MAOR102 definitions + more, Te Koparapara Chapter 7, Te Koparapara Chapter 4, Te Koparapara Chapter 8, MAOR102 Lecture 1, MAOR102 Lecture 2, MAOR102 Lecture 3, MAOR102 Lecture 4, MAOR102 Lecture 5, MAOR102 Lecture 6, MAOR102 Lecture 7, MAOR102 Lectur...
he waka pakaru
"a broken canoe"; when a parent (normally mother) has died and the children are raised by relatives
whānau pani
"chief mourners," family of the deceased aka kirimate
te ahi a te tipua
"demon's fire" aka musket
whāngai
a customary practice of childcare whereby a child is raised by relatives other than it's birth parents; a foster child of sorts. may or may not be permanent. stays within their kin group.
John Rutherford
a famous Pakeha-Maori who assimilated to Maori culture (1820s)
poroporoaki
a formal farewell ritual, initiated by visitors to show thanks for the hospitality of the tangata whenua
koha
a gift (nowadays usually of money) presented to the tangata whenua by the final visiting speaker
whakawhitiwhiti
a hybrid of the pāeke and tauutuutu patterns
Kaitiakitanga
"means guardianship, stewardship and trusteeship". Relationships between family, iwi hapu and relationships between people and whenua (88)
Intrinsic tapu-
'is the sacred state or condition in which a person, place or thing is set aside by dedication to the gods and thereby removed from profane use'
◦Whakanoa-
(make neutral, bringing balance back)
Pēwhairangi
Bay of Islands
iwi-
Bones, people, tribe
Manaakitanga
Care and support
Where does mātauranga māori come from?
Comes from the environment/land
Philip Gidley King
Commandant of Norfolk Island, and later became governor of NSW
Raukawa Moana
Cook Strait
What are the two key narratives of the separation of Rangi/Raki and Papa that we're looking at?
Te Arawa (tohunga = Te Rangikaheke) Ngai Tahu (tohunga = Matiaha Tiramorehu)
What are the 3 baskets of knowledge given to Tane by Io?
Te Kete uruuru-matua Te Kete uruuru-tipua Te Kete uruuru-tahito
What are the three epochs/realms that form the "seed-bed" of creation?
Te Korekore (the void) Te Kowhao (the abyss) Te Po (night)
What's the name of the waka that landed on the Otago coast
Te Tai-o-Ārai-te-uru
Kuruwaka
The "puke"/mons pubis of Papa; place on earth where female form came from
Describe where Hawaiki is geographically.
The Hawaiki zone of islands is is south of the Hawaiian islands and is roughly around the Cook, Society, and Australian Islands.
Te reo Māori
The Māori language
Te Kōwhao
The abyss
Te Tīmatanga mai o Te Oa
The beginning of the World
Who is Rakatāura?
The chief builder of the Tainui waka
Te Whānau A
The family of
HĀKARI
The final part in the process • Lifts tapu • Food acts as an agent of noa • Manaaki - mana
Who is Io?
The supreme being
Describe the relationship between Tane and Tangaroa
There is a constant battle for dominance, influenced by the fraught relationship with Tawhirimatea
Whanaungatanga
This principle is about building, maintaining, and strengthening relationships whanau - family hapu - subclan iwi - tribe
Manaakitanga
This principle is about care and support; doing your best for others whether that be in a warm way or a harsh way -in a pohiri for example manaakitanga is important; you need to show your visitors the best care/hospitality you can -not always warm and fuzzy; sometimes if someone tells you off it's cause their showing you manaaki by trying to improve your behavior/help you in the long run
Aroha
This principle is about love, compassion, sympathy, empathy, concern for others -like manaaki, it can be used as a corrective
Why were Tuki-tahua and Huru-kokoti kidnapped in 1793?
To teach convicts on Norfolk Island to manufacture flax
What brother does Tawhiri-matea not defeat
Tu-mata-uenga
Who are some famous Māori interpreters
Tuai or Tui, Ruatara, and Māui
which god's domain is the marae ātea
Tumatauenga
Name three waka migration leaders
Turi, commander of the Aotea waka Tama-te-kapua, commander of Te Arawa waka Whakaotirangi, female leader of the Tainui waka
Kawa?
Type of tikanga thats associated with each particular marai
What are three main wakas that landed on the South Island
Uruao Araiteuru Takitimu
Which waka first landed in Te Ika-a-Māui, but upon finding others already living there moved on to Te Waipounamu?
Uruao waka
Which waka initially inhabited Te Waipounamu?
Uruao waka
________ ____ is the largest known village of the colonisation period and contains the strongest evidence of a link to Hawaiki
Wairau Bar
What is the name of the early Māori settlement with strong evidence of a direct link to Hawaiki
Wairau Bar DNA shows that they originated from different genetic communities
what was the earliest village discovered? when was it dated?
Wairau Bar, 1320 North part of the South Island (Bay of Isles)
Which parts of the pōhiri are men primarily responsible for?
Wero Whaikōrero
Purakau make up many forms:
Whakapapa Waiata
What are the three overarching governing principles of Māori society?
Whanaungatanga Manaakitanga Aroha
what are the three governing principles of Māori society and how would you explain them
Whanaungatanga (creating and maintaining relationships) Manaakitanga (concern for others, hospitality) Aroha (love)
What are the governing concepts of tikanga?
Whanaungatanga, manaakitanga, aroha
What are the names of the 2 stones given to Tane by Io?
Whatu-kura-rehu-tai Whatu-kura-huka-a-tai
Which brother attempts to kill Tane in order to reach Io first?
Whiro
James Heberly
Worked at Te Awaiti shore whaling station in 1830 and married woman Te Wai
Is matauranga maori living?
Yes, has no ending and it will continue to grow for generations
Does tikanga vary?
Yes, it varies between different tribal areas you're in.
Is tikanga living?
Yes, its constantly developing, not set in stone
pōhiri/pōwhiri
a Māori welcome ritual
he wahine pukupā
a barren woman; when a couple cannot conceive sometimes they will raise a child from another couple
What's a waka?
a boat, crew of a ship
tamaiti whāngai
a child raised by relatives who are not the birth parents
mauri
a life force that binds together the physical and spiritual elements of your existence mauri is embedded in all living beings from conception
mihi whakatau
a mini pōwhiri/mini welcome; less formal
mōkai
a parentless/relativeless child raised by a new whānau; same concept but has a sense of inferiority compared to whāngai
whakataumiro
a particular type of preservation of the dead that was carried out by tohunga reciting karakia during which the body of a chief was put deep in a cave sitting in a foetal position. special paint and oil were put on the body by the tohunga to preserve it
Kai
a prefix that, when added to tiaki, means guardian, trustee, custodian or conservator.
which is a broader term: whanaungatanga or manaaki?
