HST 120 final

England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the a. Six Articles. b. Act of Succession. c. Act of Toleration. d. Act of Supremacy. e. Act of Union.

d. Act of Supremacy.

Institutes of the christian religion

John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion is a defining book of the Reformation and a pillar of Protestant theology. First published in Latin in 1536 and in Calvin's native French in 1541, the Institutes argues for the majesty of God and for justification by faith alone.

Who played a leading role in perfecting movable type for printing? a. Johannes Gutenberg b. Francois Rabelais c. Lorenzo Valla d. Lorenzo Ghiberti e. Francesco Guicciardini

a. Johannes Gutenberg

The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burnt at the stake was a. John Hus. b. John Calvin. c. Erasmus. d. Ignatius Loyola. e. John Wycliffe.

a. John Hus.

Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was a. Charles XII of Sweden. b. Francis I of France. c. Pope Clement VII. d. Ludwig II of Bavaria. e. Henry VIII of England.

b. Francis I of France.

The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacraments to the populace was a. excommunication. b. the investiture. c. the interdict. d. an indulgence. e. a curia.

c. the interdict.

Unum Sanctum

Letter written by Boniface VIII claiming that in order to save his or her soul, every human being - including the king - must be subject to the pope. King Philip responded by calling his own national council , the Estates General, to condemn and depose the pope.

In her influential work, Book of the City of Ladies, Christine de Pizan agreed with church theologians that women were inferior to men. True False

False

95 Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther

The Prince

The first main theme is politics. The Prince was written as a manual for new rulers who desired complete control. Machiavelli argued that the prince must maintain sovereignty over his subjects.

After the Black Death, money payments were increasingly substituted for military service in the lord-vassal relationship. True False

True

One of the causes of the Hundred Years' War was a dispute over the right of succession to the French throne after the death of the last Capetian king in 1328. True False

True

The word "Renaissance" means a. rebirth. b. new world. c. maturation. d. culture. e. escape.

a. rebirth.

The courtier

The Book of The Courtier was written by Count Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529), and was first published in vernacular Italian in 1528. The book provides a fascinating insight into Renaissance court life, and was the ultimate 'how to' guide for aspiring courtiers

The Books of city of ladies

The Book of the City of Ladies is an allegorical society in which the word "lady" is defined as a woman of noble spirit, instead of noble birth. Christine de Pizan wrote The Book of the City of Ladies for one reason: to show the folks of the 1400s that women weren't nearly as bad as men at the time said they were.

The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales, written in a combination of verse and prose, tells the story of some 30 pilgrims walking from Southwark to Canterbury on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St Thomas Beckett. Chaucer tells his story with three-dimensional characters called social portraits.

The City of God

The City of God was written in response to pagan claims that the sack of Rome by barbarians in 410 was one of the consequences of the abolition of pagan worship by Christian emperors.

Decameron

The Decameron is a collection of one hundred allegorical short stories written around 1353CE by Italian author, poet and scholar Giovanni Boccaccio (c. 1313 - 1375). ... The Decameron tells a story of ten young Florentines who have fled from the Black Plague to reside in Naples.

The Divine Comedy

The Divine Comedy is an epic poem written by Dante in the early fourteenth century, describing the author's journey through the afterlife. It has three parts, each of which is concerned with one of the three divisions of the world beyond: the Inferno (hell), the Purgatorio (purgatory), and the Paradiso (heaven).

In Praise of Folly

The Praise of Folly is one of the most important books of Renaissance Humanism and one of the most perfect expressions of the sentiments and philosophy of its author, Desiderius Erasmus. ... The Praise of Folly was written in 1509 to amuse Sir Thomas More, Erasmus's close friend and intellectual counterpart.

Utopia

This was written by Thomas More in order to show his disdain about the political corruption that was happening in Europe at that time. Aside from the corruption in Europe, he also talked about the hypocrisy of religion that was happening at that time. Utopia stands for the imaginary island that he created

The religious reformer who "laid the egg that Luther hatched" was a. Desiderius Erasmus. b. Ulrich Zwingli. c. John Calvin. d. Thomas More. e. Savonarola.

a. Desiderius Erasmus.

