Human Anatomy- Exam 4

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

Astrocytes

The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry information regulating skeletal muscle tone is/are the

Medial and lateral pathways

A major center concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the

Medulla oblongata

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called

Microgilia

Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct?

The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated.

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because

The blood could compress against the soft tissue of the brain

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

Withdrawl

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?

acetylcholine

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation?

arachnoid granulations

During an EEG, alpha waves

are characteristic of normal resting adults

Monosynaptic reflexes

are exemplified by the stretch reflex.

Interneurons

are found only in the central nervous system.

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are

associations areas

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

baroreceptors

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Olfactory receptors are examples of

chemoreceptors

Neurons in the respiratory centers of the brain that respond to pH are examples of

chemoreceptors.

________ deafness results from conditions in the middle ear that block the normal transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

conduction

A mixed nerve

contains both sensory and motor neurons.

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain?

ependymal cells

Temperature senses use two types of

free nerve endings

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the

number of sensory receptors in the region of the body.

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by

oligodendrocytes.

The conscious awareness of a sensation is called

perception

The movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the

perilymph of the scala vestibuli.

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic nerve

The daily day/night cycle known as a circadian rhythm involves the

pineal gland

The frequency of a sound is indicated to the nervous system by the

region of the basilar membrane of the spiral organ that is stimulated.

Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease?

the basal nuclei and the midbrain

The resting potential of a neuron is

-70mV

The tympanic membrane vibrates to frequencies between

20-20,000 Hz

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels

3,1,2,4

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine. 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. 4. Axon terminal depolarizes.

4,1,3,2

Which of the following is abnormal in the adult?

Babinski sign

Ascending pathways

Carries sensory information to the brain

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

Central nervous system

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the

Cerebellum

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the

Cerebrum

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

Depolarization

The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands.

Diencephalon

Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation?

In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane.

Which of the following is the most sensitive body region?

Face

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following?

Hypolarization

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called

Multi-polar

The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the

Olfactory

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.

Pia mater

Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

Sending signals to muscles

Your grandmother who lives in an assisted living facility is always complaining about how bad the food is. You eat there with her often and find the food to be cooked well and interesting, even though the food is not what you would really prefer. What is the most reasonable explanation for this?

She has fewer gustatory cells in her taste bud receptors.

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

Sweet

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)?

Sympathetic postgangilonic

Lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles) are

Tactile receptors

Ruffini corpuscles are examples of

Tactile receptors

The ________ establishes emotional states.

The limbic system

Motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression is transmitted through which cranial nerve?

VII

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

Vagus nerve

Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.

Vagus nerve

Receptors in the ________ provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration.

Vestibule

Nociceptors

have large receptive fields

Saltatory conduction

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon.

Taste receptors are

modified epithelial cells

Which of the following arrives at the primary sensory cortex?

touch sensations

Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane.