HST102 CHAPTER 12 NOTES
renaissance literally means
'rebirth'
petrarch
(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.
donatello
(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.
lorenzo valla
(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.
the medicean age
(1434-1494)
alexander vi
(1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince.
leo x
(a son of lorenzo the magnificent)
what ideals did federico epitomize?
*father figure to his subjects; astute diplomat; brilliant soldier; generous patron; avid collector a; a man of learning.
exclusive republic
..
the brancacci chapel
..
ars et ingenium
...
baldasar castiglione
...
duke lodovico sforza
...
federico II da montefeltro; duke of urbino
...
jacopo sansovino
...
the marciana library
...
the papal states
...
the d'este family
....
feudal levies
.....
the courtly ideal
.....
jan dlugosz
...history of the kings of poland.
leonardo bruni
1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods
federico was illegitimate. what were his 2 options
1. become a priest. 2. become a mercenary
the evolution of city states went through two distinct phases... what were they?
1. institutions of self-govt., the procedures for electing officials, the theory of republicanism. 2. the city states abandon their republican institutions and come to be ruled by princes.
2 of the largest republics
1. venice 2. florence
the venice constitution lasted from ____ to ____
1297-1797
popes reside in avignon
1305-1378
the great schism
1378-1417
the fall of the byzantine empire to the ottoman turks?
1453
in _____ isabella, who later would become queen of _____ married ferdinand who later would be king of _____.
1469; castile; aragon
duke of urbino
1475 perfect renaissance people- Castiglione's ideals
italian wars
1494-1530
king francis I
1515-1547, governed through a small, efficient council. Issued an ordinance that placed France under the jurisdiction of royal courts, French language frivolous with spending
the sack of rome?
1527; when german mercenaries plundered the city , destroyed works of art and imprisoned the medici pope.
in ____ the king of spain had defeated his rival in france for control of italy.
1530
sofonisba anguissola
1532-1625 First great woman artist of Renaissance. From newly artistocratic Cremona family. Well-educated (unusual for time - other notable exceptions - Thomas More's daughters). Was court painter to K. Philip II of Spain. Married to nobleman who died then remarried to merchant sea capt. Rich, celebrated & long lived. Sponsored other artists. Painted mostly portraits and a few religious paintings. Achieved much but had advantages not available to most. Noteworthy: ONLY RECENTLY has her work been examined and life studied. There is still a tendency to think of Renaissance artists as all having been men. Was not even given consideration as a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle!
ghiberti worked on the north doors for ___ years.
21
italian wars
30 year war between France, Italy, and Spain
latin point of view
378...
republicanism
A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.; govt officials elected by the people or a small portion of the people.
laura cereta
A radical feminist in her time (1469-1499) who had enough education to write about her ideas. She was Italian, and like Christine de Pisan, she furthered her education after her husband died and began publishing writing. Neither women nor men supported her, so she stopped writing after her father died. She did, however, help pave the way for other educated women.
the prince
A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests; 1513
humanities
Branches of knowledge concerned with human beings and their culture: philosophy, literature, and the fine arts, as distinguished from the sciences
humanists
European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.
rhine valley
Europes busiest waterway,
isotta nogarola
Female humanist during the Early Renaissance who quit her secular life to pursue religion and religious scholarship who wrote about how she was sorry that women had failed in the Garden of Eden and weren't as good as men. Shows the status of women in the Renaissance.
filippo brunelleschi
Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)
the estates general
France's Legislative body that met infrequently and was overall weak; Represented the different classes; convened for 175 years; all branches were equal
charles v
Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
basilica
In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other.
niccolo machiavelli
Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).
galileo galilei
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; EX. demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)
lucrezia borgia
Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts, used as a political pawn by her father. (crazy, also.)
leonardo da vinci (1452-1519)
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
lorenzo the magnificent
Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)
francesco guicciardini
Machiavelli's Florentine contemporary who wrote more accurate chronicles of Italian and Florentine history. He was a more sober historian less given to idealizing antiquity.