As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 a. German states were allowed to determine their religion b. the institution of the Holy Roman Empire was to be the ruling force in Germany for the next 100 years. c. all German states could choose their own religions, except for Calvinism. d. the Holy Roman Empire was dismembered. e. the German population was to be converted to Catholicism.b.

a. German states were allowed to determine their religion

The dominant style of the church architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was a. Romanesque. b. Baroque. c. Naturalistic. d. Graeco-Roman. e. Gothic.

a. Romanesque.

The Peace of Lodi in 1454 exemplifies what key Italian Renaissance political concept? a. a balance of power between competing territorial states b. peace at any price c. the useless nature of paper treaties d. rule through intimidation e. the inevitably of war and violence

a. a balance of power between competing territorial states

Machiavelli's ideas as expressed in The Prince achieve a model for a. a modern secular concept of power politics. b. a republican state in Italy. c. the justification of divine right monarchy. d. a deeply religious conception of the religious sanctity of the state. e. a new attitude of moral responsibility among politicians.

a. a modern secular concept of power politics.

All of the following were reactions to the great plague except a. a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God. b. the formation of groups like the flagellants, who physically maimed themselves to save the world. c. an increase in violence and murder due to a sense of life's cheapness. d. morbidity and preoccupation with death in everyday life. e. economic depression.

a. a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God.

All of the following are correct about the "Peasant's Crusade" except a. after considerable hardship, the crusade succeeded in reaching Jerusalem b. they attacked Jews on their march towards the Holy Land. c. the crusade's leader was Peter the Hermit. d. it was an exercise in religious fanaticism and futility. e. they were massacred by the Turks when they reached Asia Minor.

a. after considerable hardship, the crusade succeeded in reaching Jerusalem

Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because a. both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state. b. mercenary captains usurped royal authority and ruled violently. c. both had begun to develop industrial economies. d. local nobles and town governments lost much influence over reigning kings. e. the plague had equally devastated both regions.

a. both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.

Pope Gregory VII a. claimed that popes had the right to depose kings and emperors. b. collected new taxes to finance building programs. c. stated that popes should not be involved in the everyday activities of the church. d. increased the Church's missionary activities to Russia and the east. e. crawled in the snow and begged the forgiveness of Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire.

a. claimed that popes had the right to depose kings and emperors.

The development of printing in the fifteenth century a. ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society. b. had little impact until the eighteenth century. c. made communication and collaborative work between scholars more difficult due to competition. d. saw the invention of movable type by Nicholas Fabian. e. pertained predominantly to secular works, as theological works were still done by hand.

a. ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society.

Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 a. promised remissions of sins for joining the crusades to recapture the Holy Land. b. appointed Peter the Hermit as leader of the crusades. c. urged the destruction of all Jewish settlements on the crusaders' way to the Holy Land. d. the sending of a diplomatic mission to the Muslims in order to gain peaceful access to Jerusalem and its holy places. e. all of the above

a. promised remissions of sins for joining the crusades to recapture the Holy Land.

The Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas a. raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method. b. preached for an acceptance of homosexuality when most members of the church condemned it. c. suggested that truths derived by reason were far inferior to those derived by faith. d. fell into disfavor and was condemned by the Church at the end of the end of the thirteenth century. e. rejected the scholastic method of dialectical reasoning.

a. raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method.

The persecutions against Jews during the Black Death a. reached their worst excesses in German cities. b. led to the execution of nearly all of the Jews in eastern Europe. c. were instigated at the calling of the Catholic church. d. had little to do with financial motives. e. was the result of the decline in popular religious movements and manifestations.

a. reached their worst excesses in German cities.

The Council of Trent a. reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation. b. agreed with most Protestants that there were only two sacraments. c. compromised with the Protestants on the doctrine of Justification by Faith. d. placed church councils above the authority of the popes. e. asserted the importance of doctrine over ritual.

a. reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.

Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain a. saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula. b. saw society become more secular. c. had little remaining dissension and was thoroughly unified. d. lost its independence to the Valois dynasty of France. e. became increasingly corrupt and inefficient.

a. saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.

