Human A&P Unit 1 Exam

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A. neither shrink nor swell B. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached C. swell and burst D. shrink

C. Swell and burst

Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow. This phenomenon exemplifies __________. A. the principle of microscopic anatomy B. the principles of cardiovascular physiology C. the principle of complementarity of structure and function D. the hierarchy of structural organization

C. the principle of complementarity of structure and function

___________ is a type of medical imaging method that uses a series of x-ray images A. CT scan B. MRI scan C. Ultrasound

CT Scan

What is the chemical symbol for Calcium?

Ca

The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ________. A. sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen B. nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium C. carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium D. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen - (d)

A tissue is composed of __________ that are similar in size, shape, and function.

Cells

According to our textbook, enzymes can be thought of as: __________________ that keep our metabolic pathways flowing. A. catalytic converters B. chemical traffic cops C. small, round energy beads D. "globes of energy"

Chemical traffic cops (b)

What is the chemical symbol for Chlorine?

Cl

Vertebral Region

Entire spinal column

_________ is the process of ejecting wastes from a cell. Excretion Secretion absorption digestion

Excretion Exocytosis is the process of ejecting substances out of a cell using a vesicle. Excretion implies that a waste product is being expelled from the cell. Secretion implies that the product was intentionally produced by the cell and is being secreted into the surrounding interstitial fluid or bloodstream.

Excretion - (Textbook Definition)

Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body. (Excretions are non-useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism)

Enzymes cannot be re-used because they become part of the product. (T/F)

False - Enzymes can be recycled and re-used MANY times! Enzymes do NOT become part of the product.

In the video, she said that ________ follows ________.

Form follows function

Which of the following is NOT a major function of proteins in the cell membrane? anchoring cells to other structures forming channels acting as receptors forming the entire glycocalyx

Forming the entire glycocalyx The glycocalyx is composed mostly of carbohydrates.

Which body plane divides the stomach from the pancreas? frontal sagittal transverse oblique longitudinal

Frontal Plane

Reproductive system

Function: - Production of offspring

Tissue Level

Group of cells that are similar form and function working together to perform a common function

Which 2 body parts are divided by a transverse body plane? A. spleen is divided from the right kidney by a transverse plane B. pancreas is divided from the stomach by a transverse plane C. right lung is divided from the left lung by a transverse plane D. heart is divided from the urinary bladder by a transverse plane

Heart is divided from the urinary bladder by a transverse plane (d)

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute? hypotonic isotonic equilibrium hypertonic

Hypertonic

In the video, I talked about what would happen if someone drank sea water. Human body cells would be _____________ compared to the sea water in their stomach. epitonic hypotonic isotonic hypertonic

Hypotonic Human cells would have lower salt concentration than sea water, therefore human cells are hypotonic compared to sea water ( sea water would by hypertonic compared to human cells

Phagocytosis can occur in which type of human cells? A. all human cells B. Immune cells (white blood cells) C. cells lining small intestine D. only cells within the blood stream

Immune cells (white blood cells)

Viscera

Internal organs - "your guts"

What is the chemical symbol for Potassium?

K

Which organ system is directly involved in picking up excess fluids in tissue? Endocrine system cardiovascular system lymphatic / Immune system Integumentary system

Lymphatic/Immune System lymph vessels pick up excess fluids in the tissues and then carry that fluid back to blood vessels (excess fluid is removed in kidneys and then passes out of body in urine)

Which organ system contains the spleen? A. Digestive system B. Circulatory system C. Integumentary system D. Lymphatic / Immune system E. Endocrine system F. Reproductive system G. Respiratory system

Lymphatic/Immune System (d) The spleen contain immune cells (white blood cells) that destroy any bacteria/viruses in blood as it filters through.

After phagocytosis, which cellular organelle contains digestive enzymes used to break down the bacteria? Lysosome ribosome Golgi body endoplasmic reticulum Peroxisome

Lysosome

Substrate

Molecule that is being changed

Which is the correct symbol for sodium? A. Sm B. Na C. So D. Nm E. S

Na - (b)

Which cellular organelle contains DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) ? A.Lysosome B. nucleolus C. peroxisome D. nucleus

Nucleus (d)

In the video, which of the following did I recommend you think about, in reference to the term, hypotonic? pure water sludge like fluid with lots of salt or sugar sea or ocean water pure salt

Pure water

Positive Feedback

Result enhances original stimulus

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane? fully permeable not permeable semipermeable impermeable

Semi-permeable The cell membrane is semipermeable, or selectively permeable, because some things can easily pass through it while others cannot.

Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein? A. catalysis B. structural framework C. protein management D. body defense E. transport

Structural framework (b)

Which is an example of "edema" ? A. chronic pain in the lower legs that gets worse with activity B. tenting of the skin of the hand and forearm C. swollen ankles and lower legs D. red and irritated skin on the palms of the hands

Swollen ankles and lower legs (C) Edema can occur anywhere in the body, and will be seen as swelling of the skin and supporting tissues it is due to excess water retention

Changes in _________ can cause protein to denature. temperature adipose levels altitude pH

Temperature, pH

Tarsal Region

The ankle and the base of the foot

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? A. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle. B. The body is erect with feet slightly apart, and palms face forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. C. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward and the thumbs pointing toward the body. D. The body is erect with feet together, and palms facing the thighs with thumbs pointing forward.

The body is erect with feet slightly apart, and palms face forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. (b)

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell? A. The cell packages a great deal of proteins for secretion. B. The cell has a great metabolic demand. C. The cell builds a lot of cholesterol. D. The cell produces a great deal of protein.

The cell has a great metabolic demand. (b)

If you dropped a red blood cell into an isotonic solution: What will happen to that red blood cell? A. the cell will lyse (burst) due to the isotonic solution B. the cell will become diaphoretic C. the cell will shrink due to the isotonic solution D. the cell will not shrink or lyse (burst)

The cell will not shrink or lyse (burst) If the solution is isotonic, this means that the concentration of particles (solutes) is the same in the fluid solution as in the red blood cell. Water is already at equilibrium because there is an equal amount of water on both sides of the cell membrane of the red blood cell. The same amount of water will enter the cell and exit the cell. The cell will be stable, it will not shrink or burst.

Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins? A. They have both functional and structural roles in the body. B. They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information. C. Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape. D. They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity.

They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information. (b)

Hypotonic

This would be a _______ tonic solution compared to the cell.

The knee is distal to the thigh. (T/F)

True Proximal means closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal means farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Brachial Region

Upper arm

Osmosis is the movement of ________ across a semi-permeable barrier (such as a cell membrane) to achieve balance / equilibrium.

Water

Sagittal (d)

What section of the human body is presented in the figure? A. lateral B. coronal C. transverse D. sagittal

Which element is NOT one of the primary elements found in the human body? A. carbon B. iron C. zinc D. oxygen E. calcium

Zinc (c)

Most enzymes are named after the substance they recognize and have the ending -_________ (just type the ending of the name)

"-ase"

Globular Protein

(Functional proteins) - Compact, spherical shape

Atoms

- Building blocks of all substances - Identical particles - Made up of a nucleus containing neutrons and protons surrounded by orbiting electrons

Integumentary System

- Maintain boundaries - Protection from dehydration, heat, cold, infections, and chemicals Includes: Skin, sweat glands, hair, and nails

What is the correct range or scale for pH?

0-14 - the lower the number, the more acidic the pH, the higher the number, the more basic (or alkaline)

Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body

1. Atom 2. Molecules (compounds) 3. Macromolecules 4. Organelle 5. Cell 6. Tissue 7. Organ 8. Organ system 9. Multicellular Organism (human)

Select ALL methods that use ATP: active transport facilitated diffusion pinocytosis osmosis simple diffusion

Active Transport and Pinocytosis

Acromial Region

At the outermost edge of the shoulder

Olecranal Region

Back of elbow

Popliteal Region

Back of the knee

5 Tools for studying Anatomy

1. Anatomical Terminology 2. Observation 3. Palpation 4. Manipulation 5. Auscultation 1. Anatomical Terminology 2. Observation - see where the body part is located and its position in relation to other structures. Observe cellular structure of tissues such as bone and skin 3. Palpation: Feeling organs and body parts with your hands and fingers. 4. Manipulation - movement of a body part 5. Auscultation - Listing to organ sounds with a stethoscope.

Match the following systems to their functions. 1. ______________ : Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. 2. _____________ : Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. 3. _____________ : Produces antibodies that attach to foreign substances. 4. _____________ : Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues. Word Bank: Immune, Lymphatic, Cardiovascular, Endocrine

1. Cardiovascular System 2. Endocrine System 3. Immune System 4. Lymphatic System

Match the following Organ Systems to their Organs. 1. ___________ : Arteries, veins, heart. 2. __________ : Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. 3. __________ : Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. 4. __________ : Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. 5. __________ : Kidneys, bladder, ureters. Word Bank: Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Urinary, Digestive

1. Cardiovascular System 2. Respiratory System 3. Endocrine System 4. Digestive System 5. Urinary System

Label the levels of structural organization in the human body. Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organismal levels.

1. Chemical Level: Atoms, molecules 2. Cellular Level: Organelles, smooth muscle cell. 3. Tissue Level: Smooth muscle tissue. 4. Organ Level: Blood Vessel 5. Organ System Level: Cardiovascular system 6. Organismal Level: Humans

4 Types of Tissue

1. Connective 2. Muscular 3. Epithelial Tissues 4. Nervous Connective - Support and bind Muscular - Movement Epithelial Tissues - Covering and lining Nervous - Responsiveness

Select all that apply to enzymes: Enzymes are composed of protein enzymes denature after binding to the substrate enzymes can be re-used many times majority of enzyme names end in the suffix -ase enzymes optimum temperature is 37 degrees C enzymes optimum temperature is 25 degrees C enzymes can react with a variety of substances enzymes can only react to 1 specific substance

1. Enzymes are composed of protein 2. Enzymes can be re-used many times 3. Majority of enzyme names end in the suffix -ase 4. Enzymes optimum temperature is 37 degrees C. 5. Enzymes can only react to 1 specific substance

8 Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintain Boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Growth 8. Reproduction

Amino acids combine to form _____________. There are _____ different types of amino acids.

1. Proteins 2. 20

5 Survival Needs

1. Water 2. Oxygen 3. Body temperature 4. Correct pressure 5. Nutrients

What is the pH of the stomach?

2

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs

2-1-4-3-5 Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs

In the video, she said that ______ tissues make up an organ.

2-4

Organ Level

2-4 Types of tissues working together to perform a common function

There are ____ basic types of tissues.

4

Which number of the pH scale is alkaline (basic)? A. 1 B. 4 C. 7 D. 9 E. none of the above

9 - (d)

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. A. a static state with no deviation from preset points B. a relatively stable internal environment, within limits C. a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances D. the lowest possible energy usage

A relatively stable internal environment, within limits (b)

Your patient has the flu and reports 5 to 6 loose stools a day. He has experienced an isotonic fluid volume loss. What does "isotonic fluid loss" mean? A. Water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions. B. Less water is lost than enters the body. More water is lost than enters the body. C. Water is lost at the same rate as it enters the body. D. No water is lost: the body water content remains the same.

A. Water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions.

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? A. RNA B. ATP C. TACT D. DNA

ATP (b) When broken (cleaved), the high-energy phosphate bonds in the ATP molecule release the energy used to do cellular work.

Which type of transport mechanism requires the use of ATP? A. simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport D. both active transport and facilitated diffusion require ATP

Active transport

In the video, she discussed a type of connective tissue that stores lipids, known as ______________. A. areolar tissue B. papillary tissue C. adipose tissue D. epithelial tissue

Adipose tissue (c)

Tonicity: Ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by ____________. Secretion of charged particles absorption of charged particles altering internal water volume altering structure of the phospholipid bilayer

Altering internal water volume

_____________ are building blocks for proteins. A. nucleotides B. phospholipids C. triglycerides D. amino acids

Amino acids (d)

Which statement regarding metabolism is true? (as stated in our book) A. the process of breaking down substances into simpler building blocks is known as anabolism (one of the 2 divisions of metabolism) B. metabolism is regulated largely by neurotransmitters released by the nervous system C. anabolism is a division of metabolism that means: synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances D. catabolism is a division of metabolism that means: synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

Anabolism is a division of metabolism that means: synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (c)

The anatomical position is used ________. A. Only when a body is lying down one one's back rather than stomach B. For proper placement of a patient or a cadaver upon an operating table in order to reach all major organs C. As a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body D. Rarely, because people don't usually assume this position during waking moments

As a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body (c)

Which statement best describes the process of transcytosis? A. the movement of a substance/vesicle within the endoplasmic reticulum B. the movement of a substance/vesicle within a cell C. the production of a substance that is excreted through the cell membrane D. a substance is internalized through the cell membrane and enveloped into a vesicle

B. The movement of a substance/vesicle within a cell Transcytosis is the movement of a substance or vesicle within a cell. Transcytosis is moving substances into, across and then out of the cell.

Which of the following is true of positive feedback mechanisms? A. They mostly function to keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges. B. The result or response enhances the original stimulus, and the response is accelerated. C. The variable changes in a direction opposite to that of the initial change. D. The output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

B. The result or response enhances the original stimulus, and the response is accelerated.

Which of the following is characteristic of cilia? A. They are used for cellular adhesion. B. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. C. They are substantially longer than flagella, and are less common than flagella in humans. D. They move substances in many directions across a cell's surfaces.

B. They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. - Cilia are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur, typically in large numbers, on the exposed surfaces of certain cells. Ciliary action moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces. - Centrioles forming the bases of cilia and flagella are commonly referred to as basal bodies.

Structure

Basic form or shape of an organ

Select all that are composed of Fibrous type proteins: - enzymes - bone - skin - adipose - tendons

Bone, Skin, Tendons - Fibrous type proteins are "rope-like" and are found in locations that need strength, such as bone, skin and tendons. - Adipose is a type of tissue that stores lipids, adipose is NOT a type of protein.

Plantar Region

Bottom surface of the foot

Physiology

Branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their body parts. (How things function/work)

All organic compounds contain this element. A. C , which is the symbol for Calcium B. Ca , which is the symbol for Calcium C. Ca , which is the symbol for Carbon D. C , which is the symbol for Carbon E. P, which is the symbol for Phosporus

C , which is the symbol for Carbon (d)

If you dropped a red blood cell into an isotonic solution: How will water behave? A. the cell is in balance with the surrounding water, there will be no movement of water B. more water will enter the red blood cell than exit the cell C. an equal amount of water will enter the red blood cell and exit the cell D. water will not enter or exit the red blood cell

C. An equal amount of water will enter the red blood cell and exit the cell

If someone drank sea water, which would happen? A. salt from sea water would move into human cells, cause rupture B. nothing would happen, person would survive just fine... C. water from human cells would move out into sea water, human cells would shrivel D. salt from human cells would leave cells and cause shrinkage

C. Water from human cells would move out into sea water, human cells would shrivel

Glycogen is a _________. A. carbohydrate B. phospholipid C. triglyceride D. globular protein

Carbohydrate (a) Glycogen is a long chain polysaccharide, which is a type of energy storing carbohydrate for the human body.

Regarding the path of water as it proceeds through the body's organ systems, After water enters the digestive system, Where does it go next? A. endocrine system B. cardiovascular system C. integumentary system D. respiratory system E. urinary system

Cardiovascular System (b) 1. After you drink water, it moves from mouth to stomach to intestines. 2. Water is then absorbed into blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. 3. Blood is filtered by kidneys and if there is too much water in the blood, it will then be filtered out of blood and into urine which is then moved to the urinary bladder and then out of the body.

Where is a typical location for phospholipids? A. cytoplasm of a cell B. cell membrane C. within blood vessel walls D. cytoskeleton fibers

Cell Membrane (b) The 2 major components of the cell membrane are: phospholipids and protein

Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur? concentration gradient selectively permeable membrane cellular energy water

Cellular Energy

In the video, she said that nutrients from the food we eat are absorbed into the ___________ system. A. Digestive system B. Circulatory system C. Integumentary system D. Lymphatic / Immune system E. Endocrine system

Circulatory System (b) All nutrients from food, including water, are absorbed FROM the digestive system, INTO the circulatory / Cardiovascular system. The blood vessels then transport water and nutrients to all parts of the body.

The chemical symbol: "Cu" stands for ________.

Copper

Which term means the same thing as the frontal body plane? A. transverse B. coronal C. longitudinal D. sagittal

Coronal (b)

Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell? A. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus B. mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole C. plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus D. cytoplasm, nucleus, and lysosome

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus (a) - Human cells have three main parts: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. - Lysosomes are organelles (small structures that perform specific cell functions), but not one of the three main parts of a human cell.

Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE? A. Cells are the most basic units of life. B. Although human cells are diverse in size, shape, and function, they have essentially the same organelles and general structure. C. The cells in our bodies collectively carry out all of the functions necessary for us to stay alive. D. Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

D. Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes? A. digesting particles taken in by endocytosis B. degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles C. breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood D. help in the formation of cell membranes

D. help in the formation of cell membranes

What is a "vesicle" ? A. indentation within a Golgi body B. pinched off region of the lysosome C. smaller part of the nucleus that contains RNA D. small, membrane bound sac

D. small, membrane bound sac

Which of the following best describes gross, or macroscopic, anatomy? A. the study of structural changes caused by disease B. the study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout one's lifespan C. the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye D. the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys

D. the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys

Where are ribosomes found within the cell? A. floating randomly throughout the entire cell and nucleus B. on surface of golgi body C. only on surface of endoplasmic reticulum D. within cytoplasm and/or on surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum E. within all larger organelles

D. within cytoplasm and/or on surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum

In the video, she showed a picture of "tenting" of the skin. This test of the skin is an indication of : __________ dehydration severe weight loss edema poor liver function

Dehydration "tenting" of the skin is a sign of dehydration (dehydration is the overall loss of water from the body) ---- Edema: swelling of tissues due to fluid buildup

There are 8 necessary Life Functions Besides reproduction and excretion, Which of the following are 2 other functions of life? ____________ and ___________. A. Excretion and Digestion B. Movement and Reproduction C. Digestion and Responsiveness D. Metabolism and excretion E. Maintain boundary and Reproduction

Digestion and Responsiveness (c)

The _____________ organ system's primary function is to produce hormones. (hormones are chemicals that control body processes) A. respiratory system B. endocrine system C. nervous system D. integumentary system E. lymphatic immune system

Endocrine (b)

Which organ system is NOT directly involved in removing a type of waste product from the human body? A. digestive system B. endocrine system C. respiratory system D. urinary system

Endocrine System (b) 1. Digestive system: controls movement of feces (unused material from food digestion) 2. Urinary system: kidney filters blood for nitrogen containing wastes which leave body through the urine 3. Respiratory system: expels Carbon dioxide waste as air is breathed out.

