Philosophy Test 1
When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n)
enumerative induction
In the type of argument known as _____, we begin with premises about a phenomenon or state of affairs to be explained; then we reason from those premises to an explanation for that state of affairs.
inference to the best explanation
In an argument the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the
premises
The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the
straw man fallacy
If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be _____.
strong
The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was
Hypatia
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.
an unhealthy soul
Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is
God
For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to
the soul
The fallacy of _____ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.
appeal to ignorance
Words such as consequently, therefore, and as a result are
conclusion indicator words
According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is
impossible
If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as
reductio ad absurdum
A(n) _____ is an assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false.
statement
A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as
the Socratic Method
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _
the appeal to popularity
Apriori
Based on reason
_____ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument.
Equivocation
The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to
Socrates
The law of excluded middle
Something either is or is not
The law of Identity
Something is what it is
The fallacy of _____ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.
slippery slope
A good argument must have
solid logic & true premises
The law of non-contradiction
something cannot both exist and not exist or be true and false at the same time and in the same way
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called
the philosophical method
Metaphysics
the study of the nature of reality
Kalam Cosmological Argument
the universe had a beginning, so it was caused, by God
Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that _____.
the universe is finite in the past and began to exist
For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for
what's true & real
Socrtes preferred death to exile (T/F)
True
Occam's Razor (Law of Parsimony)
When two explanations fit the data equally well, pick the simpler one
A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is
an argument
The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as
appeal to the person
Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible—that is, they give us
arguments
The study of value in the broadest sense (moral, aesthetic, etc.) is known as
axiology
____ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value.
axiology
Aposteriori
based on perception
The fallacy of _____ is trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.
begging the question
Craig says an actually infinite number of things _____.
cannot exist
Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are
deductive
Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as
epistemology
Principle of Sufficient Reasoning
everything must have a reason or cause
Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are
inductive
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of
knowledge
The study of correct reasoning is called
logic
What are our main divisions of philosopy?
metaphysics, epistemology, anxiology and logic.