"Lay investiture" refers to the process by which a. secular lords took a decisive role in choosing prelates for church offices. b. worthy lay people were educated for high office by the church. c. lords were selected by clerics to become chivalric defenders of the church. d. clerics guilty of high crimes were imprisoned in the castles of the nobility. e. England's Henry II established the Common Law over the church.

a. secular lords took a decisive role in choosing prelates for church offices.

Luther's ideas were spread primarily through a. sermons. b. imperial edicts and proclamations. c. German princes. d. his translation of the Bible into Latin. e. word of mouth by merchants.

a. sermons.

By the Concordat of Worms, in 1122, a. the papacy and German kings resolved the investiture controversy by giving royal and papal officials equal roles in the creation of new bishops. b. the papacy unilaterally declared its supreme authority over all appointments of clerics to church posts anywhere. c. German lay rulers abandoned Catholicism. d. the pope excommunicated the German emperor. e. the pope authorized the First Crusade.

a. the papacy and German kings resolved the investiture controversy by giving royal and papal officials equal roles in the creation of new bishops.

John Wyclif condemned the Church for all of the following except that a. the pope should be given greater power to eliminate heresy and unbelief. b. the Bible should be made available in the vernacular rather than just in Latin. c. popes should be stripped of their authority and their property. d. veneration of saints should be abolished. e. there was no basis in Scripture for papal claims of temporal authority.

a. the pope should be given greater power to eliminate heresy and unbelief.

The percentage of the European population who died between 1347 and 1351 by the Black Death is estimated at a. twenty-five to fifty. b. ten to twenty. c. fifty to sixty. d. seventy. e. eighty.

a. twenty-five to fifty.

Castiglione's The Courtier was a a. very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats. b. primer on military training for nobles. c. work on how to achieve political power and then keep it. d. sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life. e. treatise against active participation in public life.

a. very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats.

Saint Dominic, founder of the new Dominican order of preachers, a. was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church. b. preached on street corners to common people. c. did not embrace the necessity of poverty for the members of new church orders. d. was chiefly concerned with limiting papal power. e. worked most closely with popes to reform the College of Cardinals.

a. was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church.

The Peasants' War of 1524-1525 a. was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order. b. was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon. c. furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe. d. had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs. e. as praised by Luther as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.

a. was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.

The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a. were often directed against old single women. b. were primarily restricted to rural areas. c. were minimal in comparison to the late Middle Ages. d. were generally directed only at people who denied that they were religious. e. came out of the social unrest deriving from the shift from individualism to communalism.

a. were often directed against old single women.

The Thirty Years' War a. witnessed the devastation of much of Germany and a loss of population. b. was fought mainly in Italy. c. was largely confined to agreed upon battlefields. d. ended with a Habsburg victory over all opponents. e. was fought according to chivalric codes.

a. witnessed the devastation of much of Germany and a loss of population.

Economic developments in the Renaissance included a. a boom rivaling that of the High Middle Ages. b. new trade routes made possible by the Ottoman Turks. c. a revival in trade. d. the Industrial Revolution. e. increased employment due to the change from wool to luxury manufacturing.

c. a revival in trade.

Florence was ruled throughout most of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by the a. popolo minuto. b. ciompi. c. popolo grasso. d. grandi. e. duce.

c. popolo grasso.

In France, the Protestant minority was known as a. Bourbonites. b. Huguenots. c. Lutherans. d. Anabaptists. e. Calvinists.

b. Huguenots.

Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differed from Luther's in that a. Luther said that the ceremony was totally symbolic. b. Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred. c. Luther claimed the ceremony was only symbolic and that no transformation in the bread and wine occurred. d. Zwingli held to the belief called consubstantiation. e. Luther held to the Catholic belief in transubstantiation

b. Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.

The Anabaptists a. opposed the practice of baptism. b. advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism. c. were not regarded as a political threat as they preached separation between church and state. d. peacefully merged with the Calvinists and Lutherans. e. were founded by Conrad Grebel, beginning as an elitist movement.

b. advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism.