whanaungatanga; invokes values of closeness/affection/consideration towards otehrs regardless of genealogical relations
give an example of when one might have extrinsic tapu
when a woman becomes pregnant, she has external tapu because she needs to be restricted in what she does/eats/drinks for the safety of themselves and the baby
pāeke
when all the hosts speak before all the visitors speak
bilateral affiliation
when an individual affiliates with the communities of both parents
tauutuutu
when speaking alternates between the host and the visitors
when is a full tangihanga less likely to occur?
when the death was a suicide don't want to encourage other suicides/honor the act of suicide itself
land/placenta
whenua
Koha-
white enveope with money or resources, give to tangata whenua
inaka
whitebait fish; lay eggs that are eaten
what was traditionally the economic and social unit within māori society?
whānau
pouaru
widows
wāhine
wife/woman
Tāwhiri-mātea-
wind and all of the elements
How did iwi pay for muskets during the early 1800s?
with baskets of potatoes and pigs
◦Mana wahine -
woman get from female atua, acknowledging that woman bring life to the world, contemporary term, woman are equal to men
kaikaranga
woman who delivers karanga typically an elder woman
mahika kai
working the food
traditionally instead of coffins, bodies were instead buried in _________
woven mats (kahu whakatere or a waka tupapaku)
Tukutuku-
woven wall panels and carvings
is it thought that the colonies communicated and sometimes intermarried with each other, despite geographic distance?
yes
can mauri be placed into inanimate objects?
yes, through special processes. often preserved in green stones. these objects provide protection.
hau kainga vs. ahikā
you'd be considered hau kainga if you're not currently living at your marae; you're still a local, just temporarily away you'd be considered ahikā when you are living/spending your time at your marae always a hau kainga just based on blood; ahika is more circumstantial, hau kainga is forever because of your whakapapa
pōtiki
younger members of a community
teina
younger sibling/cousin, same sex
tēina
younger siblings of the same gender
tēina
younger siblings/generations/people in a family
which part of your body is more tapu, your head or your feet?
your head - closer to ancestors and holds your knowledge
wairua
your spiritual side your wairua is immortal; lives on after you've passed away (can leave your body during sleep sometimes to meet with ancestors)
what is a key distinction between your mauri and your wairua?
your wairua is immortal, but your mauri dies when you die
when did the Māori language start becoming written?
19th century
how many groups are involved in a pōhiri?
2
how many people are thought to have been on waka crews?
22-70
how many people typically made up the crew of a waka?
22-70
A tangi may last __ days or more
3
How many official documents acknowledge the rangatiratanga of Ngai Tahu over the south island
3 -Treaty of Waitangi -Ngai Tahu deed of settlement -Ngai Tahu claim settlement act
how long do tangihanga's typically take today
3 days
Due to new diseases and other factors such as death in battle, the Ngāi Tahu population dropped about ___% between 1829-1844
50%
It is estimated that the founding populations of these crews was about how many people?
500
Hawike
A place, or even multiple places A "ZONE", not a single island An idea Known because of purakau and archeological evidence
Other words for tangagta whenua?
Ahi-ka Mana whenua kaitiaki
Name a waka that sailed solo to NZ (aka only one boat)
Aotea
Name some wakas
Aotea Tainui Te Arawa Horouta Kurahaupo Mataatua Takitimu Tokomaru Te Ara-tawhao Te Ririno Kairaerae
Iwi- bones/tribe - Leader =
Ariki
How was Maui killed
He tried to sneak inside of Hine-nui-te-pō and was crushed between her thighs
pōwhiri/pōhiri
Māori welcome ritual
Tikanga originates from:
Mātauranga Māori as transmitted through the creation narratives
What are the two traditions whose Io stories we're looking at?
Nga Puhi and Ngati Kahungunu
Nga Puhi vs. Ngai Tahu
Nga Puhi is in Northland Ngai Tahu is near Dunedin on South Island
What tribe lives around the Otago harbour?
Ngāi Tahu
Te Waipounamu
South Island
takiauē
Southern term for tangihanga
What are the two worlds that whakapapa comes from
Spiritual (te taha wairua) and physical (te taha kikokiko)
Te Taha Wairua
Spiritual world/side
What branch of the Polynesian language tree does te reo Māori fit within?
Tahitic (along with Cook Islands, Society Islands (incl. Tahiti and Bora Bora), Tuamotu Islands)
Who was Papa-tū-ā-nuku married to before Raki?
Takaroa
Who wins in the fight between Takaroa and Raki?
Takaroa, leaving Raki's future children sickly/weak
Describe the conflict that occurred within the Te Arawa waka
Tama-te-kapua (rangatira) had an affair with the tohunga's (Ngatoro-i-rangi) wife, so Ngatoro drove the waka into a whirlpool/shoal/storm, but the people of the waka plead with Ngatoro to show aroha (compassion) so he saved the ship
In the Ngāti Kahungunu Io narrative, who separates Rangi and Papa?
Tane and brothers
Who are the six key children of Rangi and Papa and what do they control/represent? (from Te Arawa narrative)
Tane-mahuta (Forests, birds) Tawhiri-matea (Wind)* Tumatauenga (People)** Haumia-tiketike (Fernroot) Rongo-ma-tane (Sweet potato) Tangaroa (sea, fish, reptiles) *recall that this is the one who allies with Rangi (sky) and attacks the rest **recall that this is the violent son who wanted to kill the parents; telling of the Maori view of the violence/powerthirst of humans
What does Tāne's name become after reaching Io?
Tane-nui-a-rangi
Which brother disapproves of the tikanga and allies with Rangi
Tawhiri-matea
Whare karakia
church
whare karakia
church
tiaki
cockles
taupoki
coffin lid
Ahi-mātao
cold fires
Is maori identity more focused on individualism or collectivism
collectivism; where you come from, what makes you up
rangatira
commander of waka stood at stern, other supervisors at bow and midship
utu
compensation
marae
complex of buildings in Maori communities where cultural things are done
whakapapa
connection to ancestors, place, and whenua
tūpāpaku
corpse, dead body
'tika'
correct
Marae ātea
courtyard
marae ātea
courtyard
Tāne-
creates first man in the kaitahu version, so creator of first humans
Rongo-mā-tāne-
cultivated foods
Tikanga is made up of a number of ________
cultural concepts
tikanga
cultural practices, customs, protocols, etiquette, guidelines for behavior, customary practices; guidelines for the accepted way of doing things "tika" = correct
kaitiakitanga
custodian and guardianship of the natural environment and it's people
ritenga
customary laws
te pō
darkness, potentiality (also night)
Te Ao
daylight
tūpāpaku
dead/dying person, corpse, sick person
mate aituā
death by accident
mate taua
death by war; a virtuous and gallant way to die
mate atua/mate whaiwhaiā
death caused by spiritual or supernatural powers (mākutu)
hahunga
digging up the bodies of corpses; happened frequently in Māori history
Wharekai
dining hall
takiwā
district, region (of a certain hapu)
kurī
dog
ōhakī
dying wishes of person passing; deathbed speech
Papa-tūā-nuku-
earth mother
whare kai
eating house
tuākana
elder individuals in a senior generation have rights and duties as tuākana to the rest of the whānau
tuakana
elder sibling of the same sex
kuia
elderly woman
Kaumātua and kuia
elders of a whānau group who protects and guides their members.
