Human Bio Final

One of the first uses of transgenic bacteria involved their production of human:

hormones

If you are blood type A,

you carry antibodies for type B blood.

Which of the following is associated with recombinant DNA technology? A)DNA ligase B)plasmids C)restriction enzymes D)use of bacteria E)all of the above

E)all of the above

Enzymes used to cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA research are

restriction enzymes

Multiple copies of DNA can be produced by

cloning a DNA library, genetic amplification, the use of reverse transcriptase, and the action of DNA polymerase.

When DNA fragments from different sources are mixed together, they begin combining with each other due to:

complementary base pairing

Probes for cloned genes use

complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes.

Gene therapy

offers the possibility of replacing defective alleles with normal ones.

RNA can manufacture DNA via the action of

reverse transcriptase

What is the name given to bits of RNA that act like enzymes to cut up specific mRNA sequences before they can be translated?

ribozymes

In adult humans, red blood cells originate in the

bone marrow

The human genome project seeks to

identify the nucleotide sequence of all human genes.

Hemoglobin contains which element?

Iron

When was the human genome officially sequenced?

2003

About how many quarts of blood does a normal, 150 pound, human adult have?

4-5

All human beings share approximately ________% of their DNA with the rest of the human population.

99

Restriction enzymes a.work at recognition sites. b.function only at "sticky ends." c.produce uniform lengths of DNA. d.function only in genetic laboratories. e.none of these

A work at recognition sites.

Which is a risk that must be assumed when we genetically engineer a living individual? A. All are risks associated with gene therapy. B. On which chromosome will the virus integrate the injected gene. C. The inserted gene may disrupt the normal genetics of the cell. D. Development of an allergic reaction to the viral vector. E. Cancer may be the result of the inserted gene.

A) All are risks associated with gene therapy

Which of the following is a problem associated with traditional vaccines as opposed to vaccines produced by transgenic organisms? A)Traditional vaccines may result in disease symptoms because they contain killed or weakened organisms. B)Traditional vaccines are always in short supply. C)Traditional vaccines must be given in larger quantity. D)Traditional vaccines can only be given after infection; they cannot prevent infection. E)Traditional vaccines are more expensive.

A) Traditional vaccines may result in disease symptoms because they contain killed or weakened organisms.

The production of vaccines using genetically engineered bacteria has a number of problems. These include all of the following except: A)finding bacteria that will take up genetically engineered plasmids. B)locating the desired gene in the genome of the disease causing organism. C)rapid evolution of disease causing microorganisms. D)cost. E)activation of the correct gene in the transgenic bacteria producing the vaccine.

A) finding bacteria that will take up genetically engineered plasmids.

Which of the following substances is not used in DNA sequencing? A) restriction enzymes B) gel electrophoresis C) laser D) DNA polymerase E) primers

A) restriction enzymes

Which of the following is not true regarding the process of gel electrophoresis used in DNA sequencing? A)As DNA fragments migrate through the gel, larger pieces move more quickly than smaller pieces. B)Once the fragments have been run in the gel, a laser is used to identify the various DNA fragments. C)As DNA fragments come off the gel, a graphic representation of the nucleotides in the pieces is displayed on a computer. D)Gel electrophoresis is used after DNA synthesis has been completed. E)An electrical field causes DNA fragments to move through the gel.

A)As DNA fragments migrate through the gel, larger pieces move more quickly than smaller pieces.

Which of the following is not presently possible through recombinant DNA technology? A)creation of unique animals for zoos B)animals that produce human hormones C)splicing of foreign genes into bacteria and animals D)analysis of the structure of DNA E)genetically modified foods

A)creation of unique animals for zoos

Genetic engineering has resulted in plants with many new desired traits. These include all of the following except: A)plants with long, slender stems to resist wind. B)plants with larger leaves to maximize photosynthesis. C)resistance to herbicides. D)resistance to insects. E)resistance to drought conditions.

