Human Anatomy and Physiology - Exams
Refer to the illustration. Growth hormone is produced by gland ____.
#1
Refer to the illustration. Which of the structures in the diagram are composed mainly of dead cells?
2 and 8
Refer to the illustration. Which joint allows bones to glide over each other?
3
The graph shows the progress of digestion as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins pass through the digestive tract. The horizontal axis indicates the relative distance along the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. The vertical axis represents the percentage of undigested food remaining as the food moves through the digestive tract. Which of the lines the 1, 2 or 3 represents carbohydrate digestion?
3
If a blood vessel has valves, it is probably __________________.
A vein
The organs for digestion, excretion, and reproduction are located in the ___________ cavity.
Abdominal
A skin disorder caused by blockage of oil glands is called __________.
Acne
Which of the following would not be influenced by cyclic AMP?
Action of steroid hormones
The role of helper T cells in immune response is to _____________________.
Activate two different types of immune system cells
The __________ are tissues where gases from the air and the blood are exchanged.
Alveoli
Which of the following is the final step in using Koch's postulates to demonstrate that a particular agent causes a disease?
An animal infected by injecting the suspected disease agent from an animal with the disease is found also to have the disease agent in its tissues, because a pathogen cultured from the second animal is found to be the same as the pathogen cultured from the first.
B cells in the blood, helped by helper T cells, produce ______________ when stimulated by the presence of a pathogen.
Antibodies
When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitters ________________________.
Are released into the synaptic cleft
Cytotoxic T cells recognize cells that have been infected by viruses ___________________________.
Because the infected cells have the pathogen's antigens on their surface
Bile ____________________________________.
Breaks down globules of fat into tiny droplets
Excessive amounts of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E, and K ______________________.
Can be harmful
Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of _________.
Carbohydrates
Refer to the illustration. Most of the energy in the molecule shown is stored in the _________________.
Carbon-hydrogen bonds
The heart and the blood vessels are separate organs that form the ________.
Cardiovascular system
In a fetus, most bones are originally made of __________.
Cartilage
Gray matter includes __________________.
Cell bodies of neurons
From the smallest functional units to the largest, the body is organized as follows:
Cell, tissue, organ, system, body
The brain and spinal cord are the principal components of the ______________________.
Central nervous system
The higher mental functions, such as reasoning, are mostly carried out in the _________________.
Cerebral cortex
Specialized hearing receptors are found in the _________.
Cochlea
The breathing center in the brain is most sensitive to the ________________.
Concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
Color blindness is caused by faulty or missing ________.
Cones
A ___________________________ recognizes and destroys cells infected by a virus.
Cytotoxic T cell
The total amount of force that a muscle exerts _____________.
Depends on the total number of individual muscle fibers that have been stimulated
The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are the main organs of the __________ system.
Digestive
Mature red blood cells _______________.
Do not have a nucleus
The major function of the ______________ is to carry blood gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Erythrocytes
The redness and swelling associated with the inflammatory response is caused by _________________.
Expansion of lcal blood vessels
When the diaphragm and rib cage muscles relax,
Expiration occurs
Hair grows from specialized epidermal structures called __________.
Follicles
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by cells in the _____________, found on the stomach's inner wall.
Gastric pits
When digestive enzymes eat through part of the stomach lining, such as when Helicobacter pylori is present in large numbers, they cause ___________.
Gastric ulcers
A cluster of capillaries inside a Bowman's capsule, where blood is filtered, is the _______________.
Glomerus
The specialized hearing receptors found in the cochlea are __________ cells.
Hair
HIV causes AIDS by attacking and destroying ______________.
Helper T cells
The iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called _____________.
Hemoglobin
The region of the brain that coordinates the nervous and endocrine functions, including those related to homeostasis is the _______________.
Hypothalamus
Smooth muscle can be found __________.
In internal organs
The point at which a muscle is attached to a bone is called the ____________.
Insertion
Which of the following occurs as air rushes into the lungs from the environment to equalize air pressure?
Inspiration
Which of the following are mismatched?
Insulin-hypothalamus
The dermis of the skin is ___________.
Involved in temperature regulation
Fetal alcohol syndrome ____________________________________.
Is a cluster of physical and mental defects associated with exposure of a fetus to alcohol
Refer to the illustration. Blood in chamber 1 _________________.
Is full of oxygen
The adrenal medulla is different from the adrenal cortex in that the adrenal medulla ____________________________________.
Is stimulated to release its hormones by the nervous system
Refer to the illustration. The portion of the skin labeled "1"
Is the dermis
In negative feedback, the ______________________.
Last step inhibits the first step
Urine, when compared with the initial filtrate, contains ________________________.
Less water, fewer minerals, and more urea
Infections generally result in an increase in the number of ________.
Leukocytes
The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are responsible for __________________________.
Making hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
Refer to the illustration. The material labeled "1," which fills the center and spaces at the ends of bones and produces blood cells, is called _________.