England under the reign of Edward III witnessed the a. House of Commons dominating the House of Lords in Parliament. b. crown's acceptance of Parliament's right to approve royal taxation and to inspect government accounts. c. temporary demise of Parliament. d. House of Lords dominating the House of Commons in Parliament. e. defeat of the Yorkists in the War of the Roses.

b. crown's acceptance of Parliament's right to approve royal taxation and to inspect government accounts.

The guild system of medieval European cities did all of the following except a. fix prices at which finished goods could be sold. b. discourage the use of apprenticeships for training new workers. c. set the numbers of people who could enter key trades and the procedures by which they could do so. d. maintain monopolies of production and sales. e. enforce standards and methods of production for various articles.

b. discourage the use of apprenticeships for training new workers.

Parliament in England originally arose from the a. old Celtic tradition of Druidic councils. b. king's need to collect new taxes. c. insistence of the nobles. d. popular demand of the people. e. military victory over France.

b. king's need to collect new taxes.

The Magna Carta a. limited the power of the barons over the church. b. limited the power of the English king. c. served to centralize government authority. d. gave the king the right to regulate all economic matters. e. asserted royal rights over the church.

b. limited the power of the English king.

The Albigensian heresy was viciously attacked and brutally crushed by the church because a. many cardinals took up its beliefs. b. the Cathars claimed that the church was an evil and materialistic institution that had nothing to do with God. c. the movement antagonized local nobles, and clerics sought to gain favor with them by killing the heretics. d. it challenged the political and military supremacy of kings and emperors. e. sympathizers with the movement lived throughout Christendom.

b. the Cathars claimed that the church was an evil and materialistic institution that had nothing to do with God.

The Catholic Reformation's ultimate refusal to compromise with Protestantism was exemplified by a. Pope Paul III, who proved to be an ultra-conservative in refusing possible changes within the church. b. the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index. c. the Council of Trent, at which moderate Catholics and Jesuits heard the Protestants proclaim their doctrines. d. Pope Paul IV, a moderate pope who proposed to moderate all Catholic-Protestant disputes. e. none of the above

b. the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index.

The immediate cause of the Hundred Years' War between France and England grew out of a. the impact of the Black Death. b. the dispute over the duchy of Gascony. c. the strong personalities of Hugh Capet and Edward I. d. French ambitions to seize the English crown. e. economic problems and revolts in Portugal.

b. the dispute over the duchy of Gascony.

Henry II's conflict over legal jurisdictions with the church culminated in a. his excommunication by Pope Adrian I. b. the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury. c. his flight to France to escape excommunication. d. his assassination by a fanatic priest. e. the bankruptcy of his treasury.

b. the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by a. the Holy Roman Empire. b. the Ottoman Empire. c. England. d. the Netherlands. e. France.

c. England.

Following the Thirty Years' War, what country became dominant in Europe? a. Germany b. England c. France d. Sweden e. Spain

c. France

The author of the sixteenth century literary work that describes a utopian society based upon communal ownership rather than private property is a. Boccaccio. b. Erasmus. c. Thomas More. d. Andrew Marvell. e. Shakespeare.

c. Thomas More.

The Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation opposed by Luther holds that a. at the mass or communion, the bread and wine merely symbolize the Last Supper. b. clerics could move freely from one church office to another anywhere in Europe. c. at communion the bread and wine are miraculously turned into the body and blood of Jesus. d. the devil could take any form or shape he or she pleased. e. Angels freely visit the earth.

c. at communion the bread and wine are miraculously turned into the body and blood of Jesus.

The northern Christian humanists a. felt pessimistic about the future of humanity. b. totally rejected the primacy of the Catholic Church. c. championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church. d. were sophisticated and realistic in their expectations. e. doubted that education could solve the world's problems.

c. championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

In the conduct of the Hundred Years' War, a sure sign of feudalism's decline was the a. clear intention of kings to destroy the estates of their own vassals. b. use of heavier armor and larger horses. c. decisive role of peasant foot soldiers rather than mounted knights. d. reliance of kings on artillery as the main component of royal armies. e. inability of feuding kings to raise armies of knights.

c. decisive role of peasant foot soldiers rather than mounted knights.