Waharoa
entrance way
waharoa
entrance/gateway (where you greet guests/do a pohiri)
what was one of the first things voyagers did upon landing?
erect tūāha thanking the spirit powers for protecting them on the tough journey
do objects have whakapapa or only living beings?
everything has a whakapapa; everything came from somewhere else (a pencil was once a tree, etc.)
Tōhunga
experts in their particular field
whānau
family (also means to give birth, be born) doesn't always need to be blood family
What laughed at Maui as he tried to sneak up on Hine-nui-te-pō
fantails
matua
father/uncle
kai
feast important because it is the final step in neutralising the tapu of the manuhiri
hākari
feast after burial at the urupā
Hākari
feast, the final part of the process. food is an agent of noa and thus lifts tapu. here the tangata whenua show their manaaki
kuia
female elders
uhu/uwha
female element
kuia
female leader of whānau
mātāmua
first born
Hine-tītama-
first man's wife
Io-wahine-
first woman in the kaitahu creation
Hine-ahu-one-
first woman in the north island version
Pākehā-Māori
foreigners who became part of a Māori community
tangata pākehā/Pākehā
foreigners/Europeans
Tāne-mahuta-
forest and birds
Karakia
formulaic chants, prayer accompanying ritual acts addressed to the atua
pā
fortified village
Pā kāinga, papakāinga =
fortified village.
haehae
laceration of the skin in an expression of grief; sometimes ink is then applied to make the marks permanent
whenua
land
tuku whenua
land given with expectation of return
whenua
land/placenta (substance that feeds us when we're in the womb)
moa
large extinct flightless bird (looks like an ostrich)
pōtiki
last born (youngest); hold a certain power
Rangatira
leader of a hapū who governs in conjunction with the kaumatua and kuia, so rangitira works with the elders
Ariki
leader over all hapū groups that make up an iwi, in conjunction with the rangatira, so arike works with rangitira
rangatiratanga
leadership, chieftainship
mauri
life force have to manage spiritual and physical balance of each thing (resource)
mauri
life principle
ahi kā
living and participating within a community
te ao mārama
living, enlightenment
mokomoko
lizard
hau kāinga
local people of the marae
whare ngaro
lost house; a house/family that has had difficulties with their children not surviving beyond the first years of life
kaumātua
male elders
kaumātua
male leader of whānau group
Authority and power -
mana
what are the two key concepts within the whakapapa framework that are essential for understanding Māori kinship structures
mana and manaaki (vertical vs. horizontal) from your genealogy vs. from your role within your generation
Family/to be born
whanau
kinship/relationship-
whanaungatanga
what is another word, similar to the concept of manaaki that has to do with kinship?
whanaungatanga
Governing concepts of tikanga are:
whanaungatanga, manaakitanga and aroha
Around what year did Māori leaders such as Hongi Hika begin to seek out firearms from their European friends, to seek utu agains other iwis
1820s
when did the first shore whaling station begin in NZ?
1829
The whaleboat became the dominant form of transport for Ngāi Tahu by ________
1840
What percentage of Ngāi Tahu had a European parent circa 1860? How about in 1880?
1860 - 25% 1880 - 60%
Mitochondrial DNA variability in modern Māori suggests that at least _____ females must have been present in the founding canoes.
190
Modern studies using DNA estimate that founding crews included at least _______ females.
190
KARANGA
- Performed by women on both sides, first sound you hear - Acknowledges group and the dead - Usually performed by an older women - Weaving a 'spiritual rope', the two kaikaranga. The powerful tapu of women is the first step in the neutralization of these competing tapu, clearing a safe pathway for the groups to come together. - Karanga are also noted as being central to the demonstration of aroha and the expression of emotion. - The 'kaikaranga' is responsible for 'giving breath or expression to the feelings of our ancient tīpuna'.
Fundamentals of Societal and Kinship Structures
- Whakapapa (to make layers, not just genealogy) - Mana - Manaaki (kiship connections, the way you behave)
What were the first things done when a waka landed
- built a tūāhu (altar) to thank the atua for their protection and delivered karakia - exploration and naming of the landscape, often by relating parts of the land to parts of the body (asserts their mana for that area) - identifying resource base of the new land, particularly its stone resources - planting of crops - development of food storage techniques
what happens after the burial?
- hākari (feast) - takahi whare (trample the house); whakanoa - hura kohatu (done a year later; revealing of the headstone) - kawe mate
what are three things that make pōhiri important
- maintaining tikanga of the marae - properly addressing tapu and noa associated with waewae tapu -the survival of te reo Māori (the Māori language)
What are the four guidelines/principles that arise from Māui's narrative?
- the significance of whakapapa - the significance of having a sense of belonging - the rights/responsibilities of adults to to provide manaaki to children - the rights/responsibilities of a child to reciprocate to their caregivers
What are three reasons that settlers left Hawaiki?
- to escape conflicts (over land boundaries, gardens, or between men of rank fighting over the same women) - Turi (of Aotea waka) left after hearing a threatening song composed by his opponent and which his wife had overheard and sung to him - traditions suggest that internal cultural imperatives were key in driving the departures (less about lack of resources/desperation)
what are three risks that currently face te reo Māori and tikanga
- urbanisation - losing the ahikā - losing reo speakers
what are some reasons a child may become a whāngai
- whare ngaro - to strengthen relations with more distant relatives - he wahine pukupa - he waka pakaru - first born grandchildren are sometimes raised by grandparents
What are some key differences in the Ngati kahungunu and Te Arawa creation of humanity narratives
-Both versions feature Tane coupling up with one of his daughters who upon discovering that he is her father, flees to the underworld. However these daughters have different names in the 2 stories as do their mothers. -the underworld/place where the daughter flees to have different names but essentially refer to the same thing (Te Po vs Rarohenga)
What are some key differences between the Te Arawa and the Ngāi Tahu version of the Rangi/Papa separation story
-In Te Arawa the parents don't want to separate; the kids force them to, but in Ngai Tahu it is Raki who instructs Tane and his brothers to separate the couple
what are some contemporary issues regarding tangis?
-NZ society doesn't like the idea of having the bodies lie at home, so the process has been shortened -body snatching (mixed marriages, intergenerational loss)
What are some challenges to tikanga?
-colonisation (new education curriculums forced, funerals had to be changed, etc.) challenges to tikanga have caused tikanga to evolve with the times, in these ways -relocation (aka pohiri now doesn't need to always be held at a marae) -reinterpretation -re-application and maintenance
what are the layers of tapu
-intrinsic tapu: the tapu we are all born with; natural tapu -extrinsic tapu: added layer of tapu that can be applied or removed for certain situations for the safety/wellbeing of people. is temporary, because it restricts you from living your everyday life
Why is Io controversial?
