Human Anatomy: Chapter 5 - The Integumentary System
Which of the following best describes the dermal plexus skin structure?
Blood vessels that nourish the hypodermis and deeper dermis
What structure is formed when clusters of melanocytes are transformed into melanin-containing cells (nevus cells)?
Mole
The stratum granulosum consists of how many layers of flattened keratinocytes?
1-5
If a woman was burned on her entire anterior right upper limb and her entire anterior right lower limb, approximately what percentage of her body was burned? 27% 18% 9% 13.5%
13.5%
Which of the following best describes the papillary layer skin structure?
20 percent of the dermis; areolar connective tissue (CT)
What is the timeframe from the birth of a keratinocyte to its eventual wearing away?
35-45 days
What is the "rule of nines"?
A quick way to determine how much of the skin's surface has been burned
What is the "Rule of Nines"?
A quick way to determine how much of the skin's surface has been burned.
Melanoma is recognized clinically by the __________ rule.
ABCD
In what location can the epidermal cell type or structure keratinocytes be found? Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum All epidermal strata
All epidermal strata
The stratum spinosum contains which of the following? Keratinocytes Dendritic cells Pre-keratin Keratinocytes and dendritic cells All of these
All of these
As a dermatologist, you see a young man with a light complexion and heavy freckle development. You may want to caution him___________. that people of fair complexion are more prone to sun damage. to use sunscreen. to avoid excess sunlight. All.
All.
subcutaneous injection
An injection given under the skin
The hypodermis consists of which tissue type(s)?
Areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue
The ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma is which of the following?
Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
After examining the growth on his nose, Rick's doctor tells him it is most likely a basal cell carcinoma. Rick's concern is abated when his doctor tells him this is not necessarily something to be worried about. Which of the following statements are true of basal cell carcinomas? Select all that apply. Basal cell carcinoma is malignant. Basal cell carcinoma typically originates in cells of the stratum basale. Basal cell carcinoma spreads quickly but if caught early on can be successfully removed Basal cell carcinoma never spreads beyond the epidermis. Basal cell carcinoma only occurs in skin of the face.
Basal cell carcinoma is malignant. Basal cell carcinoma typically originates in cells of the stratum basale.
Which of the following best describes the subpapillary plexus skin structure?
Blood vessels supplying the superficial dermis and epidermis
Persistent friction causes a thickening of the epidermis called a __________.
Callus
Which of the following is the best cellular characteristic for stratum basale?
Cells are actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the other layers.
What is the definition of the integumentary system disorder of basal cell carcinoma?
Cells of the stratum basale proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis, causing tissue erosions there.
What is the meaning or description for the clinical term alopecia?
Condition involving absence or loss of hair
The outermost layer of the hair is called the
Cuticle
The proximal nail fold projects onto the nail body as the __________.
Cuticle
Which of the following statements is false concerning skin pigmentation? Dark-skinned individuals have more melanocytes in their epidermis Basal keratinocytes contain more melanin than melanocytes. The pinkness of Caucasian skin is caused by hemoglobin showing through the almost transparent epidermis. Melanin is the most important pigment and is made from the amino acid tyrosine.
Dark-skinned individuals have more melanocytes in their epidermis
Which of the following best describes the reticular layer skin structure?
Dense irregular connective tissue (CT); 80 percent of the thickness of the dermis
Which skin structures function in temperature regulation?
Eccrine sweat glands and vascular plexuses
A decrease in the production of melanin in a hair results in hair that is __________.
Grey
Why can humans dissipate heat so well compared to other animals?
Humans have more extensive dermal blood vessels than any other animal.
Why can humans dissipate heat so well, compared to other animals?
Humans have more extensive dermal blood vessels than any other animal.
Which of the following is the clinical meaning or description of the terms boils and carbuncles?
Infection and inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands that has spread into the underlying hypodermis
Which of the following best describes the hypodermis, the skin structure?
It anchors the skin to the underlying structures.
Which of the following cellular characteristics best describes the stratum corneum?
It consists of dead cells, which are flat membranous sacs filled with keratin; glycolipids exist in the extracellular spaces.
