Human Biology Chapters 11-13
Following a major car accident, the patient is brought to the hospital after losing 3 liters of blood. To save the patient's life, the ER medical staff should transfuse what blood type?
O-
Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
P Wave
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization of the ECG tracing
P wave
thickest wall
artery
venule
drains tissue
What allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
ductus arteriosus
the left and right atrium supply blood to the muscle tissue of the
heart
The primary function of white blood cells is to
help defend the body against infectious organisms.
When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called
hemoglobinuria
The wall between the atria is called the
interaterial septum
which of the following leukocytes are graulotcytes
neutrophil
what vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary veins
the right atrium relieves blood from the ______ circuit through the _________
systemic; superior and inferior vena cava
average life span for a RBC is about
4 months
Following are events that occur during the cardiac cycle. 1. Ventricular pressure increases and exceeds pressure in the arteries. 2. Ventricles fill passively. 3. Atrial relaxation begins. 4. Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles. 5. Pressure in ventricles drops and blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves, forcing them closed. 6. Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed.
4, 3, 6, 1, 5, 2 4. Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles. 3. Atrial relaxation begins. 6. Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed. 1. Ventricular pressure increases and exceeds 5. Pressure in ventricles drops and blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves, forcing them closed. 2. Ventricles fill passively.
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. vena cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6 5. vena cavae 1. right atrium 3. right ventricle 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins 2. left atrium 4. left ventricle 6. aorta
During blood transfusions, which of the following blood types would NEVER cause an agglutination reaction when introduced into an individual with Type A+ blood?
O-
what is the correct sequence of events as a stimulus for contraction moves through the heart a) impulse travels along interventricular septum within AV bundle and bundle branches to Purkinje fibers b) impulse distributed and relayed throughout ventricular myocardium, ventricular contraction begins c) 100 sec delay at AV node; atrial contraction begins d) SA node activity and atrial activation begin e) stimulus spreads across atrial surfaces and reaches AV nodes
SA node activity and atrial activation begin stimulus spreads across atrial surfaces and reaches AV nodes 100 sec delay at AV node; atrial contraction begins impulse travels along interventricular septum within AV bundle and bundle branches to Purkinje fibers impulse distributed and relayed throughout ventricular myocardium, ventricular contraction begins
Which of the following is the correct order in which the electrical impulse travels through the heart in the conduction system? a) SA node, AV bundle, bundle branches, AV node, Purkinje fibers b) SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers c) SA node, AV node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers d) SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with Type AB? a)Type AB blood is known as the universal donor. b)Type AB blood does not contain A or B antigens. C)Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies. D) People with Type AB blood can only receive Type AB blood.
Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
the normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBC's which are also called
agglutinogens
what plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma
albumin
Small tributaries from the branches of the coronary arteries form interconnections called ________.
anastomoses
Insufficient amounts of vitamin B12 in the diet would result in ________.
anemia
____________ are substances often proteins that can trigger an immune response
antigens
The right and left coronary arteries originate at the ________.
aortic sinuses
The valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle is the
aortic valve
due to the refractory period a normal cardiac muscle cell is limited to a maximum rate of how many contractions per minute
approximately 200
The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in the ________ of the cardiovascular system.
arterial vessels
What is a remnant of a short, muscular blood vessel that existed in the fetus?
arteriosum
Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining?
atherosclerosis
Relaxation of the heart chambers is called
diastole
the phase of the cardiac cycle when a chamber fills with blood and prepares for the start of the cardiac cycle is called
diastole
abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues is defined as
edema
Drifting blood clots, air bubbles, or fat globules are called
emboli
innermost layer of the heart wall is the
endocardium
As exercise begins, ________ occur(s) as the rate of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscles increases.
extensive vasodilation
The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?
factor x
rising blood pressure inside the ventricles
first closes the atrioventricular valves and then opens the semilunar valves
Blood leaving the capillaries supplied by the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries flows to the liver through the ________.
hepatic portal system
what extracellular ion imbalance causes powerful and prolonged heart contractions
hypercalcemia
plasma cells of the lymphoid system produce
immunoglobulins
plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes from what
inactive proenzymes
pathway is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot making it larger and more effective
intrinsic pathway
If the AV node does not receive action potentials generated by the SA node, how will it effect the heart
it will establish a heart rate of 40-60 bpm.
Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood?
jaundice
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
what coronary vessel supplies the interventricular septum
left coronary artery
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
during mitral valve prolapse some regurgitation of blood occurs during contraction of the
left ventricle
cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the _______ in _________
left ventricle; one minute
a white blood cell count of 3000 per microliter would indicate what condition
leukopenia
when foreign cells attack the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of
lymphocytes
the muscle layer of the heart is the ________.
myocardium
which of the following sequences correctly states the relative number of each leukocyte type, from highest to lowest in normal blood basophils eosinophil monocyte neutrophil lymphocyte
neutrophil lymphocyte monocytes eosinophil basophil
Which of the following pairs are mismatched? A) eosinophils: allergic reaction B) monocytes: phagocytosis C) neutrophils: antibody production D) basophils: release histamine
neutrophils: antibody production
what sensory neuron monitors the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid
on the surface of the medulla oblongata
The inferior vena cava would receive blood from the _____________________ whereas the superior vena cava would receive blood from the ________________________.
organs below the diaphragm; upper limbs and head
The inferior vena cava would receive blood from the _____________________
organs inferior the diaphragm
EPO is released when
oxygen level in the blood decrease
What is the most superficial layer surrounding the heart
parietal pericardium
A toxin that blocks the stomach's ability to release intrinsic factor would most likely cause
pernicious anemia.
initiate clotting process and help close injured blood vessels
platelets
Considering the arterial supply to the brain, the basilar artery immediately gives rise to the ________ arteries.
posterior cerebral
The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood?
restricting fluid losses at injury site
The primary function of the venae cavae
return blood to the right atrium
which chamber receives blood from the veins of the systemic circuit
right atrium
The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit and pumps it to the ________.
right ventricle
which heart chamber pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circuit
right ventricle
the fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as
serum
Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?
sick cell anemia
autonomic effects on heart rate primarily reflect the responses of the _______ node to ______
sinoatrial ; acetylcholine and norepinephrine
erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones except the
skull and clavicles
The internal iliac artery supplies the ________.
smaller arteries of the pelvis
________ tends to diffuse across the capillary lining, driven by their individual concentration gradients.
solute molecules
What is one way to increase cardiac output
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the
stroke volume
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called ________.
tachycardia
what happens when the left ventricle contracts
the distance between the hearts base and apex decreases and the diameter of the ventricular chamber
periods of cardiac muscle contraction continue until
the plateau ends
what structure does the coronary sinus open
the right atrium near the base of the inferior vena cava
A blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a(n)
thrombus
The ________ supplies muscles and other tissues of the neck, shoulder, and upper back.
thyrocervical trunk
how long after an injury occurs do platelets begin to attach to sticky endothelial surfaces and exposed collagen fibers
within 15 seconds
reticulocytes complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from other mature RBC's about _____ after ending the circulation
24 hours
The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal: 1. coagulation phase 2. fibrinolysis 3. vascular phase 4. retraction 5. platelet phase The correct sequence of these steps is
3,5,1,4,2 3)vascular phase 5)platelet phase 1)coagulation phase 4)retraction 2)fibrinolysis
a single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ______ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2)
4
a microliter of whole blood contains about how many red blood cells
5 million
approximately how long does it take for an action potential to travel from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node
50 miliseconds
individual platelets circulate for how long before being removed by phagocytosis
9 to 12 days
which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles
AV node
Why is the osmotic pressure higher in the blood compared to that in the surrounding interstitial fluid?
Blood contains more dissolved proteins than does interstitial fluid.
Red blood cell production is stimulated directly by
EPO (Erythropoietin)
venipuncture
Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called
what is the ECG characteristic wave pattern appears as the ventricles depolarize
QRS complex
typical medium sized veins
Ranging from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, its tunica media contains several smooth muscle layers, and the relatively thick tunica externa has longitudinal bundles of elastic and collagen fibers.
Which of the following statements is true regarding red blood cells? Red blood cells have a minimum of a six month life span. Hemoglobin cannot be recycled. Red blood cells are not capable of mitosis. An anemic individual would have high hemoglobin content.
Red blood cells are not capable of mitosis.
which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart
SA Node
The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in the
SA node
Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.
Vitamin K
Type AB blood contains
agglutinogen A and B.