-many view Io as post-colonial and influenced by Christianity
Describe the importance of marae in three bullet points
-to facilitate protocols and rituals in relation to tikanga and atua -to connect tangata whenua to their tīpuna, whakapapa, and culture -to provide Māori with a "Tūrangawaewae" a place to stand and belong
what are the 8 steps in the process of the pōhiri
1) Waerea 2) Wero 3) Karanga 4) Whakaeke 5) Whaikōrero & Waiata Tautoko 6) Koha 7) Hongi 8) Hākari
PŌHIRI
1. Involves two groups - Tangata whenua and Manuhiri 2. This is a process of whakanoa 3. There are many different tikanga/kawa (protocols on the marae)
What percentage of Ngāi Tahu were killed or captured by Te Rauparaha and his clan (Ngāti Toa)
15%
When did Cook first visit NZ
1769
when did Cook first land in NZ
1769
when were the first European explorations to Aotearoa
1790s
During which 20 year period were iwi particularly eager to buy muskets to settle conflicts
1810s-1830s
When did Marsden settle the first missionaries in northern Pēwhairangi with the help of Ruatara?
1814
When did Ruatara die?
1815
When were the orthographic foundations of the written Maori language first established?
1820, when Hongi Hika visited England (and Thomas Kendell)
Te Uri o
Descendants of
Descent is to ___________, as kinship is to __________
Descent is to mana as kinship is to manaaki
_________, in contrast to _______, is the element of whakapapa that is exclusive and is concerned with mana that may derive from forebears
Descent, in contrast to kinship, is the element of whakapapa that is exclusive and is concerned with mana that may derive from forebears
Why is sometimes the name Rangi used and other times Raki?
Different iwi use different spelling (Te arawa use Rangi, Ngai Tahu use Raki)
What was the typical boat design for waka migrations
Double-hulled canoes
Ngāi Tahu
Dunedin based iwi
T or F: tangihanga are still only ever performed in the marae
False Tangi have been adapted over time so that they can occur in any environment (homes, churches, halls, schools, etc.)
Taputapuatea
First concept of marai
He Tumu
Foundations
Te Ara-a-Kiwa
Foveaux Strait
Tākiri te Ata
Futures
whānau-
Give birth, be born, family
what is the historical function of hapū
Hapū operated as corporate groups, political units, as operative functional units, and identity references
______ may identify with two _______
Hapū, iwi
Polynesia can be represented on a map by a triangle drawn from which three islands/island chains?
Hawaii (north) Easter Island/Rapa Nui (east) New Zealand (west)
What is Hawaiki? Is it a specific place?
Hawaiki is an ancestral homeland within East Polynesia but does not refer to any specific island or island group. Hawaiki zone had a high level of interisland voyaging in East Polynesia Zone where they speak the Tahitic languages
What are the three parts of the course?
He Tumu - Foundations Tahuhu Korero - Histories Takiri te Ata - Futures
Why does Maui fail to achieve immortality?
He is crushed by Hine-nui-te-po as he enters her vagina, symbolic of sexual acts between men and women; man is defeated by the woman (detumescence)
how did Māui try to gain immortality for humanity
He turned himself into a mokomoko (lizard) and tried to pass through Hinenuitepo's body. He planned to go through her vagina, to pluck out her heart and exit her mouth, thus reversing the process of birth. But she was woken up by the fantails (tīwakawaka) who laughed at his attempt and then crushed Māui with her things leaving humanity mortal
What daughter does Tāne couple with?
Hine-ā-tauira
What was Hine-nui-te-pō's original name?
Hine-ā-tauira
Tāhuhu Kōrero
Histories
Turikātuku
Hongi Hika's principal wife (hoa rangatira). Nga Puhi. Also served as Hongi's military adviser and tohunga
What is Valerie's waka, hapū, and iwi?
Horouta (waka) Te Whānau-ā-Tūwhakairiora (hapū) Ngāti Porou (iwi)
Who was the commander of the Tainui waka?
Hoturoa
Describe the concept of patrilocality and how it related to Maori-European relationships in the later 1800s
In the late 1800s, women started to assimilate to their Pakeha husbands' communities, rather than bringing their husband into their Maori community
What does the waka name Tainui mean
It means "big-in-sea" which was meaningful because it did not sit right in the sea and needed remedial work
Ngāti Kahungunu
Iwi on the southeast coast of the North Island
_________ are pivotal in all aspects of the tangihanga process
Karakia
Which parts of the pōhiri are women primarily responsible for?
Karanga Waiata Tautoko
where did the Uruao waka land? who was its captain?
Landed at Whakatu (Nelson), captain was Rakaihautu
Ruatara
Leader from Nga Puhi who was captured and brought to London. Marsden then returned him to Port Jackson and helped him survive. The two had a good relationship and this was part of what prompted Marsden to settle missionaries in Aotearoa.
Te Wherowhero
Leader of Waikato-Tainui Leads the fightback against Nga Puhi and allies (incl. Taranaki)
Owheo
Leith river is a permanently closed/restricted river
TŪRANGAWAEWAE
Literally 'a place to stand/sense of belonging' or 'the positioning of your legs'
As you go trough the steps of teh pohira, what happens?
Lowers tapu
What are the 6 key cultural concepts that make up tikanga Māori
Mana Tapu Noa Utu Mauri Wairua
Ngā Puhi
Maori iwi located in the north part of the North Island
Mātauranga Māori
Maori knowledge that has developed over time
Where does tikanga originate?
Matauranga Maori
How did tikanga originate/continue?
Matauranga maori Puraukau
who is a famous character in Māori history that liked to challenge tikanga?
Maui
who tried to seek eternal life?
Maui
When does radiocarbon dating estimate that the first sites in Aotearoa were established?
Mid 14th century/1300s
How were wakas established
Migration leaders hired tohungas who recruited members
What was the mixed-descent birth rate and how did it compare to Māori birth rates?
Mixed-descent offspring in Ngai Tahu clan had a high birth rate of 7.9 children, while Maori mothers had a birth rate of 2.2 children
In addition to linguistic and archaeological support linking Aotearoa to the Hawaiki zone, what new evidence has emerged recently?
Molecular bio evidence (DNA)
Ngāi/Kai Tahu
Māori clan of Southland
tangihanga
Māori death ritual/funeral
tangihanga
Māori funeral/honouring of death
tangihanga/takiaue
Māori funeral/ritual following death
Kōhanga Reo
Māori immersion pre-school
whaikōrero
Māori oratory
Taiaroa
Ngāi Tahu leader/rangatira from the 1830s Led the fight of Ngai Tahu against Te Rauparaha and his allies. Eventually defeated them in 1830s. Played a big role in reestablishing peace between the two tribes Invited Christian missionaries
Te Rauparaha
Ngāti Toa rangatira Migrated south to Kapiti coast after being pushed out by Waikato and Ngati Maniapoto Some allies and neighboring clans followed him south from Waikato Attacks Ngāi Tahu as utu and captures the town Kaikoura around 1830. About 25% of Ngāi Tahu are killed or captured during Te Rauparaha's war efforts
Te Pō
Night (also the underworld/where departed spirits go)
Is a Māori person allowed according to tikanga to sit on a table?