resident ambassadors
One of the great achievements of the Italian Renaissance. Placed in capitals where political relations and commercial ties needed continual monitoring.
humanists
People who specialize in studying the grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. Taught life should be meaningful. Displayed a critical approach to learning.
alexander vi
Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503)
printing revolution
Responsible for spreading Luther's ideas (95 theses)
sofonisba anguissola
She was the first woman artist to gain an international reputation and known for her portraits of her sisters and of King Philip II of Spain.
the war of the roses
The civil war between the Lancaster family and the York family. The last battle was at bosworth field were Henry Tudor (of Lancaster red rose) established the Tudor Dynasty.(defeats King Richard III of York white rose) Becomes King Henry VII.
principality
The territory of a reigning prince.
st. peters basilica
This church in Vatican City has the largest interior of any Christian church in the world, holding 60,000 people. It is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic sites and has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world" and as "the greatest of all churches of Christendom".
louis xi
This king of France contributed the most to the consolidation of France. He was often under-estimated as he didn't buy into flashy fashions, and as a result was greatly successful. As many men of the French nobility were killed fighting England and each other, and law dictated that estates without male heirs were inherited by the crown, Louis XI accumulated a great deal of land. He acquired Anjou, Maine, and Bourbon when they had no male heirs, and Brittany and Orleans by arranging marriages involving his children.
michelangelo
This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling
on the fabric of the human body
Written by Vesalius in 1543. Used illustrations of human bisection to explain anatomy. Corrected that heart was center of circulatory system, but didnt recognize the ONE blood type.
andreas vesalius
a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)
cicero
a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)
the book of the courtier
a book written by castiglione; discusses courtesy and explains the refined courtier as opposed to a medieval knight; the setting for the book is the court at urbino (italian city-state)
john bessarion
a byzantine archbishop who compiled a library of greek manuscripts that he left to the republic of venice.
linchpin
a central element that holds other parts together
affectation
a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display
doge
a member of the nobility who was elected for life.
mantua
a minor city-state that was governed by the Gonzaga family (including Isabella d'Este) and was home to a famous humanist school founded by Feltre
iberian peninsula
a peninsula in southwestern Europe
soldier of fortune
a person hired to fight for another country than their own
habsburg
a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806
renaissance man
a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics
portrait bust
a sculpture of a man or woman's head and shoulders, usually done for wealthy people
the court of star chamber
a torture device. Convicts were put in a room, not allowed to see evidence against them, secretive, no jury, and torture was use. Reduced aristocratic "troublemakers"
st. peter's basilica
alot of alterations over the years, achieves centrality, achieves verticality, planned exterior spaces, obelisk in the center
francesco petrarca
an Italian poet famous for love lyrics (1304-1374), one of the first to sue the sonnet, wrote about Laura
leon battista alberti
an accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect, builder, author of books on many important subjects in renaissance Florence.
taille
an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy
courtier
an attendant at the court of a sovereign
the spanish inquisition
an ecclesiastical high court in Spain and more political than religious It promoted nationalism
the court of star chamber:
an instrument of royal will to punish unruly nobles who had long bribed and intimidated their way out of trouble with the courts.
what was cosimo's position b/f his rise to leadership?
banker
ferdinand and isabella married their children into the royal houses of _____ _____ _____ _____
burgundy portugal england and the holy roman empire.
the defender of the peace
by Marsilius of Padua, theory of republicanism is first articulated in this work. ; laws derive not from god, but from people.
