HST102 CHAPTER 12 NOTES

renaissance literally means

'rebirth'

petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

lorenzo valla

(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.

the medicean age

(1434-1494)

alexander vi

(1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince.

leo x

(a son of lorenzo the magnificent)

what ideals did federico epitomize?

*father figure to his subjects; astute diplomat; brilliant soldier; generous patron; avid collector a; a man of learning.

exclusive republic

..

the brancacci chapel

..

ars et ingenium

...

baldasar castiglione

...

duke lodovico sforza

...

federico II da montefeltro; duke of urbino

...

jacopo sansovino

...

the marciana library

...

the papal states

...

the d'este family

....

feudal levies

.....

the courtly ideal

.....

jan dlugosz

...history of the kings of poland.

leonardo bruni

1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods

federico was illegitimate. what were his 2 options

1. become a priest. 2. become a mercenary

the evolution of city states went through two distinct phases... what were they?

1. institutions of self-govt., the procedures for electing officials, the theory of republicanism. 2. the city states abandon their republican institutions and come to be ruled by princes.

2 of the largest republics

1. venice 2. florence

the venice constitution lasted from ____ to ____

1297-1797

popes reside in avignon

1305-1378

the great schism

1378-1417

the fall of the byzantine empire to the ottoman turks?

1453

in _____ isabella, who later would become queen of _____ married ferdinand who later would be king of _____.

1469; castile; aragon

duke of urbino

1475 perfect renaissance people- Castiglione's ideals

italian wars

1494-1530

king francis I

1515-1547, governed through a small, efficient council. Issued an ordinance that placed France under the jurisdiction of royal courts, French language frivolous with spending

the sack of rome?

1527; when german mercenaries plundered the city , destroyed works of art and imprisoned the medici pope.

in ____ the king of spain had defeated his rival in france for control of italy.

1530

sofonisba anguissola

1532-1625 First great woman artist of Renaissance. From newly artistocratic Cremona family. Well-educated (unusual for time - other notable exceptions - Thomas More's daughters). Was court painter to K. Philip II of Spain. Married to nobleman who died then remarried to merchant sea capt. Rich, celebrated & long lived. Sponsored other artists. Painted mostly portraits and a few religious paintings. Achieved much but had advantages not available to most. Noteworthy: ONLY RECENTLY has her work been examined and life studied. There is still a tendency to think of Renaissance artists as all having been men. Was not even given consideration as a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle!

ghiberti worked on the north doors for ___ years.

21

italian wars

30 year war between France, Italy, and Spain

latin point of view

378...

republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.; govt officials elected by the people or a small portion of the people.

laura cereta

A radical feminist in her time (1469-1499) who had enough education to write about her ideas. She was Italian, and like Christine de Pisan, she furthered her education after her husband died and began publishing writing. Neither women nor men supported her, so she stopped writing after her father died. She did, however, help pave the way for other educated women.

the prince

A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests; 1513

humanities

Branches of knowledge concerned with human beings and their culture: philosophy, literature, and the fine arts, as distinguished from the sciences

humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

rhine valley

Europes busiest waterway,

isotta nogarola

Female humanist during the Early Renaissance who quit her secular life to pursue religion and religious scholarship who wrote about how she was sorry that women had failed in the Garden of Eden and weren't as good as men. Shows the status of women in the Renaissance.

filippo brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)

the estates general

France's Legislative body that met infrequently and was overall weak; Represented the different classes; convened for 175 years; all branches were equal

charles v

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

basilica

In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other.

niccolo machiavelli

Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).

galileo galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; EX. demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

lucrezia borgia

Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts, used as a political pawn by her father. (crazy, also.)

leonardo da vinci (1452-1519)

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

lorenzo the magnificent

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

francesco guicciardini

Machiavelli's Florentine contemporary who wrote more accurate chronicles of Italian and Florentine history. He was a more sober historian less given to idealizing antiquity.

resident ambassadors

One of the great achievements of the Italian Renaissance. Placed in capitals where political relations and commercial ties needed continual monitoring.