No
Is residence a qualification to claim rights from parents?
No
Te Ika-a-Māui
North Island
Where did the Tainui and Te Arawa wakas land
North Island, in several places (around Auckland and a bit further south)
Te Tai Tokerau
Northland (region of north island)
Te Tai Tokerau
Northland region
Extrinsic tapu-
Or extension of tapu, temporary can be applied and removed, For the safety and wellbeing of people. During some times, tapu is heightened eg. in pregnancy.
Hine-nui-te-pō-
Originally Hinetitama, but later became Hinenuitepō. goddess of death, this is Hine-tītama but after she's figured out what tane did to her and then she goes to the underworld and becomes Hine-nui-te-pō
kiore
Pacific rat
Which sibling recites karakia to help separate Rangi and Papa?
Paia
What's Papa's full name
Papa-tū-ā-nuku
Ngāti, Ngāi (south island), Kāi (north island)
People of
Tangata whenua-
People of the land, local people
Te Taha Kikokiko
Physical world/side
hapū-
Pregnant, sub-clan
Samuel Marsden
Principal Chaplain of New South Wales who started the initiative to send missionaries to Aotearoa Worked first with Te Pahi, Ruatara, then Hongi Hika
Examples of korero
Purakau whakapapa
Where did the 1790 Europeans first go to?
Pēwhairangi (Bay of islands) and Te Ara-a-Kiwa (Foveaux Strait)
Hapū- subcaln/pregnant - Leader =
Rangatira
what is the leader of a hapū called?
Rangatira
Who is historically "at the helm" of Māori leadership
Rangatiras
Where does freshwater come from?
Ranginui
Te Pahi
Rangitira of Pēwhairangi (Bay of Isl.) who visited Gov. King in Port Jackson and had a relationship with him. Te Pahi brought back gifts, gardening knowledge, seeds, and fruit trees from Port Jackson. Later met Samuel Marsden and inspired him to consider sending a Christian mission to NZ. Te Pahi always provided manaaki (food) to ships that visited Pēwhairangi. Killed in 1810 after a ship mistakenly thought he killed the crew of Boyd.
Te Arawa
Rotorua based iwi (north part of North Island)
Hongi Hika
Ruatara's matua (uncle) who took over in helping Marsden with his mission after Ruatara's death. Nga Puhi Had a strong relationship with Marsden. Brought firearms to the Māori world, and led large taua (war parties) from 1818-1827. Initiated peace overtures from 1822. Led to tribal migrations across Aotearoa. Was also a tohunga in carving, and agriculturalist, and a loving husband to his principal wife, Turikātuku (who was also his military adviser and tohunga)
What happens when Hine-ā-tauira finds out that Tāne is her father?
She's overcome with shame ("mate i te whakama") and runs off to Te Po (runs away to another world; from the light to the darkness/to the underworld)
How are we now able to link te reo Māori with places like the Cook Islands, Society Islands, etc. (2 main ways)
Similar languages, all under the Tahitic branch of the Polynesian language tree Archaeology (artefact assemblages that are highly distinctive yet similar across these cultures)
what is a rāhui and how is it an example of tapu
a rāhui is a temporary restriction placed on an area, usually to conserve resources that are being depleted there. it's an example of extrinsic tapu as it is a temporary restriction placed on an area for protective reasons. requires a karakia to put in place and end a rāhui a rāhui could also occur in a river where someone drowned for example to pay respects and ensure that no one else dies there
he waiata kīnaki
a song/chant often sung following the whaikōrero, in support of the speaker normally sung by a woman
Waiata tautoko
a waiata is sung in support after the speech, normally by women (supporting song)
pare kawakawa
a wreath of kawakawa leaves; worn often by the kaikaranga
what happened to the Tākitimu waka
after a long journey of hunger, rough seas, and losing crew and equipment the waka eventually foundered/sunk in the Foveaux Strait (Te-Awa-A-Kiwa)
When did the idea of a collective "Māori" people emerge
after non-Māori people arrived, before then they were referred to by tribal/clan names (iwi, hapū); they are not one homogenous group Māori means normal, common, usual so this is just how the Māori people referred to themselves
Burnout-
ahi matao
Keeping the tires of occupation burning-
ahika
tūāhu
altar, sacred site
Tuahu-
alter
tupuna
an ancestor
Lake pukaki
an important lake to Lyn Carter's tribe, because it's where the waters of Mount Cook (Aoraki) flow and that's an important mountain within their land
tupuna
ancestor tūpuna = ancestors
tīpuna
ancestors
Atua
ancestors of ongoing influence with power over particular domain, god
atua
ancestors with ongoing influence "spirit being"/"god" are the simplest translations, but what's more accurate is viewing them as ancestors with ongoing influence/power over life not separated/"otherworldly" but deeply connected to the secular everyday world
whare tipuna
ancestral house
whenua tīpuna
ancestral land (from whakapapa)
atawhai
another term that can be used interchangeably with manaaki
uhunga
another word for tangihanga/takiauē
How far back does archaeology date the emergence of the marae?
approx. 400 years ago
what's the name of the leader of an iwi?
ariki
when do archaelogical records date the first major settlement in NZ?
around 1300 AD
what is the main setting in which people who aren't Maori will experience/understand tikanga?
at a pohiri
Where do Tane and Tangaroa merge?
at the shoreline (sea, estuaries, lakes, rivers) these landscapes exhibit their constant battle for dominance, which is further influenced by their relationship with Tawhirimatea
Ancestors of ongoing influence -
atua
Tane
atua of forests and birds (cf. creation narratives)
Tangaroa
atua of the sea and waterways (cf. creation narratives)
Tawhirimatea
atua of winds and weather
mana whenua
authority, obligations, and responsibilities to the land; comes from whakapapa
mana
authority, power
pingao
beach grasses/tussock that form the first layer of defense from flooding and influence the formation of dunes
why wouldn't a pregnant woman go into a cemetery
because this is a mixture of positive tapu (the pregnant woman) and negative tapu (preserved in the cemetery as it is a place of the dead)
waka
boats/large voyaging vessels and their crews
hau-ora
breath of life
whānui
broadly, generally
tungāne
brother/male cousin
rimu rapa
bull kelp; was used to make storage bags
urupā
burial ground
what happened to the Horouta waka
capsized off Whakatane
rangatira
captain
mātua
caregivers/parents
Urupā
cemetery
marae ātea
ceremonial space/courtyard in front of the wharenui
pōhiri
ceremonial welcome; involves two groups
karanga
chanted exchange by female members of the tangata whenua and then the manuhiri build a spiritual connection between tangata whenua and manuhiri. demonstration of aroha and expression of emotion often pays tribute to the dead
karakia
chants/prayers accompanying ritual acts addressed to the atua
mate rangatira
chiefly deaths
tamaiti
child
whāngai
children cared for by relatives; foster children
whāngai
foster child "tamaiti whāngai" tamaiti - child whāngai - to feed (but more than just food, also education, nurturing, etc.) children (particularly first borns) being raised by someone in their whānau other than their parents is fairly common in Maori society it's important that they're still within their kin group, and that they still learn about where they come from/their whakapapa different/distinct from adoption
noa
free from restrictions, neutral state complements tapu to create balance (NOT the opposite of tapu)
wai māori
fresh water plays an important role in many ceremonies
ki uta ki tai
from the mountains to the sea
Maitai
from the sea
Tangihanga-
funeral
mahinga kai
garden, cultivation, food-gathering place
whakapapa
genealogy, lineage
whakapapa
genealogy; leading element of social organisation within Māori society
tangata tupua
goblin people
hue
gourd
mokopuna
grandchild
koroua
grandfather
Hine-nui-te-pō
great maiden of the Underworld
pounamu
greenstone
pounamu
greenstone; a major stone resource for settlers
kōhuru
grievous ill-treatment, treacherous dealing (backstabbing)
ope
groups
ope
groups of people (that come to the marae to pay their respects to the deceased) they typically bring a koha to the kirimate
What does tikanga provide?