In the video, she discussed "excretion" as a requirement / function of life and provided a list of organ systems that produced an excretion. Which is not matched correctly? (organ system with excretion type) A. digestive system / feces B. respiratory system / carbon dioxide C. urinary system / nitrogen wastes D. all are matched correctly E. endocrine system / hormones

Endocrine system / hormones (e) - Hormones are produced by the endocrine system, but they are NOT considered a "waste" product. - Excretions are end products that are NOT needed by the body and are removed. - Hormones are produced on purpose and are needed to regulate the body.

The pancreas is found in 2 different organ systems, Which 2? A. Digestive system and Immune system B. Circulatory system and Lymphatic system C. Integumentary system and Endocrine system D. Endocrine system and digestive system E. Integumentary system and Digestive system

Endocrine systems and Digestive System (d) - Endocrine System: The pancreas produces hormones, such as insulin. - Digestive System: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes to break down food in the intestines.

What is the primary function of an enzyme? A. enzymes are catalysts (increase accuracy by slowing chemical reactions) B. enzymes catalyze chemical reactions (increase speed of reaction) C. enzymes act as "buffers" to maintain neutral pH in the body D. enzymes function as support or structural elements within a cell

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions (increase speed of reaction) - (b)

During the video, she showed a picture of an extremely, swollen leg and stated that this disorder was due primarily to the failure of the circulatory organ system. (T/F)

False

Which is the correct symbol for iron? A. I B. Ir C. In D. Fe E. none of the above

Fe - (d)

According to our book, which type of protein is insoluble in water and therefore, very stable? A. functional proteins B. enzymes C. elastic proteins D. fibrous type proteins, such as collagen E. globular proteins

Fibrous type proteins, such as collagen (d)

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback? A. forming a platelet plug during blood clotting B. shivering to warm your body up in cold weather C. withdrawing your hand from a painful stimulus, like a broken glass D. reducing of blood sugar by the hormone insulin

Forming a platelet plug during blood clotting. (a) - In order to prevent blood loss, the body needs a mechanism that amplifies the action that leads to clotting in a short period of time. This cascade or enhancement of a process is a positive feedback mechanism.

Antecubital Region

Front of elbow

Patellar Region

Front of the knee

Which body plane divides the blue trachea from the red -colored esophagus? A. frontal B. transverse plane C. longitudinal D. sagittal

Frontal (a)

Which body plane divides the spinal cord from the heart? A. frontal B. transverse C. longitudinal D. sagittal

Frontal (a)

Digestive System

Functions: - Break down food - Absorb nutrients - Eliminate waste Includes: Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Small/Large intestine, appendix, oral cavity, rectum, anus

Nervous system

Functions: - Control system of body, responsiveness - Receives information from body, integrates info in brain and sends signals out of the body Includes: Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Urinary System

Functions: - Eliminate nitrogenous waste (urea) from the body - Regulate water and electrolyte balance - Maintain blood pressure Includes: R/L Kidneys, Urinary bladder, ureters

Respiratory system

Functions: - Gas exchange (supplying blood with oxygen, removing carbon dioxide) Includes: Lungs, Trachea, Diaphragm, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity

Endocrine System

Functions: - Production of hormones (Chemical substances secreted into bloodstream that control and regulate body growth and development). Includes: Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, pituitary gland, thymus gland, ovaries, testes.

Cardiovascular system

Functions: - Transport of nutrients - Oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products Includes: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins)

Lymphatic/ Immune System

Functions: - Lymph vessels pick up excess fluids in tissues - Contains immune cells that fight infection Includes: Spleen, lymph vessels/nodes, thymus gland, bone marrow

Muscular system

Functions: - Movement (in conjuction with bones) - heat production - protection (abdominal region) - maintains posture Includes: muscles

Skeletal system

Functions: - Protection and support of the body framework of the body. - Blood cell production within bone marrow - Storage of Calcium and fats Includes: Bones

A fever will affect which type of proteins?

Globular proteins

At the cellular level, which specific energy source is required to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to run all cellular reactions? A. lipids B. glucose C. sucrose D. lactose E. starch

Glucose (b) - Glucose is the simple sugar used to produce ATP during cellular respiration. - Glucose is the ONLY substance that will enter the cell for use in ATP production. - All other forms of energy will be broken down or converted into glucose by the liver.