humanists

People who specialize in studying the grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. Taught life should be meaningful. Displayed a critical approach to learning.

alexander vi

Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503)

printing revolution

Responsible for spreading Luther's ideas (95 theses)

sofonisba anguissola

She was the first woman artist to gain an international reputation and known for her portraits of her sisters and of King Philip II of Spain.

the war of the roses

The civil war between the Lancaster family and the York family. The last battle was at bosworth field were Henry Tudor (of Lancaster red rose) established the Tudor Dynasty.(defeats King Richard III of York white rose) Becomes King Henry VII.

principality

The territory of a reigning prince.

st. peters basilica

This church in Vatican City has the largest interior of any Christian church in the world, holding 60,000 people. It is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic sites and has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world" and as "the greatest of all churches of Christendom".

louis xi

This king of France contributed the most to the consolidation of France. He was often under-estimated as he didn't buy into flashy fashions, and as a result was greatly successful. As many men of the French nobility were killed fighting England and each other, and law dictated that estates without male heirs were inherited by the crown, Louis XI accumulated a great deal of land. He acquired Anjou, Maine, and Bourbon when they had no male heirs, and Brittany and Orleans by arranging marriages involving his children.

michelangelo

This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling

on the fabric of the human body

Written by Vesalius in 1543. Used illustrations of human bisection to explain anatomy. Corrected that heart was center of circulatory system, but didnt recognize the ONE blood type.

andreas vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

cicero

a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)

the book of the courtier

a book written by castiglione; discusses courtesy and explains the refined courtier as opposed to a medieval knight; the setting for the book is the court at urbino (italian city-state)

john bessarion

a byzantine archbishop who compiled a library of greek manuscripts that he left to the republic of venice.

linchpin

a central element that holds other parts together

affectation

a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display

doge

a member of the nobility who was elected for life.

mantua

a minor city-state that was governed by the Gonzaga family (including Isabella d'Este) and was home to a famous humanist school founded by Feltre

iberian peninsula

a peninsula in southwestern Europe

soldier of fortune

a person hired to fight for another country than their own

habsburg

a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806

renaissance man

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

portrait bust

a sculpture of a man or woman's head and shoulders, usually done for wealthy people

the court of star chamber

a torture device. Convicts were put in a room, not allowed to see evidence against them, secretive, no jury, and torture was use. Reduced aristocratic "troublemakers"

st. peter's basilica

alot of alterations over the years, achieves centrality, achieves verticality, planned exterior spaces, obelisk in the center

francesco petrarca

an Italian poet famous for love lyrics (1304-1374), one of the first to sue the sonnet, wrote about Laura

leon battista alberti

an accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect, builder, author of books on many important subjects in renaissance Florence.

taille

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

courtier

an attendant at the court of a sovereign

the spanish inquisition

an ecclesiastical high court in Spain and more political than religious It promoted nationalism

the court of star chamber:

an instrument of royal will to punish unruly nobles who had long bribed and intimidated their way out of trouble with the courts.

what was cosimo's position b/f his rise to leadership?

banker

ferdinand and isabella married their children into the royal houses of _____ _____ _____ _____

burgundy portugal england and the holy roman empire.

the defender of the peace

by Marsilius of Padua, theory of republicanism is first articulated in this work. ; laws derive not from god, but from people.

____ maintained that if women paid as much attention to learning as they did to their appearances, they would achieve equality.

cereta

the chubby little _____ that seem to fall from the sky in many renaissance paintings show the universal craving for healthy children.

cherubs.

moor

come into or dock at a wharf

andrea gritti

considered finest doge in history.

ars

craftsmanship

dredging

deepening channels for navigation, water exchange, allowing ships to pass through

monocular cue

depth cues that appear in the image in either left or right eye

the popes theoretical authority depended on the so-called ___ ___ ____

donation of constantine.

the ideal prince ?