guidelines for the right way to behave/perform
Tikanga provides:
guidelines, practices, protocols, correct way to behave and perform ceremonial procedures.
manaaki
guiding principle concerned with kinship bonds, consideration for others, and general inclusivity guides carers (mātua) with responsibilities to nurture and protect children
mana
guiding principle related to status, exclusivity, and descent
kapa haka
haka performing group
harirū
handshake
subtribe/ pregnant
hapu
ahi kā and ahi mātao
hapu need to keep the fire burning; keep the area occupied; keep the ahi kā ahi kā = warm fires ahi matao = cold fires
pae
horizon
tangata whenua
hosts
Whare tūroro/whare mate
house for the deceased
wharemate
house of mourning, where a dying person goes to die some are permanent structures, others are temporary these are made to separate the body and grieving family from the wharenui, because they are in a state of tapu
whare tūroro
house where they dying person is held after death everything their body touched is tapu and must be destroyed
kōiwi
human bones
Tū-mata-uenga-
humanity and war
tāne
husband/man
whānau
immediate and extended family
what was the resource settlers were most interested in understanding when arriving at the new land
industrial-grade stone (for tools)
◦Mana tūpuna -
inherit from ancestors
what are the 2 sources of mana?
inherited and achieved -everyone is born with some mana (from the atua) but you can also gain it through your achievements
Food
kai
The ____________ has responsibilities during the duration of the tangihanga
kaikaranga
Guardianship-
kaitiakitanga
what are some agents of noa? (through which extensions of tapu can be released)
karakia, food, water, and women
Whānau- family/to be born - Leader
kaumatua and kuia (elders)
what are the leaders of a whānau called?
kaumātua (male) and kuia (female); the elders
who serves leadership roles in whānau
kaumātua and kuia (male and female elders)
rangatiras rely on the support of _________ (4)
kaumātua, kuia, tohungas, and pōtiki
corpses are often dressed with _________
kawakawa leaves *also used by the kaikaranga
Ahi-kā
keeping the fires of occupation burning
what are the two realms that whakapapa helps us connect between
kikokiko (physical) vs wairua (spiritual)
ringawera
kitchen workers
what crop did particularly dominant to the new settlers due to the temperate climate?
kumara (sweet potato)
what ended up being an essential crop for the settlers?
kūmara
what are 4 examples of different types of mana
mana tūpuna - mana from your ancestors and whakapapa mana tuku - mana given based on a (temporary) role you are fulfilling (only present while you serve this important role) mana whakatipu - mana gained through your achievements mana wahine - unique mana that women are born with
State of being
manaakitanga
Hospitality
manaki
waewae tapu
manuhiri/visitors that have never visited the marae before and therefore have a "foreign" tapu that must be neutralised
Complex of buildings
marae
Where does tikanga originate from?
matauranga maori
what are 4 various terms used for suicide in Māori
mate taurekareka mate kino whakamate whakamomori
Life principle/force-
mauri
wharenui
meeting house
Whare tīpuna/wharenui
meeting house/main house
hui
meetings
When was the earliest dated archaelogical site in Aotearoa from?
mid 14th century
despite an absence of stories about it, what is something we know was a large part of life in the new settlements?
moa and moa hunting
what are two Māori death omens
mokomoko (lizards) and tīwakawaka (fantails)
iwi
more narrow than a waka, a loose confederation of hapū; links people to a common ancestor traditionally iwis were acknowledged and would sometimes come together for a common cause, but they have become more popular since treaty settlements also means bones
whaea
mother/aunty
kawe mate
mourning ceremony when someone is buried away from their marae, or if their body can not be found
titi
mutton birds rights to harvest/hunt them come through your whakapapa only land on certain islands (Stewart, for example) for part of the year very carefully managed, still by Maori not DOC
People of the land
naagta whenua
Pūrākau
narratives
kirimate
near relatives of the deceased, mourners
Waewae tapu
newcomer; a person who has not been to a particular marae before, they have tapu and need to go through the process of whakanoa (during pohir) to become noa
pānui
newsletter
pō poroporoaki
night of eulogy (night before the final eulogy and burial)
when you die, does your mauri live on?
no, your mauri dies with you
were iwi important in the first generations of settlers in Aotearoa?
no; they were not prominent until later
A state of neutrality in which everyday activities can be achieved is ______
noa
normal/mundane-
noa
kohanga
nursery, building for children
Rāhui
often used a tenmpory prohibition to replenish mauri, health
mātāmua
older children in a family have a responsibility to care for younger siblings
tuakana
older sibling/cousin, same sex
wero
one (or more) young warriors advance and physically challenge the manuhiri in a choreographed way. they then leave a symbolic gift on the ground and if the manuhiri come in peace they pick it up. used to ascertain whether the manuhiri are coming in peace or with warlike intentions
whakapapa can also be thought of as a ________
ongoing process
Waerea
opening protective karaki performed by manuhiri (visitors)
Tāhuhu
or spine of the ancestor, which holds together the whare tīpuna.