The chief accomplishment of the Council of Constance (1414-1418) was to a. set the earliest conditions for ending the Great Schism. b. order the sack of Rome by French forces. c. end the Great Schism by forcing the resignation or deposing all existing popes and paving the way for election of only one new pope. d. to permanently reduce the power of the papacy. e. to support biblical scholarship revealing clear support in scripture for multiple popes.

c. end the Great Schism by forcing the resignation or deposing all existing popes and paving the way for election of only one new pope.

Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to a. copy the works of previous artists. b. move away from the study of anatomical structure. c. experiment in areas of perspective. d. focused entirely upon the natural landscape in reaction to the spiritual ideals of the Middle Ages. e. ignore nature and paint for expression.

c. experiment in areas of perspective.

Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement? a. Calvin's acceptance of "justification by faith alone" b. a belief in congregational church covenant c. predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God d. the belief that humans must obey secular authorities e. a tolerance for all forms of Christianity but none for other religions including Judaism.

c. predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God

Northern European humanists such as Erasmus studiously learned Greek expressly to a. replace Latin by an older and more authentic language. b. comprehend ancient Greek pagan culture more deeply. c. read the New Testament in its original Greek version and comprehend better the early writings of Greek church fathers. d. avoid use of lowly vernacular languages. e. outshine southern civic humanist competitors in public debate.

c. read the New Testament in its original Greek version and comprehend better the early writings of Greek church fathers.

The church's practice of indulgences in the High Middle Ages was ultimately connected with the a. relics of crusaders. b. church's doctrine of heaven or hell. c. remission of the time spent in purgatory. d. mass. e. all of the above.

c. remission of the time spent in purgatory.

The primary preoccupation of scholasticism was a. to show the superiority of Greek thought over medieval theological thought. b. to disprove the writings of the church fathers through rational thought. c. the reconciliation of faith with reason. d. to prove the superiority of faith over rational thought. e. to prove the superiority of Christianity over Islam and Judaism.

c. the reconciliation of faith with reason.

The "agricultural revolution" of the High Middle Ages a. caused little change in the forested areas of Europe. b. was the result of corn imported from the New World. c. was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. d. led to the demise of the cooperative agricultural villages. e. was in large part due to the development of the aratum, an iron ploughshare.

c. was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system.

The Tudor dynasty ruled in a. Poland. b. Russia. c. France. d. England. e. the Holy Roman Empire.

d. England.

The progress of the Hundred Years' War was characterized by a. a steady return to feudal-style armies. b. early French successes. c. the English political subjugation of much of France. d. English use of peasant soldiers and the longbow. e. a brief but successful invasion of England by a small French army.

d. English use of peasant soldiers and the longbow.

The area that assumed a leading role in the revival of trade in the Early Middle Ages was a. England. b. France. c. Germany. d. Italy. e. Spain.

d. Italy.

What was Boccaccio's most famous work? a. The Divine Comedy b. The Sonnets c. The Prince d. The Decameron e. Spiritual Exercises

d. The Decameron

The secularization of bishops and abbots in the Early Middle Ages led to a. the collapse of Christian worship in many places. b. greater popular respect for the church. c. the revival of Arianism. d. a decline in the execution of their spiritual duties weakening the moral authority of the church. e. greater respect shown to the church and its officials by nobles.

d. a decline in the execution of their spiritual duties weakening the moral authority of the church.

The event that sparked the Thirty Years' War was a. England's victory over the Spanish Armada. b. the overthrow of Spanish rule in Mesoamerica by Dutch pirates and privateers. c. the Spanish conquest of the Netherlands and subsequent local enforcement of the bloody Inquisition. d. a rebellion of Protestant nobles against the Catholic ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia. e. the invasion of France by Frederick IV

d. a rebellion of Protestant nobles against the Catholic ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia.

The Italian Renaissance was primarily a. characterized by a preoccupation with religion. b. a religious reform movement. c. a product of rural Italy. d. a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture. e. a mass movement of the peasants.

d. a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.

