human development chapter 10
Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning?
Constructivist Direct instruction
What do friendships in childhood often have in similarity?
Educational aspirations Achievement orientations Attitudes toward school
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures?
Level 3
In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.
popular
School has a ______ influence on children's development.
profound
the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and because
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was
Kohlberg.
Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true according to the textbook?
Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders
By the beginning of the elementary school years, children begin to express ideas about ._________________
fairness
In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more
internal.
Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ______.
self-concept
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and because
the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.
True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.
true
Moral character involves which of the following components?
1. Showing dependability, loyalty, conscientiousness. 2. Having integrity to stand up to pressure. 3. Overcoming distractions & disappointments.
By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.
12,000
In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of
12.
What does the discipline situation between parents and children ages 5 to 12 typically involves?
Appeals to the child's self-esteem Statements that the child is responsible for his or her actions Removal of privileges for the child
When Asian and American parents were surveyed, what were their attitudes toward math achievement?
Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent
Moral _________ Involves having the willpower desires in integrity to stand up to pressure overcome distractions and disappointments and behave morally.
Character
Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?
Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?
Domain theory
True or false: Researchers have found that gender stereotyping doesn't begin until children are of elementary school age.
False
Which of the following statements are accurate regarding gender differences in emotion?
Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys. Boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls. Girls are better at decoding emotions than boys. Concept ResourcesRead
Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account.
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.
Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. What is this likely due to?
Her increased skepticism regarding others' claims
Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?
Increasing social comparison Increased recognition of social aspects of self Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description
In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?
Lower levels of anxiety Lower levels of depression Lower level of internalized symptoms
Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true according to the textbook?
Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders.
Researchers have defined moral ___________________as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars.
Personality
________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
Perspective taking
Mr. Xiong, a fifth-grade teacher, encourages his students to share their worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, and interests with each other in his diverse classroom. Which strategy is Mr. Xiong using to promote cooperation among diverse groups of students?
Positive personal contact
reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Postconventional
_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.
Preconventional
What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?
Preconventional Postconventional Conventional
Which of the following statements about self-esteem is FALSE?
Self-esteem reflects accurate, objective assessments of one's achievements and shortcomings compared to others.
According to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary and established to control behavior and maintain the social system?
Social conventional reasoning
______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.
Social conventional reasoning
What does the role of parents as managers involve?
Structuring the family environment Monitoring and encouraging academic progress Setting up routines and schedules
Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO of the following factors?
Taking on the perspectives of others Experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level
Which of the following are TRUE regarding features of the brain in women and men?
The female brain is smaller than the male brain. The female brain has more folds and more surface brain tissue than the male brain.
What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?
There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.
True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.
True
According to Kohlberg's model of moral thinking, development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others
and to experience conflict between one's current stage and higher-stage reasoning.
Some researchers have found that children with a low level of perspective-taking skills engage in less_________________ (prosocial/antisocial) behavior than children with a higher level of these skills.
antisocial
Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are
arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.
In a(n) stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.
blended
In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's ____________perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social
comparison.
When elementary school children think about what they can do in comparison with others, they are involved in social
comparison.
"I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-______.
concept
In the )_____________ approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.
constructivist
In the approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.
constructivist
In Ms. Ahmed's eighth-grade class, the students work collaboratively in groups to discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically about different topics. Ms. Ahmed is most likely using the ___________________approach to education.
constructivist or constructivism
According to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the internal standards of others. (Make sure to spell correctly!)
conventional
reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development
conventional
Self-esteem reflects perceptions that ________ reality.
do not always match
In the ______________________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience
domain
According to Bandura, the concept of - is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. (Watch your spelling!)
efficacy, effaciacy, efficasy, or efficiacy self or self efficacy
Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development.
essentially unimportant
True or false: Prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence.
false
Jane has three children. Joey is 12, Jake is 5, and Jaedyn is 2 years old. Jane spends less time with the older two children. Her role for the oldest children is that of a
gatekeeper.
A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a
gender stereotype.
Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.
global; specific
When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.
have not been directly linked to
Moral exemplars are people who have moral ______.
identity virtues character
Almost one-third of all African American and Latino students attend _____ schools, which continue to be racially segregated, grossly underfunded, and do not provide adequate learning opportunities.
inner city
Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk.
integrity
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's____________ perspective of moral development and argued for a_______________ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
justice care
The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior occurs for ______, with a smaller difference for ______.
kind and considerate behavior; sharing
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures?
level 3
One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to
manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as
managers.
Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as him. "I do twice as many chores as he does!" Hank tells his parents. He expects fairness according to
merit.
According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's
mindset.
According to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of ______ reasoning.
moral
______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong.
moral
Researchers have focused attention on which THREE possible components of moral personality?
moral identity-moral exemplars-moral character
According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.
moral reasoning
According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by ______ internalization.
no
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is
not as important as peer relations.
Moral reasoning asserts that rules are
obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.
Developmentalists have distinguished five __________________statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.
peer
Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school
peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.
Recently, experts have suggested the existence of a ______ domain subject to the child's independent decision making and judgment. It includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities.
personal
Some researchers have found that children with a low level of perspective-taking skills engage in less ____________ (prosocial/antisocial) behavior than children with a higher level of these skills.
prosocial
Which are three areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied extensively?
prosocial behavior, emotion, and aggression
The term _________ ________ describes harming someone by manipulating a relationship.
relational aggression
Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of
self-understanding.
As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of _____ groups or alliances. For example, a boy might describe himself as a Cub Scout.
social
What does the role of parents as managers involve?
structuring the family environmentsetting up routines and schedulesmonitoring and encouraging academic progress
Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______.
suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Comer's approach to improving relationships among ethnically diverse students is to view the school and community as a ,________________ where both work together to educate children.
team player
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral______________ and not enough on moral_____________________.
thought, reasoning, or thinking behavior or behaviors
Why should moral exemplars be studied?
to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development