ūkaipō
origin, real home
mate i te whakama
overcome with shame; to die of shame
what are two examples of different kawa/ways of doing things that can occur during the pohiri
paeke or tauutuutu systems paeke - local speakers speak first (more commonly used) tauutuutu - in this system speakers alternate back and forth between the tangata whenua and the manuhiri
Break down the word whakapapa
papa - comes from Papa-tu-a-nuku; comes from the earth; layers whaka - to make or to become whakapapa - the becoming/making of layers (not always just about genealogy)
aute
paper mulberry
Te Kore-matua
parentless
Ngā Tāngata
people
tangata whenua
people of the land, the local people
Wero
performed by a young warrior from the tangata whenua a rākau or rau is laid, and if picked up this shows the manuhiri come in peace nowadays, this is reserved for important occasions
Karanga
performed by women on both sides acknowledges the group and the dead usually performed by an older woman
kaihautū
person giving time to paddlers
kaiurungi
person steering boat
kaiurungi
person steering the boat
kaihaukai
phrase used for recognizing special foods/resources within a hapū's takiwā hapū's responsible for these special resources gain mana by providing visitors with them; shows they are doing a good job maintaining the resource
Marae is interpreted not just as _________ but also as _______
place people
tūrangawaewae
place where one has rights of residence and belonging through kinship and whakapapa (no matter where you are, where you go you still have this link to this place/it's part of your identity) (literally means "a place to stand")
turangawaewae
place where one has rights of residence/right of standing because of their belonging through kinship and whakapapa
iho whenua
placenta
kawakawa
plant leaves used to cover the dead corpse
What were some things included in waka cargo
plants (taro, hue/gourd, aute, karaka tree, kūmara) animals (kiore, kurī) tools, weapons, mauri, figures of guardian atua also of course, their cultural knowledge (karakia, stories, ritual)
waiata
poetry, songs
karakia
prayers, incantations, spells, ritual words, etc. seek permission from the atua for the performance of a major ritual, particularly those that will affect some form of tapu
what do the prefixes of Māori tribe names indicate? what are the four main prefixes we see?
prefixes refer to a common ancestor "people of" or "family of" (and then are followed by the name of the ancestor) Ngāti, Kāti, Ngāi, Aitanga
hongi
pressing together of noses in greeting (sharing of breath; sign of trust)
Mana
prestige and authority "can be described as the creative and dynamic force that motivates the individual to do better than others"
Mana-
prestige and authority, everyone's born with it, the more you achieve, the higher your mana goes, so it's a changing thing. "can be described as the creative and dynamic force that motivates the individual to do better than others"
Tohunga
priests or experts within their practice
taonga
property, goods, treasure
mauri (the object)
protective stones
what are the three distinctive patterns of speaking in a whaikōrero
pāeke tauutuutu whakawhitiwhiti
pātai
questions
Temporary restriction
rahui
Who is Tama-te-kapua
rangatira of Te Arawa
Who led the waka migrations?
rangatiras and tohungas
kiore
rat
pō
realm of the dead
ao
realm of the living
utu
reciprocity (both positive and negative) many view utu as being "revenge" but it can be positive as well; reciprocating gestures and gifts/offerings binding principle for relationships/whanaungatanga
kokowai
red ochre/clay
matua whāngai
relatives raising a tamaiti whāngai
tuku wairua
release of the spirit (karakia) performed by a tohunga as the dying person takes their final breath
manaakitanga
respect and care for people
tohunga (on waka)
responsible for navigation, ritual protection from elements possessors of rare navigational and ritual knowledge
tapu
restricted, sacred, set apart, special -lies within people, places, and objects; everyone is born with tapu -is associated with the atua and the spirit world -has different layers
utu
revenge, vengeance; closely linked to mana
mana whenua
rights/duties to a landscape/part of the land
ariki
ritual, high chief
whare mate
room for the dead
kawa
rules, rituals, practices, and behaviors specific to each marae/iwi
rākau/rau
rākau - stick, tree, plant rau - leaf, frond
tūāhu
sacred site, shrine, altar
Tapu-
sacred, set apart, special, restricted, you're born with it, Within people, places and objects, associated with the atua and the spiritual world,Is layered, head has the most tapu because it has the most knowledge and closest to atua
whakataukī
sayings
tohunga
scholarly experts; endowed by atua with the ability to help teach humanity; medium between atua and humanity
whare wānanga
schools
Tangaroa/Takaroa-
sea
tai
sea
whakamā
shame, embarrassment often the cause of suicide
takata pora
ship people
what happened to the Kurahaupō waka
shipwrecked onto Rangitahua Island (Raoul Island, north of the north island)
Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga
significant cultural hero who many myths are written about; enhances human culture by the discovery of fire, more land, etc.
tuahine
sister/female cousin
marae
site of important rituals of life and the formation of new relationships collection of buildings in a Maori village where tangata whenua can connect with their tribal identity
Ranginui/Raki-nui-
sky father, south island (ranginui) vs south island (rakinui)
Whakaeke
slow movement of the manuhiri onto the marae atea a haka powhiri (welcome dance/haka) can be performed at this time
marae
small villages (and the people within them)
throughout the tangihanga, buckets of water are often laid at the doorways of the wharenui...why?
so they can cleanse themselves of tapu (water is an agent of noa)
after reaching NZ did ancestors ever return to Hawaiki?
some did; Kupe, Irakewa, Ngahue
waiata
song
waiata tangi
songs of mourning
ātea
space/courtyard in front of the Marae
Whaikōrero
speech performed by men on both sides in most iwi, the women do not speak at this part this part is the realm of the atua Tūmātauenga (god of war)
Hawaiki is not only a physical homeland but also a ________ homeland
spiritual
What are some examples of the artefact assemblages found that link the Māori to the rest of archaic East Polynesia
stone adzes (toki) shell and bone fish hooks and personal ornaments
whatu
stone, object
kōrero
stories, narratives (often about whakapapa/ancestors)
tangata kē
strangers
hapū
sub-clan (also means pregnant)
hapū
sub-tribe - more narrow than both a waka and iwi, but broader than your whanau also means "to be pregnant" traditionally was a political and social group/unit
Te Mahara
subconscious
kūmara
sweet potato
what are the two groups during a pōhiri
tangata whenua (hosts) and manuhiri (visitors)
what are the two groups involved in a pōhiri?
tangata whenua (the locals) manuhiri (the visitors)
Funeral
tangi or tangihanga
ssacred/ set aside
tapu
the dead and any ceremonial practices observed are ______
tapu
which two of these 6 key cultural concepts should you try not to mix?
tapu and noa ex: in your laundry don't mix your tea towels with your regular towels, because tea towels are associated with food (noa) and regular towels are associated with your body (tapu)
Mind
tapu or hinengaro
body
teinana
rāhui
temporary bans on a resource, closed season, restrictions put in place for resource management has aspects of both tapu and noa; during a ban the resource is tapu
◦Mana tuku
temporary increase in mana
te ao Māori
the Maori world
te ao Māori
the Māori World
Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa
the Pacific Ocean
Te ko fa
the abyss
who forms the oldest layer of ancestors in whakapapa?
the atua
Nehu
the burial occurs the morning after the po poroporoaki the coffin is finally closed, and a service is held at Marae/church before carrying the body in a procession to the urupā
Where is tikanga first evident?
the creation stories
whaikōrero
the delivery of a speech, given by men normally have distinct patterns of who speaks first
ōhākī
the final words of a chief/dying person; passed on to subsequent generation
Tiki-auaha-
the first man that tane created, kaitahi version
koha and hongi
the giving of gifts and pressing together of noses
kirimate
the grieving family
who is the whaikōrero delivered to
the kirimate and the deceased
Pō poroporoakī
the last night celebration of the life of the deceased. kirimate can speak here. share stories, sing songs.
