sensory
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of A.veins only. B.arteries only. C.muscular arteries only. D.all vessel types except capillaries. E.all vessel types.
D.all vessel types except capillaries.
The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the A.vital capacity. B.respiratory minute volume. C.pulmonary ventilation rate. D.alveolar ventilation rate. E.external respiration rate.
D.alveolar ventilation rate.
Thyroid hormones A.are lipophilic. B.are hydrophilic. C.must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells. D.are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells. E.are hydrophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells.
D.are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells.
Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both A.are released by neurons. B.affect only cells with a specific receptor. C.travel in the blood to their target cell. D.are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors. E.are produced by all cells.
D.are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors.
The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause A.arterioles to dilate or constrict. B.the heart rate to increase or decrease. C.the contractility of the heart to increase or decrease. D.arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease. E.All of the answers are correct.
D.arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease.
The axon is connected to the cell body by the A.myelin sheath. B.axon terminal. C.collaterals. D.axon hillock. E.synapse.
D.axon hillock.
The adrenal medulla produces A.androgens. B.glucocorticoids. C.mineralocorticoids. D.catecholamines. E.corticosteroids.
D.catecholamines.
The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the A.cerebellum only. B.cerebrum only. C.medulla oblongata only. D.cerebellum and cerebrum. E.cerebrum and medulla oblongata.
D.cerebellum and cerebrum.
Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? A.cell membrane B.red blood cells C.intracellular fluid D.extracellular fluid E.All of the answers are correct.
D.extracellular fluid
Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, A.adenylyl cyclase is activated. B.cyclic nucleotides are formed. C.G proteins are inhibited. D.gene transcription may increase or decrease. E.protein kinases are activated.
D.gene transcription may increase or decrease.
Thyroid hormone contains the mineral A.sodium. B.thallium. C.iron. D.iodine. E.zinc.
D.iodine.
Vitamin D (calcitriol) A.is formed by sunlight only. B.is bound to plasma protein for transport only. C.synthesis is stimulated by high calcium levels. D.is formed by sunlight and bound to plasma protein for transport. E.is formed by sunlight and synthesis is stimulated by high calcium levels.
D.is formed by sunlight and bound to plasma protein for transport.
Growth hormone A.is secreted by the anterior pituitary. B.is secreted by the posterior pituitary. C.binds to a plasma protein. D.is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein. E.is secreted by the posterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein.
D.is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein.
All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception. A.desmosomes B.tight junctions C.gap junctions D.loose junctions E.adherens junctions
D.loose junctions
Viruses A.must reproduce inside cells of the host, are considered to be parasitic, and easily survive in the environment outside of the body B.must reproduce inside of the host C.are considered to be parasitic D.must reproduce inside of the host and are considered to be parasitic E.easily survive in the environment outside of the body
D.must reproduce inside of the host and are considered to be parasitic
Neuroimmunomodulation refers to the interactions of which systems that can affect health and well-being? A.nervous and endocrine B.nervous and immune C.endocrine and immune D.nervous, endocrine, and immune
D.nervous, endocrine, and immune
An exergonic chemical reaction A.requires the input of energy. B.requires an enzyme in order to overcome the activation energy. C.converts substrates into products that have more free energy. D.releases energy as the reaction progresses.
D.releases energy as the reaction progresses.
Aerobic metabolism of glucose A.requires oxygen. B.produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways. C.is the fastest way to produce glucose. D.requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways.
D.requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways.
Glucagon A.only stimulates gluconeogenesis. B.primarily targets the liver. C.primarily targets skeletal muscle. D.stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets the liver. E.stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets skeletal muscle.
D.stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets the liver.
The hormone ADH A.stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ion. B.causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine. C.is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity. D.stimulates water conservation at the kidneys. E.All of the answers are correct.
D.stimulates water conservation at the kidneys.
Heat loss is promoted by A.sweating. B.dilation of cutaneous blood vessels. C.nonshivering thermogenesis. D.sweating and dilation of cutaneous blood vessels. E.sweating, dilation of cutaneous blood vessels, and nonshivering thermogenesis.
D.sweating and dilation of cutaneous blood vessels.
When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure, A.sympathetic activity increases. B.cardiac output increases. C.peripheral resistance decreases. D.sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. E.sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases.
D.sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.
Physiology is the study of A.growth and reproduction B.the structure of the body C.the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level D.the normal functions of the organ systems E.the facial features as an indication of personality.
D.the normal functions of the organ systems
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A.epinephrine B.norepinephrine C.thyroid hormone D.thyroid-stimulating hormone E.melatonin
D.thyroid-stimulating hormone
Chemical reactions in a living system function to A.only transfer energy from one molecule to another. B.create new energy. C.only use energy stored in a molecule. D.transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.
D.transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.