A)plants with long, slender stems to resist wind.

In humans, which cell does NOT have a nucleus when mature? a. erythrocytes b. lymphocytes c. neutrophils d. eosinophils e. monocytes

A. Erythrocytes

Which cell is NOT the same type as the others? a.erythrocytes b.Neutrophils c.lymphocytes d.Eosinophils e.Monocytes

A. erythrocytes

What biological product is being produced by genetically engineered golden rice?

B carotene

W hich of the following is the function of a primer? A) j oins pieces of DNA together B) a cts as the beginning site for production of a new strand of DNA C) a dds nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA D) c uts DNA at known sites E) f acilitates the production of multiple copies of a DNA segment

B) a cts as the beginning site for production of a new strand of DNA

W hich of the following is not a human protein produced presently by transgenic bacteria? A) g rowth hormone B) h emoglobin C) i nsulin D) f actor VIII E) t issue plasminogen activator

B) h emoglobin

Which of the following human proteins, produced by transgenic bacteria, is used to treat diabetes? A)tissue Plasminogen Activator B)insulin C)factor VIII D)growth hormone E)erythropoietin

B)insulin

_______________ are the most genetically modified organisms that are used by scientists.

Bacteria

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the attachment of nucleotides to a growing complimentary strand? A)plasmidase B)restriction enzyme C)DNA polymerase D)trangenase E)DNA ligases

C) DNA polymerase

Which of the following techniques is not used to transfer or retain foreign DNA in plants? A)Individual plant cells with desired DNA are used to regenerate entire plants. B)Recombinant DNA is shot into plant cells at a high velocity. C)Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are exposed to very high temperatures. D)Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are shocked with high voltage. E)Bacteria with genetically engineered plasmids are taken up by embryonic plant cells.

C)Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are exposed to very high temperatures.

W hich of the following is not true regarding a plasmid? A) P lasmids contain genes needed for bacterial replication. B) A copy of a plasmid is produced by a bacterium every time the bacterium reproduces. C) P lasmids are currently used in recombinant DNA technology because foreign DNA can be incorporated into them. D) P lasmids are part of the main bacterial chromosome. E) A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria.

D) P lasmids are part of the main bacterial chromosome.

A scientist is working in a lab sequencing DNA. After reading the results from a column of gel scanned in a fluoroscope, she determines that the sequence of bases in the newly synthesized DNA is AATTCCCGG. Which of the following would represent the sequence of bases on the complementary strand? A) UUTTCCCGG B) UUAAGGGCC C) GGCCAAATT D) TTAAGGGCC E) AATTCCCGG

D) TTAAGGGCC

Which of the following genetically engineered vaccines is presently on the market? A)vaccine for influenza B)vaccine for HIV C)vaccine for human papilloma virus D)vaccine for malaria E)vaccine for hepatitis B

E) vaccine for hepatitis B

T OR F Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments. During this process, large DNA fragments move longer distances than small DNA fragments when an electric current is applied.

False

T OR F Once a genetic disorder in an adult is treated successfully through gene therapy, it is highly unlikely that the person's children will inherit the gene(s) for the disease.

False

T OR F Techniques associated with genetic engineering can presently be used to successfully treat many forms of human cancer.

False

T OR F The best vectors for transporting genes into human cells are bacteria.

False

T OR F The polymerase chain reaction is a procedure currently used to amplify functional genes and the proteins they produce.

False

One of the main problems associated with treating human diseases through gene therapy is:

Finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types

_____________ is the transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual's body in an attempt to correct a genetic defect.

Gene therapy

______________ is the process by which an organism's genome is deliberately modified.

Genetic engineering

What field of science compares the genomes of different organisms?

Genomics

During genetic engineering small loops of DNA called __________ need to be shuffled from one organism to another.

Plasmids

Which animals were the first to be genetically modified?

