Human Anatomy and Physiology - Exams

Refer to the illustration. Growth hormone is produced by gland ____.

#1

Refer to the illustration. Which of the structures in the diagram are composed mainly of dead cells?

2 and 8

Refer to the illustration. Which joint allows bones to glide over each other?

3

The graph shows the progress of digestion as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins pass through the digestive tract. The horizontal axis indicates the relative distance along the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. The vertical axis represents the percentage of undigested food remaining as the food moves through the digestive tract. Which of the lines the 1, 2 or 3 represents carbohydrate digestion?

3

If a blood vessel has valves, it is probably __________________.

A vein

The organs for digestion, excretion, and reproduction are located in the ___________ cavity.

Abdominal

A skin disorder caused by blockage of oil glands is called __________.

Acne

Which of the following would not be influenced by cyclic AMP?

Action of steroid hormones

The role of helper T cells in immune response is to _____________________.

Activate two different types of immune system cells

The __________ are tissues where gases from the air and the blood are exchanged.

Alveoli

Which of the following is the final step in using Koch's postulates to demonstrate that a particular agent causes a disease?

An animal infected by injecting the suspected disease agent from an animal with the disease is found also to have the disease agent in its tissues, because a pathogen cultured from the second animal is found to be the same as the pathogen cultured from the first.

B cells in the blood, helped by helper T cells, produce ______________ when stimulated by the presence of a pathogen.

Antibodies

When a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitters ________________________.

Are released into the synaptic cleft

Cytotoxic T cells recognize cells that have been infected by viruses ___________________________.

Because the infected cells have the pathogen's antigens on their surface

Bile ____________________________________.

Breaks down globules of fat into tiny droplets

Excessive amounts of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E, and K ______________________.

Can be harmful

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of _________.

Carbohydrates

Refer to the illustration. Most of the energy in the molecule shown is stored in the _________________.

Carbon-hydrogen bonds

The heart and the blood vessels are separate organs that form the ________.

Cardiovascular system

In a fetus, most bones are originally made of __________.

Cartilage

Gray matter includes __________________.

Cell bodies of neurons

From the smallest functional units to the largest, the body is organized as follows:

Cell, tissue, organ, system, body

The brain and spinal cord are the principal components of the ______________________.

Central nervous system

The higher mental functions, such as reasoning, are mostly carried out in the _________________.

Cerebral cortex

Specialized hearing receptors are found in the _________.

Cochlea

The breathing center in the brain is most sensitive to the ________________.

Concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood

Color blindness is caused by faulty or missing ________.

Cones

A ___________________________ recognizes and destroys cells infected by a virus.

Cytotoxic T cell

The total amount of force that a muscle exerts _____________.

Depends on the total number of individual muscle fibers that have been stimulated

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are the main organs of the __________ system.

Digestive

Mature red blood cells _______________.

Do not have a nucleus

The major function of the ______________ is to carry blood gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Erythrocytes

The redness and swelling associated with the inflammatory response is caused by _________________.

Expansion of lcal blood vessels

When the diaphragm and rib cage muscles relax,

Expiration occurs

Hair grows from specialized epidermal structures called __________.

Follicles

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by cells in the _____________, found on the stomach's inner wall.

Gastric pits

When digestive enzymes eat through part of the stomach lining, such as when Helicobacter pylori is present in large numbers, they cause ___________.

Gastric ulcers

A cluster of capillaries inside a Bowman's capsule, where blood is filtered, is the _______________.

Glomerus

The specialized hearing receptors found in the cochlea are __________ cells.

Hair

HIV causes AIDS by attacking and destroying ______________.

Helper T cells

The iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called _____________.

Hemoglobin

The region of the brain that coordinates the nervous and endocrine functions, including those related to homeostasis is the _______________.

Hypothalamus

Smooth muscle can be found __________.

In internal organs

The point at which a muscle is attached to a bone is called the ____________.

Insertion

Which of the following occurs as air rushes into the lungs from the environment to equalize air pressure?

Inspiration

Which of the following are mismatched?

Insulin-hypothalamus

The dermis of the skin is ___________.

Involved in temperature regulation

Fetal alcohol syndrome ____________________________________.

Is a cluster of physical and mental defects associated with exposure of a fetus to alcohol

Refer to the illustration. Blood in chamber 1 _________________.

Is full of oxygen

The adrenal medulla is different from the adrenal cortex in that the adrenal medulla ____________________________________.

Is stimulated to release its hormones by the nervous system

Refer to the illustration. The portion of the skin labeled "1"

Is the dermis

In negative feedback, the ______________________.

Last step inhibits the first step

Urine, when compared with the initial filtrate, contains ________________________.

Less water, fewer minerals, and more urea

Infections generally result in an increase in the number of ________.

Leukocytes

The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are responsible for __________________________.

Making hormones that regulate blood sugar levels

Refer to the illustration. The material labeled "1," which fills the center and spaces at the ends of bones and produces blood cells, is called _________.

