human development chapter 10

Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning?

Constructivist Direct instruction

What do friendships in childhood often have in similarity?

Educational aspirations Achievement orientations Attitudes toward school

Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures?

Level 3

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

School has a ______ influence on children's development.

profound

the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and because

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was

Kohlberg.

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true according to the textbook?

Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders

By the beginning of the elementary school years, children begin to express ideas about ._________________

fairness

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more

internal.

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ______.

self-concept

Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and because

the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.

True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.

true

Moral character involves which of the following components?

1. Showing dependability, loyalty, conscientiousness. 2. Having integrity to stand up to pressure. 3. Overcoming distractions & disappointments.

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of

12.

What does the discipline situation between parents and children ages 5 to 12 typically involves?

Appeals to the child's self-esteem Statements that the child is responsible for his or her actions Removal of privileges for the child

When Asian and American parents were surveyed, what were their attitudes toward math achievement?

Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent

Moral _________ Involves having the willpower desires in integrity to stand up to pressure overcome distractions and disappointments and behave morally.

Character

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

Domain theory

True or false: Researchers have found that gender stereotyping doesn't begin until children are of elementary school age.

False

Which of the following statements are accurate regarding gender differences in emotion?

Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys. Boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls. Girls are better at decoding emotions than boys. Concept ResourcesRead

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account.

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. What is this likely due to?

Her increased skepticism regarding others' claims

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood?

Increasing social comparison Increased recognition of social aspects of self Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

Lower levels of anxiety Lower levels of depression Lower level of internalized symptoms

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true according to the textbook?

Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders.

Researchers have defined moral ___________________as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars.

Personality

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

Perspective taking

Mr. Xiong, a fifth-grade teacher, encourages his students to share their worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, and interests with each other in his diverse classroom. Which strategy is Mr. Xiong using to promote cooperation among diverse groups of students?

Positive personal contact

reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Postconventional

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

Preconventional

What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional Postconventional Conventional

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is FALSE?

Self-esteem reflects accurate, objective assessments of one's achievements and shortcomings compared to others.

According to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary and established to control behavior and maintain the social system?

Social conventional reasoning

______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

Social conventional reasoning

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

Structuring the family environment Monitoring and encouraging academic progress Setting up routines and schedules

Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO of the following factors?

Taking on the perspectives of others Experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level

Which of the following are TRUE regarding features of the brain in women and men?

The female brain is smaller than the male brain. The female brain has more folds and more surface brain tissue than the male brain.

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

True

According to Kohlberg's model of moral thinking, development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others

and to experience conflict between one's current stage and higher-stage reasoning.

Some researchers have found that children with a low level of perspective-taking skills engage in less_________________ (prosocial/antisocial) behavior than children with a higher level of these skills.

antisocial

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are

arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.

In a(n) stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's ____________perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison.

When elementary school children think about what they can do in comparison with others, they are involved in social

comparison.

"I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-______.

concept

In the )_____________ approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.

constructivist

In the approach to education, children are encouraged to actively explore their world and discover knowledge and understanding with guidance from their teacher.

constructivist

In Ms. Ahmed's eighth-grade class, the students work collaboratively in groups to discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically about different topics. Ms. Ahmed is most likely using the ___________________approach to education.

constructivist or constructivism

According to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the internal standards of others. (Make sure to spell correctly!)

conventional

reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development

conventional

Self-esteem reflects perceptions that ________ reality.

do not always match

In the ______________________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

domain

According to Bandura, the concept of - is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. (Watch your spelling!)

efficacy, effaciacy, efficasy, or efficiacy self or self efficacy

Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development.

essentially unimportant

True or false: Prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence.

false

Jane has three children. Joey is 12, Jake is 5, and Jaedyn is 2 years old. Jane spends less time with the older two children. Her role for the oldest children is that of a

gatekeeper.

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

gender stereotype.

Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.

global; specific

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to

Moral exemplars are people who have moral ______.

identity virtues character

Almost one-third of all African American and Latino students attend _____ schools, which continue to be racially segregated, grossly underfunded, and do not provide adequate learning opportunities.

inner city

Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk.

integrity

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's____________ perspective of moral development and argued for a_______________ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice care

The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior occurs for ______, with a smaller difference for ______.

kind and considerate behavior; sharing

Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures?

level 3

One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to

manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers.

Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as him. "I do twice as many chores as he does!" Hank tells his parents. He expects fairness according to

merit.

According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's

mindset.

According to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of ______ reasoning.

moral

______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong.

moral

Researchers have focused attention on which THREE possible components of moral personality?

moral identity-moral exemplars-moral character

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.

moral reasoning

According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by ______ internalization.

no

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is

not as important as peer relations.

Moral reasoning asserts that rules are

obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.

Developmentalists have distinguished five __________________statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

Recently, experts have suggested the existence of a ______ domain subject to the child's independent decision making and judgment. It includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities.

personal

Some researchers have found that children with a low level of perspective-taking skills engage in less ____________ (prosocial/antisocial) behavior than children with a higher level of these skills.

prosocial

Which are three areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied extensively?

prosocial behavior, emotion, and aggression

The term _________ ________ describes harming someone by manipulating a relationship.

relational aggression

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of

self-understanding.

As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of _____ groups or alliances. For example, a boy might describe himself as a Cub Scout.

social

What does the role of parents as managers involve?

structuring the family environmentsetting up routines and schedulesmonitoring and encouraging academic progress

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______.

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

Comer's approach to improving relationships among ethnically diverse students is to view the school and community as a ,________________ where both work together to educate children.

team player

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral______________ and not enough on moral_____________________.

thought, reasoning, or thinking behavior or behaviors

Why should moral exemplars be studied?

to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development