Martin Luther's early life was characterized by a. failure to follow the daily routine of monastic life. b. his refusal to leave his beloved Germany. c. his rejection of the Bible as a 'contradictory' work. d. an obsession with his own sins and questions over the efficacy of the sacraments. e. his love for the study of law.

d. an obsession with his own sins and questions over the efficacy of the sacraments.

One overall result of the Great Schism was to a. reinforce the faith of true rather than false Christians. b. end the abuse of pluralism. c. put an end to the church's previous financial abuses. d. badly damaged the faith of many Christian believers. e. rejuvenate Christianity as it had been on the decline throughout Europe.

d. badly damaged the faith of many Christian believers.

The Corpus Hermeticum a. was a scientific treatise and included no spiritual or philosophical concepts. b. advocated the final rejection of Neoplatonic thought. c. contained histories written by papal secretaries. d. contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations. e. radically conflicted with the ideas of Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man.

d. contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.

The Albigensians believed a. that the Waldensians and Cathars were the emissaries of Satan. b. that the Catholic church was the proper institution for all Christians. c. that Sufism was the only true religion. d. in a dualism between good spiritual things and evil material ones. e. that procreation helped free the soul from earthly bondage.

d. in a dualism between good spiritual things and evil material ones.

Troubadour poetry was chiefly concerned with a. religious crusades and military conquests. b. religious imagery. c. rhyme and a meter based on accent. d. the courtly love of nobles, knights, and ladies. e. the highly irreverent life of wine, women, and song.

d. the courtly love of nobles, knights, and ladies.

The Great Schism is known as that period in the history of the Catholic Church marked by a. the rise of new and powerful heretical movements. b. the forced movement of the papacy from Rome to Avignon. c. disagreements among Christian theologians over the justice of killing those condemned for witchcraft. d. the creation and feuding of multiple popes. e. the division of Christendom over the question of toleration for Jews.

d. the creation and feuding of multiple popes

The Renaissance papacy a. was exemplified by the "spartan" and humble existence of Leo X. b. was little concerned with war and politics, as shown by Julius II. c. gave little support to the arts. d. was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI. e. saw popes build legal familial dynasties over several generations to maintain power.

d. was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI.

The event that eventually led to Luther's break with the church was a. the Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of Purgatory for salvation. b. the papacy's threat to remove the German emperor. c. the declaration that the German clergy must pay taxes. d. widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks. e. the increase of Papal taxes on the German peasantry.

d. widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks.

The Medici controlled the finances of the Italian city-state of a. Naples. b. Rome. c. Milan. d. Venice. e. Florence.

e. Florence.

The most important religious order in the Catholic Reformation was the a. Franciscans. b. Theatines. c. Dominicans. d. Oratory of Divine Love. e. Jesuits.

e. Jesuits.

The Schmalkaldic War in Germany ended in 1555 with the a. Peace of Geneva. b. Battle of Mohács. c. Diet of Augsburg. d. Battle of Mühlberg. e. Peace of Augsburg.

e. Peace of Augsburg.

The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism was a. Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. b. Henry VII of England. c. Henry IV of France. d. James IV of Scotland. e. Philip II of Spain.

e. Philip II of Spain.

Western Europe in the Renaissance saw a. a reduction in urban trade networks. b. a decline in centralized royal government. c. an increase in slavery. d. a rise in famine. e. a decline in serfdom.

e. a decline in serfdom.

The reign of Queen Mary of England was most noted for a. constitutionally establishing the House of Commons as supreme over the House of Lords. b. the issuing of the Act of Supremacy and the Treason Act in 1534. c. constant war with Spanish territories. d. permanently ending the Protestant Reformation in England. e. a failed Catholic restoration.

e. a failed Catholic restoration.