Which of the following best describes a root hair plexus, the skin appendage?
It is a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around a hair bulb.
Which of the following best describes the lunule, the skin appendage?
It is a region of thickened nail matrix.
Which of the following best describes the cuticle, the skin appendage?
It is a single layer of flattened, overlapping cells, and it prevents hair from matting.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the hypodermis?
It is the primary layer affected by decubitus ulcers.
Which of the following best describes the skin appendage of apocrine sweat gland?
It produces viscous, proteinaceous, and sometimes milky sweat that takes on a musky smell; it is found in axillary and pubic regions.
Which is the best description for the skin appendage of the sebaceous gland?
It undergoes a process called holocrine secretion.
Which of the following is the best description of apocrine sweat glands, the skin appendage?
Larger coiled versions of a simple tubular gland whose ducts open into hair follicles
Modified sweat glands in the breasts are __________ glands.
Mammary :D
Which of the following best describes ceruminous glands, the skin appendage?
Modified version of coiled, simple tubular glands, which are located in the lining of the external ear canal
Which of the following statements is true concerning skin pigmentation? Melanin may be yellow, brown, or black, which contributes to differences in skin pigmentation among different groups of people. In light-skinned people, melanin is digested by tyrosinase. Carotene is the most important of the pigments contributing to skin color. Dark-skinned individuals have more melanocytes in their epidermis.
Melanin may be yellow, brown, or black, which contributes to differences in skin pigmentation among different groups of people.
The cells responsible for producing and adding pigment to the epidermis are the
Melanocytes
mammary glands
Milk-producing glands in the breast
Rick asks the doctor about an old tattoo he has on his left arm. He would like to have it removed, but the doctor tells him it is not a simple procedure. Why? An acid wash that burns and destroys the epidermal layer of skin can remove the tattoo but will leave a scar. The only way to remove a tattoo is to cut out the inked area of skin. Repeatedly exfoliating (scrubbing) the outer layer of the skin will remove it, but it will take many repeated attempts. Most ink pigments can be removed using lasers, but this requires several painful treatments.
Most ink pigments can be removed using lasers, but this requires several painful treatments.
Which portion(s) of Rick's toe must have been damaged if the toenail is no longer continuing to grow?
Nail matrix
Which of the following molecules is not found in the strata of the epidermis? Melanin Lamellated granules Sebum None of these
None of these
Both sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands begin functioning under the influence of androgens at __________. (enter a specific stage of life)
PUBERTYYYYYY (The stage where I became even hotter).
What is the meaning or description for the clinical term impetigo?
Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions caused by a Staphylococcus infection
The ________ is an example of dense irregular connective tissue.
Reticular dermis
In which layer of the skin are sebaceous glands located?
Reticular layer of the dermis
Lines of cleavage, or tension lines of the skin, are found in which integumentary layer?
Reticular layer of the dermis
Which of the following best describes nails, which are a skin appendage?
Scale-like modification of the epidermis
Ducts from the ________ empty into hair follicles.
Sebaceous glands
Which of the following is the best description of sebaceous glands, the skin appendage?
Simple branched alveolar glands with several alveoli opening into a single duct into hair follicles
Eccrine sweat glands are coiled versions of what type of exocrine gland?
Simple tubular
carcinoma
Skin cancer arising in the stratum basale is called basal cell
What is the clinical meaning or description of the term cold sores?
Small, painful, fluid-filled blisters caused by the herpes simplex virus
Identify the tissue types that make up the layers of the skin from superficial to deep.
Stratified squamous epithelium; areolar connective tissue; dense irregular connective tissue
melanocytes
The cells that produce melanin
In what location can melanocytes be found?
Stratum basale
The thick cells of the palm and foot have a thicker layer of
Stratum corneum
In what location can the epidermal cell type or structure keratohyalin be found?
Stratum granulosum
Which layer of the epidermis occurs only in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
In what location can the epidermal cell type or structure dendritic cells be found?
Stratum spinosum
Pre-keratin filaments are abundantly found in which epidermal stratum or strata?
Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
Which of the following is not an appendage of the integument? Teeth Hair Sudoriferous glands Nails
Teeth
dermis
The deep layer of skin
What happens when someone gets a blister? Persistent friction causes a thickening of the epidermis. Cells shrink, but hold tight at many desmosomes. The dermis and epidermis are separated by a fluid-filled pocket. None.
The dermis and epidermis are separated by a fluid-filled pocket.
What is the definition of the integumentary system disorder of melanoma?
The most dangerous type of skin cancer, which can originate wherever there is pigment
Apocrine sweat glands are distinguished by which of the following? They are confined to the genital, axillary, and anal regions. They are a specialized form of a sebaceous gland. Their activity is highest during childhood. They are located over the entire surface of the body.
They are confined to the genital, axillary, and anal regions.
Which of the following best describes eccrine sweat glands, the skin appendage?
They are the most numerous type of sweat gland; they secrete "true sweat."
Which of the following best describes lines of cleavage, the skin structure?
They run longitudinally in the skin of the limbs and head and in circular patterns around the neck and trunk.
What is the role of lamellated granules in the stratum granulosum?
They secrete a waterproofing glycolipid into the extracellular space that slows water loss across the epidermis.
In what way is thin skin different from thick skin?
Thick skin contains an additional layer (stratum).
What is the definition for the integumentary system disorder of second-degree burn?
Tissue damage to the epidermis and upper portion of the dermis
What is the definition for the integumentary system disorder of first-degree burn?
Tissue damage to the epidermis only
The body hair of women and children is of what type?
Vellus
They are located over the entire surface of the body.
Vellus
Components of sweat secreted by eccrine glands include the following except __________.
amino acid
Skin color is due to __________.
carotene, melanin, and hemoglobin
The __________ layer is absent in fine hairs.
medulla
Burns that damage the epidermis and superficial region of the dermis are categorized as __________.
second-degree burns
dermal blood vessels
temperature regulation
The dermis of the skin has the following functional characteristics except __________.
that its dermal plexus nourishes the most superficial layers of the epidermis
What is true of all epidermal cell layers superficial to the stratum granulosum?
they are DEAD
If hair is oval in cross-section, this indicates that the hair is __________.
wavy
45% (The anterior surface of each lower limb constitutes 9% of the body surface; the posterior surface of each lower limb is another 9%. The right upper limb is 9% of the body surface (4.5% anterior, 4.5% posterior). Therefore, 9% × 5 = 45%)
Using the rule of nines, approximate the percentage of burned area if a person suffers burns on his or her right upper limb and both lower limbs 22.5% 36% 45% 75%
Apocrine sweat glands are involved with all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
encoding genes for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
hair matrix
epithelial cells in the hair bulb that proliferate to form the hair shaft
Which of the following is an accurate description of sweat?
filtrate of blood, released by exocytosis, contains metabolic wastes.
sebum
oily product that helps make skin smooth and hair glossy
The __________ layer of the dermis includes dermal papillae.
papillary
Arrector pili muscles extend from the __________
superficial dermis to a deep-lying hair follicle
The __________ are hemisphere-shaped cells that are distributed sparsely and are intimately associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending.
tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
The body hairs of men, as well as pubic and axillary hairs, are __________ hairs.
terminal
You are looking at a slide of skin under the microscope. You accurately determine that you are looking at a mole by the increased numbers of melanocytes in the______________.
stratum basale (Melanocytes are found in the stratum basale)
The patient least likely to develop a bedsore would be which of the following? A 45-year-old patient in a coma. A 10-year-old who has strep throat and a fever of 102 degrees. A 34-year-old female who is in a wheelchair after a motor vehicle accident. An 87-year-old male who lays in bed most of the time because of Alzheimer's disease.
A 10-year-old who has strep throat and a fever of 102 degrees.
Which of the following cellular characteristics is best descriptive of the stratum granulosum?
Cells are flattened, with deteriorating organelles; the cytoplasm is full of keratohyalin and lamellated granules.
Which of the following is the best description for stratum spinosum?
Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.
Which statement is FALSE concerning the skin's role in protection? The epidermis is waterproof, preventing unnecessary water loss. The skin insulates the body's deeper organs. Cells in the dermis produce pigments that protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The skin protects the body from invading microorganisms.
Cells in the dermis produce pigments that protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
__________ ridges increase friction and the gripping ability of the hands and feet.
Epidermal
What is the fate of melanin above the stratum basale in light-skinned people?
It is digested by lysosomes.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the hypodermis?
It is distributed differently in males and females.
What is the fate of melanin above the stratum basale in dark-skinned people?
It occupies keratinocytes throughout the epidermis.
Which of the following epidermal cells are the most abundant, are tightly connected to one another by a large number of desmosomes, and arise from cells that undergo almost continuous mitosis? Keratinocytes Melanocytes Tactile epithelial cells Dendritic cells
Keratinocytes
Which type of cell is found in all layers of the epidermis? Keratinocytes Dendritic cells Tactile epithelial cells Melanocytes Hemoglobin cells Reticular fiber cells
Keratinocytes
What is the importance of vitamin D synthesis in the epidermis?
Vitamin D is required for the uptake of calcium from the diet and, thus, is important to healthy bones.
What is the importance of vitamin D synthesis in the epidermis?
Vitamin D is required for the uptake of calcium from the diet, and thus is important to healthy bones
melanocyte
Which cell shown here produces pigments responsible for skin color? tactile epithelial cell dendritic cell melanocyte keratinocyte
Nail matrix.
Which part of the nail is the active growing area? Nail bed. Free edge of nail. Root of nail. Nail matrix.
As a certified nursing assistant, you are charged with watching the skin health of your patients. You should make sure that patients who have poor circulation and are confined to bed change their position____________.
at least every 2 hours
Which type of skin cancer is the least malignant? squamous cell carcinoma Each type of skin cancer is equally malignant. basal cell carcinoma melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
subpapillary plexus
blood vessels supplying the superficial dermis and epidermis
dermis
body stocking; considered as our "hide"
epidermal ridges
create fingerprints; are "sweat films;" friction ridges
The immediate threat to life from serious burns is __________.
dehydration
Cells that police the outer body surface and take up foreign antigens that have invaded the epidermis are __________.
dendritic cells
reticular layer
dense irregular CT; 80% of the dermis
Thick skin __________ covers the surface of the body, except for the palms and soles. contains an additional layer (stratum). has more abundant hair follicles. has a different distribution of collagen fibers when compared to thin skin. has a thicker stratum granulosum and stratum corneum than thin skin.
has a thicker stratum granulosum and stratum corneum than thin skin. contains an additional layer (stratum).
root hair plexus
knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around a hair bulb
Most aspects of skin aging are caused by "photoaging." Characteristics of photoaged skin include __________. liver spots and decreased amount of collagen in the dermis thinner, but unwrinkled presence of lanugo presence of vernix caseosa
liver spots and decreased amount of collagen in the dermis
Functions of keratin in the skin include __________. functioning as a touch receptor. using receptor-mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins. traveling to lymph nodes to initiate an immune response. producing antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals.
producing antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals
The stratum corneum __________.
provides protection and water resistance to the skin
lunula
region of thickened nail matrix
Which of the following statements is correct regarding Melanocytes? They __________. respond to UV radiation by increasing production of melanin. are the only epidermal cells that contain melanin. are one cell type that produces antibiotics that detoxify harmful chemicals. are not present in the epidermis of light-skinned individuals.
respond to UV radiation by increasing production of melanin
Melanocytes __________.
respond to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by increasing the production of melanin
lines of cleavage
run longitudinally in the skin of the limbs and in circular patterns around the neck and trunk
cuticle
single layer of flattened, overlapping cells; prevents hair from matting
If hair is round in cross section that indicates that the hair is __________.
straight
A burn that consumes the entire thickness of the skin and appears white, red, or black is a __________-degree burn.
thid
glassy membrane
where the epithelial root sheath meets the connective tissue root sheath