Te ao marama-
the light
Te Ao Mārama
the light/world of light in the dark, seek this world of light
what is the ahikā?
the mana of the marae, the hapū, and the iwi the burning of the fires
whakaeke
the movement of the manuhiri onto the marae space specific way for them to proceed/the formation is important
where can the origins of whāngai be traced to?
the narrative of Māui; his mother thought he was a still born so she threw him in the ocean and then he was found and raised by his grandparents
Te po-
the night
kawa
the practice/customs of each individual marae (their way of doing things/their version of tikanga)
what is whakanoa?
the process of removing an extension of tapu to make something/someone noa
takahi whare
the process of trampling the house where the dead body was laid, to cleanse it of tapu. karakia are recited during this. sometimes bedding/clothes of the deceased are also removed or destroyed at this time
Te Korekore
the realm of potential being; the void
hongi
the ritual of pressing noses during greeting done together with the harirū
kawa
the rules and protocols specific to each marae (an extension of tikanga)
what is the primary ritual of a mihi whakatau
the speech (mihi)
Te kauri kauri-
the void
waka
the waka that one descended from
hākari
the word for final meal of a large congregation of people, or a tangihanga
what happened to the Tuwhenua waka
they experienced leprosy
what happened to the Ārai-te-uru waka
they lost crew and goods in rough seas at the Moeraki boulders and eventually capsized at Matakaea (Shag Point)
Taputapuātea
thought to be the mātāmua (senior marae) of ancient Polynesia located in Raiatea (one of the Society Islands/Tahitian Island) used as main point of departure for waka migrations leaving French Polynesia 400 years ago
◦Mana whakatipu
through your achievements
Plans, protocols, customs
tikanga
Tiaki -
to care for, guard, protect, to keep watch over and shelter
what is the primary function of the marae today
to connect whakapapa and it's descendents traditionally, gathering at the marae was much more formal/had established organized gatherings
whāngai
to feed
tangi
to grieve
what are the responsibilities of the kirimate during the tangi
to mourn, fast, and not speak
atawhai
to show kindness or foster
atawhai
to show kindness towards
Who is Ngatoro-i-rangi
tohunga of Te Arawa
Where is Wairau Bar?
top of South Island, right near Cook Strait
tātai
trace descent
bilineal descent
tracing descent through both parents
ambilineal descent
tracing descent through one's father or mother
taonga
treasure
taonga
treasures, resources; things that are especially important for Maori to maintain relationships with
what were the seven possible methods (in southern Māori tradition) of disposing of the dead
tree burial canoe burial water burial earth burial cave burial cremation mummification
iwi
tribe, people (also means bones)
tribe/ bones of one'es skin-
tribe/ bones of one'es skin-
waerea
type of karakia, delivered at the beginning of a pōwhiri by a member of the manuhiri recognizes the mana of the event, location, and people
Haumia-tiketike-
uncultivated foods, fern
Compensation
utu
What caused a temporary halt in whaling in NZ after 1809
utu taken against Boyd (English sailors killed for their treatment of a Māori person)
Mahau
verandah
manuhiri
visitors
manuhiri
visitors to the marae
what are the rituals that make up a pōwhiri
waerea wero karanga whakaeke whaikorero kinaki koha hongi kai
tangi hotuhotu
wailing, sobbing is both an expression of emotional loss but also a part of ritual tangihanga performance
spiritual/ life principle
wairua
what are the 4 layers of Māori societal structure, starting with the most macrocosmic
waka iwi hapū whānau
what are the four social groupings used to categorize Māori people, from most broad to most narrow
waka iwi hapū whānau
Tākitimu
waka that landed on the South Island (Southland) Tākitimu Mountains named after them
taua
war parties
wai whakaheke tūpāpaku
water burial bodies were either set adrift at sea or weighted down with stones and lowered into a deep waterhole
pōhiri
welcoming ritual of Māori people
the removal of extrinsic tapu is done through the practice of _____________
whakanoa
The pōhiri is a process of ________
whakanoa (making things tapu --> noa)
Genealogy-
whakapapa
The fabric of Māori social organisation permeating all key groups is _________
whakapapa
What is the key organising principle in Māori society?
whakapapa
WAIATA TAUTOKO
• A waiata is sung in support after the speech, typically by the women • Relatingto Mana, enhance the mana • The waiata followed by the speech usually is chosen based on the kaupapa (subject/topic) of the hui. • If it is a tangihanga, then the waiata sung after each speaker, will be more sympathetic to the event, rather than a upbeat waiata.
WERO (challenge)
• Performed by a young warrior from the tangata whenua • A rākau, rau or a taki (leaf) is laid, if picked up this shows the manuhiri. • If the manuhiri side picks up the taki walking backwards back to the manuhiri side, then their intentions are peaceful. • If the manuhiri side picks the taki up turning their backs to the tangata whenua, then their intentions are bad. This alerts the tangata whenua side that the manuhiri mean war. Kia tūpato on how you pick up the taki! • Now reserved for important occasions
WHAIKŌRERO
• Performed by men on both sides • Mostiwi,womendonotspeak(BUTthey can sometimes) • The realm of the atua Tūmātauenga • The wharenui - Rongomātāne • Kawa of how the whaikōrero process is done - 3 ways: Paeke (wher all of tanagat speak first) Tauutuutu or tū mai, tū atu (stand up and sit down, alternating between 2 groups) Whakawhitiwhiti (hybrid between both ^)
WAEREA
• Protective incantation/karakia that is performed to clear or open a pathway, and to give some protection before going on to the marae you haven't been on before. • Performed by a male rangatira from the manuhiri side. • It is quietly performed between the manuhiri when also preparing who is going to be standing to speak, who is the kaikaranga and who will be delivering the koha. • NOT all marae follow this kawa.
WHAKAEKE
• Slow movement of the manuhiri on to the marae ātea • A haka pōhiri can be performed at this time
Utu
◦ Reciprocity (reciprocating what had happened, can be +/-) ◦ Positive ◦ Negative ◦ Binding principle
Values of tikanga
◦ Whakapapa (links physical world to spiritual world) ◦ Spiritual and Physical worlds ◦ Individual versus the collective
The overarching governing principles of Māori society
◦ Whanaungatanga (maintaining relationships and allowing them to grow) ◦ Manaakitanga ◦ Aroha
Mauri
◦A life force that binds together the physical and spiritual elements required for them to exist. Mauri is embedded in living beings from their conception. For energy, what makes you be, your emotions, if you're not well, your mauri can be not well. Mauri is with you when you're born until you die. Mauri dies.
Noa (not opposite to tapu, it just works with tapu)
◦Free from restrictions ◦Neutral state ◦Balance ◦Agents of noa: karakia, food, water and women
Te ao Māori
◦Holistic, cyclic and balanced ◦Every action has a consequence and at times requires another action to return to balance. ◦Concepts provide the reasons and underpin the application for tikanga.
Wairua
◦``It is the non-physical spirit, distinct from the body and the mauri. To some, the wairua resides in the heart or mind of someone while others believe it is part of the whole person and is not located at any particular part of the body. The wairua begins its existence when the eyes form in the foetus and is immortal" (Māori Dictionary). Immortal, after you die, the wairua will continue.