Marrow
Refer to the illustration. The most likely reason for Response II being greater than Response I is that
Memory cells were produced during Response I.
Actin and myosin are the two most abundant proteins in _________________.
Muscle fibers
Tendons connect ___________.
Muscle to bone
Nerve pathways that are used often receive electrical insulators around the axons to make nerve transmission faster and easier. The insulation is called the ____________.
Myelin sheath
Refer to the illustration. The structure shown is a(n) _______________.
Nephron
Dopamine is a substance released into a synapse to carry an inhibitory message. It is therefore classified as a(n) ________________________.
Neurotransmitter
Refer to the illustration. The structure labeled "X" is a ___________________.
Neurotransmitter molecule
Which of the following does not occur when tobacco smoke is inhaled?
Nicotine is immediately converted into vitamin Bv1
The sense of smell is different from the other senses in that its sensory pathways are ____________________________.
Not routed directly through the thalamus
Refer to the illustration. Which of the following structures is used to eliminate wastes and help regulate temperatures?
Not: 5
The body's first line of defense against infection includes all of the following except __________.
Not: Acids in the stomach
Also called adrenaline because it comes from the adrenal medulla, the main hormone for "fight or flight" is __________________.
Not: Cortisol
Which of the following is used to determine whether a person has been infected with HIV?
Not: Determining whether the person has AIDS
Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect _______________.
Not: Loudness
The first line of defense against infection includes _____________.
Not: Neutrophills
Mucous membranes ______________________.
Not: Produce antibodies to combat infection
An oily skin is caused by the secretion of too much _________.
Not: Sweat
The danger in AIDS is that the infected person will be killed by ______________________.
Opportunistic infections
The process by which cartilage is converted into bone is called ________________.
Ossification
Degeneration of cartilage causes _____________.
Osteoarthritis
The wavelike contractions of muscle that move food through the digestive system are called _________________.
Peristalsis
The passage from the mouth to the larynx or esophagus, in humans is called the ___________.
Pharynx
The skin performs all of the following functions except __________.
Production of chemical messengers
The major building blocks of body tissue are supplied by foods containing ___________.
Protein
Yellow bone marrow _____________________.
Provides an energy reserve
The peripheral nervous system _________________________________.
Provides pathways to and from the central nervous system
Which of the following is not a viral disease of humans?
Psittacosis
Marijuana affects the mind and brain and is therefore considered a(n) _______________________________.
Psychoactive drug
The muscle that controls the exit of chyme from the stomach is the ______________.
Pyloric sphincter
Which of the following does not occur when a drug blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters for a prolonged period?
Receptor proteins across the synapse modify across the synapse modify their shape to expel the neuro transmitter molecules
The layer of photoreceptors and other neurons at the back of the eye is called the _____________.
Retina
The heart and lungs are protected by the _____________.
Rib cage
The region between Z lines is called the__________.
Sarcomere
Sensory receptors essential for balance are located in the _________________________.
Semicircular canals
Fat-soluble hormones pass through the cell membrane easily. Such hormones are referred to as _________________.
Steroid hormones
It has been known for a long time that muscle contraction requires ATP. Recently, scientists have discovered that ATP is required in order for the muscle filaments actin and myosin to slide past each other, resulting in muscle contraction. The ATP is specifically required to release the attachments between actin and myosin in the many cycles of attachment, release, and reattachment that result in sliding of these filaments past each other. Which of the following phenomena is explained by this specific role of ATP?
Stiffening of a body after death (Rigor mortis)
The force exerted against the arterial walls when the heart contracts is called _________________.
Systolic pressure
Which of the following does not occur when we hear a sound?
The Eustachian tubes constrict
When a heart attack occurs, the most common reason is ________________.
The coronary arteries are blocked, leaving the cells unnourished
The thin outer layer of the skin is __________.
The epidermis
When an addict stops taking cocaine, the addict's body will not function normally until _______________________________.
The number of receptors in the affected synapses has had time to readjust
When the level of calcium in the blood drops, _______________________________________.
The parathyroid glands secrete a hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone into the blood
Which of the following provides a passage for both food and air?
The pharynx
Which statement about the resting potential of a neuron is true?
There are many times more Na+ ions outside the neuron's membrane than inside
Hormones are essential to maintaining homeostasis mainly because ____________________________________.
They cause specific responses in specific targets
The lungs are located in the ___________.
Thoracic cavity
Mucus is produced by the cells lining the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles ____________________.
To protect against microbes that might be inhaled
Red blood cells ________________.
Transport respiratory gases
Refer to the illustration. If a hormone attached to the receptor protein shown in the diagram, the receptor protein would _____________________________.
Trigger events within the cell
Which of the following filtrates is not reabsorbed in significant quantities back into the bloodstream by the nephrons?
Urea
_______________is the process by which a dead or disabled pathogen (or proteins from that pathogen) is introduced into the body so that an immune response results without actual infection.
Vaccination
Energy reserves are stored in the skin as ___________.
fat cells