____ maintained that if women paid as much attention to learning as they did to their appearances, they would achieve equality.
cereta
the chubby little _____ that seem to fall from the sky in many renaissance paintings show the universal craving for healthy children.
cherubs.
moor
come into or dock at a wharf
andrea gritti
considered finest doge in history.
ars
craftsmanship
dredging
deepening channels for navigation, water exchange, allowing ships to pass through
monocular cue
depth cues that appear in the image in either left or right eye
the popes theoretical authority depended on the so-called ___ ___ ____
donation of constantine.
the ideal prince ?
duke of urbino
civic humanism
during Ren in Italy - translated humanism into active humanist leadership of political and cultural life. ex. in Florence, Salutati, Bruni and Bracciolini - each used his rhetorical skills to rally citizens vs. agressors and to undertake other civic duties.
henry tudor
first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509
leon battista alberti
four books on the family
what countries were involved in the italian wars?
france, spain and the holy roman empire.
the first humanist?
francesco petrarca
most influential group in venice
greeks
the pragmatic sanction of bourges
guaranteed the virtual autonomy of the french church from papal control enabling the french king to interfere in religious affairs and exploit church revenues for govt. purposes....
lorenzo ghiberti
he sculpted a pair of bronze doors for the baptistry in Florence dedicated to Saint John. He developed techniques of three dimensional sculpture. (1378-1455)
cosimo de' medici
in 1443 he took control of the city. the Medici family ran the government from behind the scenes. using their wealth and personal influence, cosimo and later his son
baptistery
in Christian architecture, the building used for baptism, usually situated next to a church
the ideal princess ?
isabella d'este
who persuaded michelangelo to paint the sistine chapel
julius II
louis xi
king of France who put down an alliance of unruly nobles and unified France except for Brittany (1423-1483)
philip II of spain
king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I EX. he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598)
isabella d'este: the first ___ ___ ___ ___
lady of the world.
gabriele falloppio (1523-1562)
made many original observations of muscles, nerves, kidneys, bones and most famously 'fallopian tubes,' which lead from the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive system, which he described for the first time.
ferrara
main city state governed by the d'Este family
the most important painter of the early renaissance in florence.
masaccio
despite the theory of patriarchy, the families of renaissance Italy were _____ in which mothers ruled.
matriarchies.
the fundamental principle of ___ ___ and in fact of all modern scholarship is that research must be made available to everyone through publication.
modern science.
role of women in a patriarchy
modes; obedient to their husbands; invisible to the outside world not only had to raise children alone ; manage their dead or absent husbands' business and political affairs.
comportment
n. Behavior; demeanor; mode of bearing or movement; dignified manner or conduct.
universities remained closed to women until the _____ century
nineteenth
the only honorable role for an unmarried woman was a ___
nun
genoese
of or relating to or characteristic of Genoa or its inhabitants
equestrian
of or relating to or featuring horseback riding
how is valla able to debunk the donation of constantine?
philology: using the word satrap which could not have been known in the fourth century when it was supposably written. thus proving that it was a fraud and a forgery
nicolaus copernicus (1473-1543)
polish; humanist; resolved the complications in the system of the 2nd century astronomer ptolemy
julius II
r(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. Sponsored Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.
jean froissart
reported on the 100 years war
resident ambassadors
state representative in every major capital or court that kept govnt informed of latest local and international developments
rhetoric
study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking)
purveryor
supplier n
taille
tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government
principality
territory ruled by a prince
york
the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485
lancaster
the English royal house that reigned from 1399 to 1461
linear perspective
the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer
rhetoric
the art of persuasive or emotive speaking and writing.
paternalism
the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good
duchy
the domain controlled by a duke or duchess
philology
the humanistic study of language and literature
ingenium
the inventive capacity of the painter to his or her ingenuity.
constantinople
the largest city and former capital of Turkey
isabella d'este:
the marchioness of mantua
leo x
the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521)
marsilius of padua
the theory of republicanism was first articulated by this person.
why?
trying to carve out the peninsula for themselves; the french king attempted to seize the kingdom of naples.
first epa?
venice
first european power to possess land overseas?
venice
leading center for the production of greek books
venice
which was more stable: florence or venice?
venice
all the large cities except _____ came under spanish domination.
venice.
patriciate
wealthy families in florence and venice who controlled most of the poverty.
the history of italy
written by Guicciardini. attributed the decline of the Rennaissance to human folly.
cesare borgia
younger son of Pope Alexander VI, prototype of Niccolò Machiavelli's Prince —intelligent, cruel, treacherous, and ruthlessly opportunistic