Mice

Pharmaceutical companies prefer to genetically engineer large animals with human genes because it may be possible to obtain large amounts of the resulting protein from the animals':

Milk

The genetic variation that exists among humans is mainly due to the differences that exist within their _______________.

Parents

Which species is a potential source of organ transplantation to humans?

Pigs

Which technique is used to mass produce copies of a section of DNA outside of a cell?

Polymerase chain reaction

Once the genomic DNA is identified during the cloning of an animal, what is the next step?

Remove the DNA from the donor cell

Which structure will restrict the growth of viruses?

Restriction Enzymes

During _________________ a researcher will remove the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and insert a nucleus from an adult animal.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Bacteria are very important to the genetic engineering industry because

They reproduce very quickly and they readily take up plasmids containing foreign genes

T OR F Plasmids are useful to scientists involved in recombinant DNA technology because foreign genes can be inserted into the plasmids and then the plasmids can be inserted back into bacteria.

True

T OR F Recombinant DNA technology is used by scientists to produce molecules of DNA that did not previously exist in nature.

True

T OR F Restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering to cut DNA between specific base pairs in a DNA strand, resulting in DNA segments that are then used for further study and analysis.

True

T OR F Since biotechnology is a new science, there are many risks and new responsibilities associated with this new technology.

True

T OR F Some genetically engineered tomato plants produce tomatoes that last longer on the grocery shelf, and some genetically engineered cotton plants are resistant to insects.

True

T OR F The idea of manipulating DNA through cutting and splicing, essential to the science of recombinant DNA technology, is not necessarily a new process since nature has been recombining DNA for billions of years.

True

T OR F Through genetic engineering, it is possible for scientists to identify the sequence of bases in DNA, determine the location of certain genes in DNA, and create more DNA from DNA samples.

True

T OR F Through the science of genetic engineering, it is currently possible for humans to create organisms that do not exist in nature.

True

T OR F Transgenic plants can presently be used for the production of human proteins, including human serum albumin.

True

T OR F Vaccines produced by genetically engineered yeast contain the antigen(s) of the disease-causing organism, not the organism itself.

True

Recombinant DNA research uses plasmids and which of the following as cloning vectors?

Viruses

A collection of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes and incorporated into plasmids is called

a DNA library

Which of the following is NOT a hereditary anemia? a.iron-deficiency anemia b.pernicious anemia c.sickle-cell anemia d.thalassemia

a. iron-deficiency

All but which of the following can occur in the blood? a.digestion of nutrients b.combining of oxygen with hemoglobin c.transport of phagocytic cells d.stabilization of pH e.equalization of internal temperatures

a.digestion of nutrients

T he first successful treatment of a genetic disorder by gene therapy was the curing of Ashanthi DeSilva who had severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Because the engineered cells do not live forever this child must supplement her treatment with regular doses of:

adenosine deaminase

The most common plasma protein is

albumin

The method used to determine which host cells pick up a desired plasmid is the use of

antibiotics.

Vaccines produced by genetic engineering contain

antigen produced by bacteria,

Plasmids

are self-reproducing circular molecules of DNA, are sites for inserting genes for amplification, may be transferred between different species of bacteria, and may confer the ability to donate genetic material when bacteria conjugate.

Genetically engineering bacteria may be used to break down pollutants in the environment in a process known as

bioremediation.

To determine the nucleotide sequence in DNA, scientists now use

automated DNA sequencing.

Which of the following is not true regarding recombinant DNA technology? A) Through genetic engineering, it is possible to transfer genes from one organism into another. B) Humans have been using the techniques of recombinant DNA technology for the past 100 years. C) It is a type of applied science. D) DNA ligase is used to join pieces of DNA together. E) Restriction enzymes are used to cut plasmid DNA and human DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

b) Humans have been using the techniques of recombinant DNA technology for the past 100 years.