Glycogen is composed of repeating units of: _____________. A. phospholipids B. triglycerides C. globular proteins D. glucose E. starch

Glucose (d)

Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals. A. glycogen B. triglyceride C. cellulose D. glucose

Glycogen (a)

A vesicle containing newly produced proteins would travel from the endoplasmic reticulum to the: _______ nucleus Golgi body directly to cell membrane for secretion lysosome

Golgi body

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Which of the following processes requires a receptor, a control center, and an effector? maintaining boundaries movement homeostatic control mechanism responsiveness

Homeostatic control mechanism

Which term best fits this sentence? The blood and fluids within a fresh water fish are _________ to water in the ocean. isotonic epitonic hypertonic hypotonic

Hypotonic Ocean water has higher salt concentration than fresh water therefore, the fluids in the fresh water fish would contain a lower percentage of solutes such as salt, compared to higher salt levels found in ocean water.

Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Why would this patient be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection? A. If cilia are paralyzed then the particles, including bacteria, cannot be moved to the bottom of the lungs and cannot be phagocytosed by the cells in the lungs; bacteria remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection. B. If cilia are paralyzed then the cells of the respiratory system cannot phagocytose the particles, including bacteria; these bacteria will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection. C. The patient would not be at an increased risk of respiratory infection. D. If cilia are paralyzed then the phagocytosed particles, including bacteria, cannot be moved to fuse with the lysosomes for destruction; the bacteria will remain in the cells and may cause a respiratory infection. E. If cilia are paralyzed then mucus-containing particles, including bacteria, will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection.

If cilia are paralyzed then mucus-containing particles, including bacteria, will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection.

A peptide bond (d) Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form peptides.

If the molecules indicated by (A) are amino acids, then the line in the figure indicated by (D) is __________. A. a hydrogen bond B. an active site C. an R group D. a peptide bond

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes? A. in chromosomes within the cytosol B. In the chromatin within the cell's cytoplasm C. in the DNA within the cell's nucleus D. in the nucleolus within the nucleus

In the DNA within the cell's nucleus (c)

In the human body, where would you find the highest percentage of water? cerebrospinal fluid interstitial fluid in blood (plasma or fluid portion) intracellular

Intracellular 40% of our total body water is found within our cells (intracellular) 30% is found surrounding those cells (interstitial fluids) 8% is found in blood plasma

Where do you find most of the water in the human body? A. within blood (plasma) B. interstitial C. cerebrospinal fluid D. intracellular (within cells) E. within intestinal tract

Intracellular (within the cells) - (d) - The majority of water is found within the cytoplasm of cells.

Which term means that a liquid solution has equal amounts of solute particles as compared to another solution? epitonic hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

Isotonic "Iso" is a prefix that means the same

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following? A. intracellular and extracellular should both be hypertonic B. intracellular should be hypotonic to extracellular C. intracellular should be hypertonic to extracellular D. isotonic to each other

Isotonic to each other In order to prevent the cells from either swelling or shrinking, the body fluids should be isotonic, meaning that they are at equilibrium.

Which example has a pH of 9.5 ?

Lemon juice and Household bleach

In the video, she discussed health disorders due to imbalances of the 4 organic compounds. Which disorder is correctly matched to its associated organic compound? A. lipid buildup- atherosclerosis B. lactose - Parkinson's disease C. nucleic acids - PKU disorder D. protein - indigestion/reflux

Lipid buildup- atherosclerosis (a) - Atherosclerosis (or "hardening of the arteries") is due to high levels of lipids/cholesterol in the diet. - Lipids build up within blood vessels and increase the chances of heart attack and stroke.

Bile is needed in the process of digesting and absorbing: ____________. A. nucleic acids B. lipids C. carbohydrates D. polysaccharides E. proteins

Lipids (b)

Which of the 4 organic compounds is primarily involved in long term energy storage in the human body? A. carbohydrates B. proteins C. none are involved in long term storage D. nucleic acids E. lipids

Lipids (e)

Which 2 of the 4 organic compounds are the main components of the cell membrane?

Lipids and proteins are the primary components of the cell membrane

Antebrachial Region

Lower arm

Which organ system contains the: spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels and the thymus gland? A. lymphatic / immune system B. endocrine system C. respiratory system D. integumentary system

Lymphatic / Immune system (a)

Which cellular organelle is NOT directly involved in protein production ? endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes nucleus lysosome

Lysosome - The nucleus contains the DNA that contains all information needed to produce a protein. A copy of a portion of the DNA (mRNA) is made that will direct the overall production of a protein. - Ribosomes will guide the amino acids into correct order using the mRNA pattern from the DNA. - Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the correct formation and overall shape of the protein as it forms.

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials? lysosome endoplasmic reticulum ribosome nucleus

Lysosome Lysosomes use their enzymes to break down material, much as our digestive system breaks down the foods we consume. The root "lyse" means to loosen or separate, which is what the enzymes in lysosomes do to the chemical bonds in the items they digest.

