Philosophy Test 1

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When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n)

enumerative induction

In the type of argument known as _____, we begin with premises about a phenomenon or state of affairs to be explained; then we reason from those premises to an explanation for that state of affairs.

inference to the best explanation

In an argument the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the

premises

The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the

straw man fallacy

If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be _____.

strong

The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was

Hypatia

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

an unhealthy soul

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is

God

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to

the soul

The fallacy of _____ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.

appeal to ignorance

Words such as consequently, therefore, and as a result are

conclusion indicator words

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is

impossible

If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as

reductio ad absurdum

A(n) _____ is an assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false.

statement

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

the Socratic Method

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _

the appeal to popularity

Apriori

Based on reason

_____ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument.

Equivocation

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to

Socrates

The law of excluded middle

Something either is or is not

The law of Identity

Something is what it is

The fallacy of _____ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.

slippery slope

A good argument must have

solid logic & true premises

The law of non-contradiction

something cannot both exist and not exist or be true and false at the same time and in the same way

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called

the philosophical method

Metaphysics

the study of the nature of reality

Kalam Cosmological Argument

the universe had a beginning, so it was caused, by God

Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that _____.

the universe is finite in the past and began to exist

For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for

what's true & real

Socrtes preferred death to exile (T/F)

True

Occam's Razor (Law of Parsimony)

When two explanations fit the data equally well, pick the simpler one

A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is

an argument

The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as

appeal to the person

Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible—that is, they give us

arguments

The study of value in the broadest sense (moral, aesthetic, etc.) is known as

axiology

____ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value.

axiology

Aposteriori

based on perception

The fallacy of _____ is trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.

begging the question

Craig says an actually infinite number of things _____.

cannot exist

Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are

deductive

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as

epistemology

Principle of Sufficient Reasoning

everything must have a reason or cause

Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are

inductive

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of

knowledge

The study of correct reasoning is called

logic

What are our main divisions of philosopy?

metaphysics, epistemology, anxiology and logic.


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