Catecholamines are made by modifying the side groups of __________, an amino acid. A.tryptophan B.calcium C.protein D.tyrosine
D.tyrosine
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mm Hg. A.40 B.45 C.50 D.70 E.100
E.100
The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1 tissue 2 cell 3 organ 4 molecule 5 organism 6 organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is A.4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5 B.4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5 C.6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1 D.2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5 E.4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5
E.4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5
Which of the following are a process of the digestive system? A.digestion B.absorption C.motility D.secretion E.All are functions.
E.All are functions.
Lymphoid tissues include A.bone marrow B.lymph nodes C.spleen D.thymus E.All of the above are correct.
E.All of the above are correct.
Graded potentials may A.initiate an action potential. B.depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage. C.hyperpolarize the membrane. D.be called EPSPs or IPSPs. E.All of the statements are true.
E.All of the statements are true.
When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone, which of the following could happen? A.An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out. B.Two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur. C.Two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability. D.An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out and two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur. E.An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out; two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur; and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability.
E.An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out; two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur; and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability.
Which is NOT a criteria that classifies a chemical substance as a hormone? A.secreted by a cell or group of cells B.secreted into the blood C.transported to a distant target D.exert effect at low concentrations E.None of the above.
E.None of the above.
Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following? A.Na+ B.K+ C.Ca2+ D.HCO3- E.OH-
E.OH-
Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during A.hydrolysis reactions only. B.addition reactions only. C.dehydration reactions only. D.exchange reactions only. E.addition and exchange reactions.
E.addition and exchange reactions.
Stretching a myocardial cell A.only decreases the force of a contraction. B.only allows more Ca2+ to enter. C.only increases the force of contraction. D.decreases the force of a contraction and allows more Ca2+ to enter. E.allows more Ca2+ to enter and increases the force of a contraction.
E.allows more Ca2+ to enter and increases the force of a contraction.
In order for high force crossbridges to form in contracting skeletal muscle, calcium must A.bind to calmodulin to phosphorylate the myosin. B.phosphorylate the tropomyosin which moves it. C.phosphorylate the troponin to move the tropomyosin. D.bind to tropomyosin which moves the troponin. E.bind to troponin which moves the tropomyosin.
E.bind to troponin which moves the tropomyosin.
Atoms in a covalent molecule A.share electrons in single pairs. B.share electrons in double pairs. C.share electrons in triple pairs. D.share electrons singly, never in pairs. E.can share electrons in single pairs, double pairs, or triple pairs.
E.can share electrons in single pairs, double pairs, or triple pairs.
Which of these does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain? A.cranium B.subarachnoid space C.cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) D.dura mater E.cerebral space
E.cerebral space
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in A.propriospinal tracts. B.ventral root ganglia. C.ventral horns. D.dorsal horns. E.dorsal root ganglia.
E.dorsal root ganglia.
A rise in cortisol would cause each of the following EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A.enhanced rate of glucose synthesis by the liver B.increased rate of glycogen usage by the liver C.higher levels of fatty acids in the blood D.suppression of the immune system E.increased ACTH levels
E.increased ACTH levels
The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because A.it is a source of catecholamines. B.it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. C.it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. D.it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. E.it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.
E.it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.
These cells mediate the acquired immune response A.dendritic cells B.erythrocytes C.neutrophils D.basophils E.lymphocytes
E.lymphocytes
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________% saturated with oxygen. A.10 B.25 C.50 D.75 E.over 90
E.over 90
Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of A.progesterone. B.aldosterone. C.estradiol. D.calcitonin. E.progesterone, aldosterone, and estradiol.
E.progesterone, aldosterone, and estradiol.
A substance that induces fever is known as a(n) A.opsonin B.cytokine C.chemotaxin D.acute phase protein E.pyrogen
E.pyrogen
Which of the following factors increases basal metabolic rate? A.only thyroid hormones B.only acetylcholine C.only insulin D.only epinephrine E.thyroid hormones and epinephrine
E.thyroid hormones and epinephrine
A polysynaptic reflex has at least ________ in the reflex pathway. A.one synapse B.two synapses C.two neurons D.three neurons E.two synapses and three neurons
E.two synapses and three neurons
The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body's water balance are: A.digestive and respiratory B.digestive and cardiovascular C.cardiovascular and respiratory D.urinary and respiratory E.urinary and cardiovascular
E.urinary and cardiovascular
Cannon's four postulates include:1. The cardiovascular system helps preserve "fitness"2. Some systems are under tonic control3. Some systems are under antagonistic control4. Once chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues True False
False
In cells, reflex control turns one signal molecule into multiple second messenger molecules. True False
False
The enteric nervous system cannot operate independently from the central nervous system. True False
False
An intracellular signal molecule that translates a signal from a neurotransmitter or hormone into an intracellular response is called a second messenger. True False
True
Grey matter in the CNS is unmyelinated. True False
True
Membrane protein pores that can be opened and closed are called gated channels. True False
True
Some pathogens bind directly to phagocyte receptors. True False
True
Transport of material from the lumen of an organ to the extracellular fluid is called absorption. True False
True