Which of the following is not considered a potential problem when using retroviruses as gene delivery vectors? A) Retroviruses must be rendered harmless before being used. B) Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect. C) Retroviruses generally insert foreign DNA into a cell only when the cell is dividing. D) Retroviruses insert their genetic material randomly in the genome. E) Correct answer not given

b) Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect.

Which of the following would represent a way to affect a cell without directly affecting its genes? a. Insert plasmids. b. Inhibit transcription of mRNA. c. Use bioremediation. d. Activate reverse transcription. e. Speed up the action of DNA polymerase.

b. Inhibit transcription of mRNA.

When the oxygen level in the tissues is low, which of the following secretes enzymes that trigger the production of erythropoietin, causing an increase in red blood cell production? a. lungs b.kidneys c.liver d.spleen e.pancreas

b. Kidneys

Which of the following methods of DNA amplification does NOT require cloning? a. reverse transcription b. polymerase chain reaction c. cloned DNA d. reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction e. polymerase chain reaction and cloned DNA

b. polymerase chain reaction

Which of the following enzymes joins the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments? a. reverse transcriptase b. restriction enzymes c. DNA ligase d. DNA polymerase e. transferase

c. DNA ligase

Because it has no introns, researchers prefer to use __________ when working with human genes.

cDNA

New genetic combinations result from

crossing over, sexual reproduction, mutations, exchange of genes between different species.

Which of the following statements about restriction fragment length polymorphism is false? a. RFLPs can be used as a genetic fingerprint. b. RFLPs are based upon variations in alleles at the same locus. c. RFLPs reflect the fact that molecular differences in alleles alter the site where restriction enzymes function. d. RFLPs can be used to distinguish between identical twins. e. RFLPs have greatly increased the number of sites involved in mapping the human genome

d. RFLPs can be used to distinguish between identical twins.

Which statement is true? a. There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in humans. b. There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in bacteria. c. There is no danger in releasing recombinant organisms into the environment. d. Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible. e. It is safe to conduct recombinant DNA research in plants.

d. Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible.

The "natural" use of restriction enzymes by bacteria is to

destroy viral DNA.

The use of RFLPs for "genetic fingerprinting" is based upon

differences of locations where enzymes make their cuts.

During ____________________ DNA fragments are separated based upon ____________________.

electrophoresis; size

Which cell is NOT involved with the defense response?

erythrocytes

The plasma protein associated with immunity is

gamma globulin

Recombinant DNA

has occurred in sexually reproducing forms, can be produced with new biological techniques, occurs with viral infections of various forms of life, and has produced changes that resulted in evolution.

The fragments of chromosomes split by restriction enzymes

have specific sequences of nucleotides and sticky ends.

For polymerase chain reaction to occur,

isolated DNA molecules must be primed and the DNA must be separated into single strands.

The detection of nucleotides as they pass through an automated DNA sequencing machine is by

laser flourescence.

Gene therapy is currently under investigation as a possible way to cure cystic fibrosis. How is the viral vector carrying the normal gene delivered to the affected cells?

nasal spray

Restriction enzymes

often produce staggered cuts in DNA that are useful in splicing genes, are like most enzymes in being very specific in their action, are natural defense mechanisms evolved in bacteria to guard against or counteract bacteriophages, and are used along with ligase and plasmids to produce a DNA library.

Small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria are called

plasmids.

Which cell produces the fibrin used in blood clots?

platelets

The first successful treatment of a human genetic disorder through gene therapy was with a disorder known as:

severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Erythropoietin

stimulates the red bone marrow to generate red blood cells.

A tangelo is a combination

tangerine and grapefruit

A challenge with scientific breakthroughs is that they are rarely accompanied by ___________.

the discovery of the tools needed to study them

One of the main safety guidelines of DNA research is that ________.

the host organisms can only survive under a narrow range of laboratory conditions

Genetically-engineered organisms that carry some foreign genes are said to be

transgenic.

Recombinant DNA technology

uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together.