___________ is a type of medical imaging method that uses powerful magnets to produce high-contrast images of soft tissue. A. CT scan B. MRI scan C. Ultrasound

MRI Scan

The human body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system. This is an example of a necessary life function. Select the correct function from the list. maintaining boundaries responsiveness movement metabolism

Maintaining boundaries

Which is NOT one of the 5 survival needs? A. water B. correct temperature C. oxygen D. correct pressure E. nutrients F. metabolism G. all are survival needs

Metabolism (f)

There are 3 types of cytoskeleton within a typical human cell. __________are the smallest in diameter and are used for change in shape of entire cell (such as the phagocytic immune cells that change shape to engulf bacteria) A. microtubules B. intermediate filaments C. microfilaments D. dentinal tubules

Microfilaments

There are 3 basic types of cytoskeleton within a human cell. Within a cell, vesicles containing proteins are moved from 1 organelle to another on "pathways" composed of _________. A. microtubules B. microfilaments C. cytosolic pathways D. intermediate filaments

Microtubules

In chapter 1, the word "contractility" is discussed in regard to ________________. (one of the requirements of life) A. excretion B. movement C. growth D. metabolism E. responsiveness

Movement (b) - Contractility is the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening in length which allows movement of a body part.

Organism Level

Multicellular organism composed of several organ systems working together as one unit

Cholesterol has earned bad press, due to its role in atherosclerosis, - our book states that cholesterol plays an important role in all of the following except: ______ A. found within cell membranes B. needed to synthesize Vitamin D C. needed to produce bile salts D. needed to produce functional antibodies

Needed to produce functional antibodies (d)

The majority of chemical reactions in the human body are controlled by ______________ feedback. A. entropic type feedback B. positive C. half are positively controlled, half are negatively controlled D. negative

Negative (d)

Responsiveness is a requirement of life. Which organ system is most involved with this requirement? A. endocrine system B. respiratory system C. lymphatic/immune system D. digestive system E. nervous system

Nervous System (e)

The Urinary System functions to remove Nitrogen-containing waste products from the blood. Uric Acid is a breakdown product of ________ metabolism. A. triglycerides B. protein C. nucleic acids D. polysaccharides

Nucleic Acids (c) - Uric acid is a break down product of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.

Which of the following can be described as a cut made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes? A. oblique section B. cross section C. sagittal section D. transverse section

Oblique Section (a)

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.

Organ

Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest (most complex) level? A. organismal B. cellular C. chemical D. organ

Organismal (a)

Which of the following represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive? organismal level molecular level organ system level chemical level

Organismal Level

Negative Feedback

Output shuts off the original effect or reduces its intensity

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid? hydrophobic molecules fatty acid tails phosphate heads of phospholipids cholesterol

Phosphate heads of phospholipids

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane? carbohydrates phospholipids water cholesterol

Phospholipids Although phospholipids have a polar head, the long fatty acid tails are nonpolar, making the membrane mostly nonpolar.

When a cell extends the cell membrane to enclose fluid and then bring that fluid inside the cell, that process is known as: ___ phagocytosis pinocytosis facilitated diffusion transcytosis

Pinocytosis

Referring to control methods of homeostasis, ____________ feedback occurs when the output (product) increases or enhances the original stimulus. A. positive B. negative C. long standing D. variable

Positive (a) - Referring to control methods of homeostasis, positive feedback occurs when the output (product) increases or enhances the original stimulus. Examples: blood clotting, labor contractions, milk production for nursing babies

Mitochondria ________. A. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell B. are found within the nucleus of all cells C. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP D. produce most of the cell's ATP needed to power all chemical reactions

Produce most of the cell's ATP needed to power all chemical reactions (d)

The Urinary System functions to remove Nitrogen-containing waste products from the blood. Urea is a breakdown product of _________ metabolism. A. protein B. triglycerides C. nucleic acids D. polysaccharides

Protein (a) - Amino acids within proteins contain a Nitrogen group that is difficult for the body to remove unless converted to the stable urea molecule. - Urea is filtered from blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine. - The urinary system is composed of the right and left kidneys, 2 ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.

4 Organic Compounds

Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

The basic structural material of the body consists of ________. A. Nucleic acids. B. Proteins. C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids.

Proteins (b)

Functions of the urinary system include: kidneys filter blood to: ________ A. remove carbon dioxide from blood and any other toxins (all to be secreted into urine) B. maintain water levels (increase urine production) and remove Carbon dioxide C. remove waste products (urea) and produce hormones such as insulin D. remove waste products (ex: urea) and maintain blood pressure by regulating water content of blood

Remove waste products (ex: urea) and maintain blood pressure by regulating water content of blood (d) Urinary system contains- 2 kidneys that filter blood and produce urine that flows through 2 ureters to be stored in the urinary bladder

Which organ system contains the pharynx, the larynx and the trachea? A. lymphatic immune system B. integumentary system C. digestive system D. endocrine system E. respiratory system

Respiratory System (e)

With regards to a set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ a physiological value to the set point or normal limit. A. There is not enough information to answer this question. B. decreases C. increases D. returns

Returns (d) - Regardless of the direction of the initial disturbance, returning to the original set point or normal limit is negative feedback.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell? ribosome cytoplasm plasma membrane nucleus

Ribosome Ribosomes are organelles and they are located within one of the major components of the cell.

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins? smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes Proteins are synthesized at ribosomes. Free ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm and produce soluble proteins that function in the cytosol, as well as those imported into mitochondria and some other organelles. Fixed ribosomes, which stud the rough endoplasmic reticulum, synthesize proteins destined either for incorporation into the cell membrane or lysosomes, or for export from the cell.

4 Abdominal Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? A. transverse B. sagittal C. frontal D. regional

Sagittal (b)

Which body plane would divide the right lung from the left lung? A. coronal B. transverse C. sagittal D. frontal

Sagittal (c)

Which body plane would divide the appendix from the spleen? A. coronal B. sagittal C. frontal D. transverse

Sagittal (d)

Which type of transport mechanism does not require a protein channel? A. both simple and facilitated diffusion do not require a protein B. simple diffusion C. active transport D. facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion

Where is collagen found?

Skin, bones, tendons, ligaments

Fibrous Protien

Strand-like or ropelike in shape - used for structural support, strength

Where do you find "interstitial fluid" in the human body? A. within blood (plasma) B. surrounding or in between cells C. cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds brain D. intracellular (within cells) E. within intestinal tract

Surrounding or in between cells (b)

Lymphedema

Swelling of tissues due to blockage of lymph vessels. - Lymph vessels play a vital role in returning excess fluids to blood stream

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite variations in world outside

Which would be an example of maintaining a boundary? A. integumentary system B. cell membrane C. the skin and the endocrine system D. the cell membrane and integumentary system E. lymphatic/immune system

The cell membrane and integumentary system (d)

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells? A. The cells will rupture. B. Extracellular fluids do not impact cell size, because cells contain intracellular fluid. C. The cells will swell. D. The cells will lose water and shrink.

The cells will lose water and shrink. The hypertonic extracellular fluid will draw water out of the hypotonic intracellular fluid, so the cells will shrink. This is called crenulation.

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A. a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell B. a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma C. a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae D. the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

The phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell (d)

Enzymes are substrate specific. What does "substrate" mean? A. the specific substance the enzyme recognizes B. the active part within the enzyme C. end product of the chemical reaction D. part of the cell membrane needed to adjust pH

The specific substance the enzyme recognizes (a) - An enzyme is substrate specific Ex: Lactase is an enzyme that only reacts with lactose (carbohydrate in dairy products) - the sugar, lactose would be the substrate

Pathology

The study of disease processes and disorder of the body

Which of the following best defines Physiology? A. the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities B. the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells C. the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another D. the study of tissues

The study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

Anatomy

The study of the identification, structure and position of internal body parts

Catabolism

This enzymatic reaction is an example of ______________ .

Hypertonic

This would be a _______ tonic solution compared to the cell.

Select all methods that use vesicles for cellular transport: simple diffusion transcytosis Exocytosis facilitated diffusion phagocytosis pinocytosis

Transcytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Pinocytosis

The ________ body plane divides the upper part of the body from the lower part of the body. A. transverse B. longitudinal C. sagittal D. coronal

Transverse (a)

A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte. (T/F)

True

A small, hydrophobic substance or molecule can easily pass through the cell membrane using simple diffusion. (T/F)

True

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. (T/F)

True

Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding ions. (T/F)

True

Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that deals with developmental changes that occur before birth. (T/F)

True

The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution. (T/F)

True

The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration. (T/F)

True

The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. (T/F)

True

The main component of the cytosol is ________. A. salts B. proteins C. sugars D. water

Water (d)

Protein (a) Structure B is an enzyme, which is typically primarily composed of protein.

What is represented by the chemical at B? A. protein B. substrate C. product D. buffer

Substrates (c)

What is represented by the chemicals at A? A. active sites B. catalysts C. substrates D. enzymes

Coronal Suture

Which body plane is used to name this suture? ___________ suture. frontal transverse sagittal coronal longitudinal oblique

Sagittal suture

Which body plane is used to name this suture? ___________ suture. frontal transverse sagittal coronal longitudinal oblique

Glycogen is stored in the human body in: ____________. A. all the abdominal organs B. only within adipose tissue C. within skeletal muscle and the liver D. within the spleen and liver E. within skeletal muscle and the kidneys

Within skeletal muscle and the liver (c) Glycogen is a carbohydrate storage form that is found in the liver and in skeletal muscles.