The erythrocyte that makes surface A antigens makes ______type(s) of antibodies.
anti B
Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the
atria
the cardiac cycle begins with what event
atrial systole
When blood flow in a capillary bed decreases in response to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by
autoregulation
regarding leukocyte formation which of the following ells are the immediate precursors to each of the mature granulocytes
band cells
which leukocytes have granules that contain heparin and histamine
basophils
the tricuspid valve is located
between the right atrium and the right ventricle
The main pigment that is responsible for the yellow color of urine and the brown color of feces is known as ___________________.
bilirubin
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means
bills plasma contains anti-b antibodies
the function of hemoglobin is to
bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
After merging with the external and internal jugular veins, the subclavian vein becomes the
brachiocephalic vein
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are termed
capillaries
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute is called
cardiac output
what cardiac structure consists of dense bands of elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart
cardiac skeleton
When blood pressure rises, increased output from the baroreceptors stimulates which center?
cardioinhibitory
Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the
carotid sinus
Regarding endocrine mechanisms in cardiovascular regulation, long-term adjustments
cause immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments.
When the ventricles are relaxed, the ________ are loose and there is no resistance to the flow of blood from atrium to ventricle.
chordae tendineae
what process makes it easier for the fibroblasts smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels
clot retraction
function of an atrium is to
collect blood returning to the heart
The average pressure in the right ventricle is ________ the pressure in the left ventricle.
considerably lower than
arteriole
controls blood pressure
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood directly into the
coronary sinus
The visceral pericardium is located where?
covering the outer surface of the heart
platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments
which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow increase in vascular resistance decrease in blood pressure decrease in cardiac output decrease in blood viscosity
decrease in blood viscosity
a patients cardiac output is 5000 mL/min based on a heart rate of 100 beats /min and a stroke volume of 50 mL/beat what is something will not change her output
decreasing HR to 50 and increase SV to 100
Some of the blood that enters the fetal pulmonary trunk is shunted to the aorta via the _______________.
ductus arteriosus
what does the ECG wave tracing represent
electrical activity in the heart
Leukopenia is to leukocytes as anemia is to _________.
erythrocytes
regarding ECG results possible heart muscle enlargement is indicated by
excessively strong depolarizations
what heart sound makes the start of the ventricular systole
first heart sound
energy reserves in cardiac muscles cells are stored as _______ and ________
glycogen ; lipids
Red blood cells result from the divisions of ________, which are multipotent stem cells.
hemocytoblasts
When a chamber fills with blood and is preparing to begin the next cardiac cycle, that chamber is
in a diastole
Which of the following will cause a decrease in blood pressure? increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) increased levels of aldosterone increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increased levels of angiotensin II increased blood volume
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Blood from the viscera and the lower limbs is conducted to the heart through which vessel
inferior vena cava
The vessel that receives most of the blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm is the
inferior vena cava
the primary effect of parasympathetic acetylcholine release is
inhibition
vein
largest lumen
what is the primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development
liver and spleen
which leukocytes are involved in the bodys specific defenses
lymphocytes
Which of the following is an agranulocyte? neutrophil monocyte basophil erythrocyte eosinophil
monocyte
capillary
most permeable
correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation from the following RBC myeloid stem cell erythroblast proerythroblast reticulocyte
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC
the layer of the wall of the heart which contains cardiac muscle tissue blood vessels and nerves is called the
myocardium
which plasma components are used for ATP production growth and cellular maintenance
organic nutrients
the relaxation of capillary sphincters
permit exchange with interstitial fluid
In a process called autoregulation, the ________ relax to a decline in dissolved oxygen levels within a tissue.
precapillary sphincters
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the
red bone marrow
The pH of blood is
slight alkaline
what supplies blood to major sections of the intestinal tract and the pancreas?
superior mesenteric artery
________ refers to the factors that oppose blood flow in the entire cardiovascular system.
total peripheral resistance
what structure is found between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valve
the heart is actually how many pumps
two pumps
individuals with which blood type were once called universal recipients because they lack anti A and anti B antidbodies
type AB
the plasma of which blood type contains anti A antibodies on its RBC's
type B
regarding paternity tests, a man with type AB blood cannot be the father of an infant with which blood type
type O
the superior vena cava would receive blood from the ________________________.
upper limbs and head
Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the
venae cavae.
hemorrhage occurs when the mobilization of
venous reserve
The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the
ventricles
The QRS complex on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular depolarization
what does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing
ventricular depolarization
during what phase of the cardiac cycle are all the chambers relaxed, so that the ventricles fill passively
ventricular diastole
An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the
vertebral
________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.
Diapedesis