Marrow

Refer to the illustration. The most likely reason for Response II being greater than Response I is that

Memory cells were produced during Response I.

Actin and myosin are the two most abundant proteins in _________________.

Muscle fibers

Tendons connect ___________.

Muscle to bone

Nerve pathways that are used often receive electrical insulators around the axons to make nerve transmission faster and easier. The insulation is called the ____________.

Myelin sheath

Refer to the illustration. The structure shown is a(n) _______________.

Nephron

Dopamine is a substance released into a synapse to carry an inhibitory message. It is therefore classified as a(n) ________________________.

Neurotransmitter

Refer to the illustration. The structure labeled "X" is a ___________________.

Neurotransmitter molecule

Which of the following does not occur when tobacco smoke is inhaled?

Nicotine is immediately converted into vitamin Bv1

The sense of smell is different from the other senses in that its sensory pathways are ____________________________.

Not routed directly through the thalamus

Refer to the illustration. Which of the following structures is used to eliminate wastes and help regulate temperatures?

Not: 5

The body's first line of defense against infection includes all of the following except __________.

Not: Acids in the stomach

Also called adrenaline because it comes from the adrenal medulla, the main hormone for "fight or flight" is __________________.

Not: Cortisol

Which of the following is used to determine whether a person has been infected with HIV?

Not: Determining whether the person has AIDS

Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect _______________.

Not: Loudness

The first line of defense against infection includes _____________.

Not: Neutrophills

Mucous membranes ______________________.

Not: Produce antibodies to combat infection

An oily skin is caused by the secretion of too much _________.

Not: Sweat

The danger in AIDS is that the infected person will be killed by ______________________.

Opportunistic infections

The process by which cartilage is converted into bone is called ________________.

Ossification

Degeneration of cartilage causes _____________.

Osteoarthritis

The wavelike contractions of muscle that move food through the digestive system are called _________________.

Peristalsis

The passage from the mouth to the larynx or esophagus, in humans is called the ___________.

Pharynx

The skin performs all of the following functions except __________.

Production of chemical messengers

The major building blocks of body tissue are supplied by foods containing ___________.

Protein

Yellow bone marrow _____________________.

Provides an energy reserve

The peripheral nervous system _________________________________.

Provides pathways to and from the central nervous system

Which of the following is not a viral disease of humans?

Psittacosis

Marijuana affects the mind and brain and is therefore considered a(n) _______________________________.

Psychoactive drug

The muscle that controls the exit of chyme from the stomach is the ______________.

Pyloric sphincter

Which of the following does not occur when a drug blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters for a prolonged period?

Receptor proteins across the synapse modify across the synapse modify their shape to expel the neuro transmitter molecules

The layer of photoreceptors and other neurons at the back of the eye is called the _____________.

Retina

The heart and lungs are protected by the _____________.

Rib cage

The region between Z lines is called the__________.

Sarcomere

Sensory receptors essential for balance are located in the _________________________.

Semicircular canals

Fat-soluble hormones pass through the cell membrane easily. Such hormones are referred to as _________________.

Steroid hormones

It has been known for a long time that muscle contraction requires ATP. Recently, scientists have discovered that ATP is required in order for the muscle filaments actin and myosin to slide past each other, resulting in muscle contraction. The ATP is specifically required to release the attachments between actin and myosin in the many cycles of attachment, release, and reattachment that result in sliding of these filaments past each other. Which of the following phenomena is explained by this specific role of ATP?

Stiffening of a body after death (Rigor mortis)

The force exerted against the arterial walls when the heart contracts is called _________________.

Systolic pressure

Which of the following does not occur when we hear a sound?

The Eustachian tubes constrict

When a heart attack occurs, the most common reason is ________________.

The coronary arteries are blocked, leaving the cells unnourished

The thin outer layer of the skin is __________.

The epidermis

When an addict stops taking cocaine, the addict's body will not function normally until _______________________________.

The number of receptors in the affected synapses has had time to readjust

When the level of calcium in the blood drops, _______________________________________.

The parathyroid glands secrete a hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone into the blood

Which of the following provides a passage for both food and air?

The pharynx

Which statement about the resting potential of a neuron is true?

There are many times more Na+ ions outside the neuron's membrane than inside

Hormones are essential to maintaining homeostasis mainly because ____________________________________.

They cause specific responses in specific targets

The lungs are located in the ___________.

Thoracic cavity

Mucus is produced by the cells lining the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles ____________________.

To protect against microbes that might be inhaled

Red blood cells ________________.

Transport respiratory gases

Refer to the illustration. If a hormone attached to the receptor protein shown in the diagram, the receptor protein would _____________________________.

Trigger events within the cell

Which of the following filtrates is not reabsorbed in significant quantities back into the bloodstream by the nephrons?

Urea

_______________is the process by which a dead or disabled pathogen (or proteins from that pathogen) is introduced into the body so that an immune response results without actual infection.

Vaccination

Energy reserves are stored in the skin as ___________.

fat cells