duke of urbino

civic humanism

during Ren in Italy - translated humanism into active humanist leadership of political and cultural life. ex. in Florence, Salutati, Bruni and Bracciolini - each used his rhetorical skills to rally citizens vs. agressors and to undertake other civic duties.

henry tudor

first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509

leon battista alberti

four books on the family

what countries were involved in the italian wars?

france, spain and the holy roman empire.

the first humanist?

francesco petrarca

most influential group in venice

greeks

the pragmatic sanction of bourges

guaranteed the virtual autonomy of the french church from papal control enabling the french king to interfere in religious affairs and exploit church revenues for govt. purposes....

lorenzo ghiberti

he sculpted a pair of bronze doors for the baptistry in Florence dedicated to Saint John. He developed techniques of three dimensional sculpture. (1378-1455)

cosimo de' medici

in 1443 he took control of the city. the Medici family ran the government from behind the scenes. using their wealth and personal influence, cosimo and later his son

baptistery

in Christian architecture, the building used for baptism, usually situated next to a church

the ideal princess ?

isabella d'este

who persuaded michelangelo to paint the sistine chapel

julius II

louis xi

king of France who put down an alliance of unruly nobles and unified France except for Brittany (1423-1483)

philip II of spain

king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I EX. he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598)

isabella d'este: the first ___ ___ ___ ___

lady of the world.

gabriele falloppio (1523-1562)

made many original observations of muscles, nerves, kidneys, bones and most famously 'fallopian tubes,' which lead from the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive system, which he described for the first time.

ferrara

main city state governed by the d'Este family

the most important painter of the early renaissance in florence.

masaccio

despite the theory of patriarchy, the families of renaissance Italy were _____ in which mothers ruled.

matriarchies.

the fundamental principle of ___ ___ and in fact of all modern scholarship is that research must be made available to everyone through publication.

modern science.

role of women in a patriarchy

modes; obedient to their husbands; invisible to the outside world not only had to raise children alone ; manage their dead or absent husbands' business and political affairs.

comportment

n. Behavior; demeanor; mode of bearing or movement; dignified manner or conduct.

universities remained closed to women until the _____ century

nineteenth

the only honorable role for an unmarried woman was a ___

nun

genoese

of or relating to or characteristic of Genoa or its inhabitants

equestrian

of or relating to or featuring horseback riding

how is valla able to debunk the donation of constantine?

philology: using the word satrap which could not have been known in the fourth century when it was supposably written. thus proving that it was a fraud and a forgery

nicolaus copernicus (1473-1543)

polish; humanist; resolved the complications in the system of the 2nd century astronomer ptolemy

julius II

r(1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter's Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. Sponsored Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.

jean froissart

reported on the 100 years war

resident ambassadors

state representative in every major capital or court that kept govnt informed of latest local and international developments

rhetoric

study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking)

purveryor

supplier n

taille

tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government

principality

territory ruled by a prince

york

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485

lancaster

the English royal house that reigned from 1399 to 1461

linear perspective

the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer

rhetoric

the art of persuasive or emotive speaking and writing.

paternalism

the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good

duchy

the domain controlled by a duke or duchess

philology

the humanistic study of language and literature

ingenium

the inventive capacity of the painter to his or her ingenuity.

constantinople

the largest city and former capital of Turkey

isabella d'este:

the marchioness of mantua

leo x

the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521)

marsilius of padua

the theory of republicanism was first articulated by this person.

why?

trying to carve out the peninsula for themselves; the french king attempted to seize the kingdom of naples.

first epa?

venice

first european power to possess land overseas?

venice

leading center for the production of greek books

venice

which was more stable: florence or venice?

venice

all the large cities except _____ came under spanish domination.

venice.

patriciate

wealthy families in florence and venice who controlled most of the poverty.

the history of italy

written by Guicciardini. attributed the decline of the Rennaissance to human folly.

cesare borgia

younger son of Pope Alexander VI, prototype of Niccolò Machiavelli's Prince —intelligent, cruel, treacherous, and ruthlessly opportunistic