The Cistercians, a new reform-minded monastic order, a. grew very slowly in the eleventh century. b. eliminated all decorations from their churches. c. spent more time in private prayer and manual labor by curtailing religious services. d. endorsed serfdom and were supported by peasant labor services. e. b and c

e. b and c

Pope Boniface VIII a. was one of the most popular and successful popes in the history of the church. b. renounced his claims to full temporal authority in Unam Sanctam. c. reasserted papal supremacy with great success in the fourteenth century. d. came into conflict with Edward I of England over the issue of taxing the clergy. e. died in 1305 after his captivity at the hands of Philip IV of France.

e. died in 1305 after his captivity at the hands of Philip IV of France.

By the fifteenth century, Italy was a. made up of hundreds of independent city-states. b. a centralized state. c. dominated by the Papal States exclusively. d. the foremost European power. e. dominated by five major regional independent powers.

e. dominated by five major regional independent powers.

The Edict of Nantes was all of the following except it a. was a political decision. b. was an acknowledgment that Catholicism was the official religion in France. c. recognized the rights of the Protestant minority. d. was an attempt to reduce religious violence in France. e. expelled the Huguenots from France.

e. expelled the Huguenots from France.

The Golden Bull of 1356 in Germany a. ensured the independence of the ecclesiastical states. b. gave limited religious toleration to urban Jews. c. ensured strong central authority for Germany in the next century. d. made Emperor Charles IV the first in a line of hereditary rulers. e. gave seven electors the power to choose the "king of the Romans."

e. gave seven electors the power to choose the "king of the Romans."

The Christian reconquest of Spain in the thirteenth century a. drove all of the Moors from Spain and back into Africa. b. saw a politically united Spain. c. saw the king of Castile, Alfonso X, expel all Jews and Muslims. d. brought an economic revival, especially for the Andalusian region. e. left Granada the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula.

e. left Granada the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula.

The Edict of Worms a. contained Luther's refutation of Johann Eck's accusations. b. led to Luther's forcible removal to Rome. c. called Luther to appear before Emperor Charles V to recant his "heresies." d. expressed Luther's rejection of Pope Innocent I's spiritual authority. e. made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.

e. made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.

England's Queen Elizabeth could best be described as a a. pious Catholic. b. committed Lutheran. c. fervent Calvinist. d. passionate Puritan. e. moderate Protestant.

e. moderate Protestant.

Economically, the great plague and the crises of the fourteenth century a. brought an economic boom to landlords. b. devastated peasants but not nobles. c. caused only minor changes in agricultural practices. d. had little impact. e. raised wages because of a scarcity of labor.

e. raised wages because of a scarcity of labor.

A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was a. engineering. b. theology. c. botany. d. accounting. e. the Greek language.

e. the Greek language.

To Martin Luther, the question of "How can I be saved" was answered through a. the sacramental system. b. reading Scripture in the vernacular. c. a strict devotion to monastic order, as with his own Augustinian order. d. doing good works for one's universal brotherhood. e. the doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone.

e. the doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone.

One of the great political developments in England in the thirteenth century was a. the Magna Carta, in which King John ended medieval rights and feudal obligations between king and nobles. b. Edward I's successful unification of all the British Isles into a single feudal kingdom. c. Edward I's Great Estates Council. d. Henry III's creation of the Estates General. e. the emergence of the English Parliament under Edward I.

e. the emergence of the English Parliament under Edward I.

Liberal education in the Renaissance included all of the following except a. the study of music. b. the study of martial arts. c. the mastery of Greek. d. the mastery of Latin. e. the mastery of engineering and mechanics.

e. the mastery of engineering and mechanics.

Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else a. helped revive Greek as a "living" language. b. had little interest in the past inasmuch as it was only the present that was important. c. rejected the church and Christianity in general. d. increasingly became alienated from political life. e. was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.

e. was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.

The Reformation in England under Henry VIII a. led to Parliament's formal leadership over the Church of England. b. nearly ended with Thomas Cromwell's mishandling of the treasury. c. was revoked by his son and successor, Edward V. d. witnessed the complete transformation of Catholic doctrine. e. was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.

e. was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.

The flagellants a. were praised by the Catholic church for their miraculous deeds. b. were only to be found in isolated rural areas. c. would remain a popular religious movement throughout the fourteenth century. d. were a new phenomenon that arose in response to the Black Death. e. were groups that physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of God.

e. were groups that physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of God.