Human Growth Ch. 5
Which taste preference develops at about 4 months of age? A.sweet B.sour C.salty D.bitter
C.salty
According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills? A.Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements. B.Motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or maturation. C.Motor skills are initially influenced by biology but become increasingly dependent on environmental factors. D.Infants take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build representations of the world in their minds.
A.Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
Which sound is an infant most likely to hear? A.low-pitched, whisper volume B.low-pitched, conversational volume C.high-pitched, whisper volume D.high-pitched, conversational volume
D.high-pitched, conversational volume
Allan is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration of his retina. He has A.glaucoma. B.presbyopia. C.cataracts. D.macular degeneration.
D.macular degeneration.
Infants start to be able to walk A.as soon as they can make alternating leg movements. B.before they can make alternating leg movements. C.as soon as they can produce forward stepping movements. D.only after they are able to balance on one leg long enough to swing the other leg forward and shift their weight without falling.
D.only after they are able to balance on one leg long enough to swing the other leg forward and shift their weight without falling.
Fifty-two-year-old Curtis is beginning to lose his ability to focus and maintain images on his retina. This condition is known as A.macular degeneration. B.cataracts. C.glaucoma. D.presbyopia.
D.presbyopia.
Adaptive, built-in reactions to stimuli are called A.fine motor skills. B.gross motor skills. C.Moro. D.reflexes.
D.reflexes.
Shawn is 5 years old and sucks his thumb. His mother is worried that thumb sucking will become a lifelong habit. A developmental psychologist would MOST likely advise Shawn's mother to: A.keep Shawn at home for another year before entering kindergarten. B.change her disciplining methods. C.develop a strict behavior intervention plan. D.relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.
D.relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.
From the top of the Ferris wheel, the people on the ground look small, but Allison knows they are regular-sized humans. This is an example of A.accommodation of the eye. B.depth perception. C.shape constancy. D.size constancy.
D.size constancy.
Dr. Jackson measures how long an infant looks at different visual stimuli. Which experimental method is this? A.habituation B.dishabituation C.high-amplitude sucking D.visual preference
D.visual preference
Forty-seven-year-old Dixie is able to read better when she holds the book further from her face. The recent decline in her visual acuity is common among individuals her age and is known as A.glaucoma. B.macular degeneration. C.dark adaptation. D.presbyopia.
D.presbyopia.
Kate, a 12-year-old, and her granddaughter, Pamela, are taking a crocheting class together. Which of the following is a likely outcome? A.Kate is more likely to outperform Pamela. B.Pamela is more likely to outperform Kate. C.Kate and Pamela are likely to perform at the same level. D.It is more likely for Kate to develop nerve damage from overuse of her hands.
A.Kate is more likely to outperform Pamela.
Infant boys often drift into a deep sleep after circumcision. This is most likely A.a mechanism to cope with the pain. B.an indication that infants don't feel pain. C.an indication that infants feel excessive pain in such surgeries. D.an indication that such surgery can sooth the infants.
A.a mechanism to cope with the pain.
Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste _____ birth. A.before B.right after C.by 1 weeks after D.by 6 weeks after
A.before
Al avoids driving at night because it is difficult for his eyes to adjust after he passes oncoming cars. Al is having a problem with A.dark adaptation. B.depth perception. C.presbyopia. D.his blind spot.
A.dark adaptation.
Dr. Dre is interested in how people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and acting. He is taking a _____ in perceptual development. A.dynamic systems approach B.ecological approach. C.nativist approach D.behavioral approach
A.dynamic systems approach
What skills involve movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing? A.fine motor B.gross motor C.reflexes D.perceptual-motor
A.fine motor
Marta is developing new abilities, such as sitting and standing, but is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marta is in her A.first year. B.second year. C.prenatal stage. D.reflex stage.
A.first year.
What is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus? A.habituation B.dishabituation C.visual preference D.affordance
A.habituation
Sensation occurs when information A.interacts with sensory receptors, such as the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. B.is interpreted by the brain. C.affects organs such as the heart and lungs. D.interacts with the brain, but the brain can not make any meaning interpretations.
A.interacts with sensory receptors, such as the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
A significant achievement in an infant's interactions with the environment is the A.onset of reaching and grasping. B.grasping reflex. C.Moro reflex. D.sucking reflex.
A.onset of reaching and grasping.
Baby Ty reaches and grips a toy using his whole hand. This ability is called the A.palmer grasp. B.pincer grasp. C.gross motor skill. D."sticky mittens" experience.
A.palmer grasp.
What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior? A.reflexes B.motor skills C.vision and hearing D.dynamic systems
A.reflexes
The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to _____. A.sound or movement; touch B.touch; sound or movement C.smell; sight D.sight; smell
A.sound or movement; touch
Which reflex enables an infant to obtain nourishment? A.sucking B.Moro C.grasping D.rooting
A.sucking
Fifteen percent of people over 65 are legally deaf usually due to degeneration of the primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear, referred to as A.the cochlea. B.the eardrum. C.the retina. D.glaucoma.
A.the cochlea.
Playing organized sports can have which of the following negative effects on a child? A.undue pressure and stress to achieve and win B.overly developed muscle mass C.decreased cognitive functioning D.increased peer pressure for substance abuse
A.undue pressure and stress to achieve and win
Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent. Independence is important because it: A. is a prerequisite for the development of fine motor skills. B. allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment. C. fosters greater numbers of dendritic connections in muscle tissue. D. allows infants to strengthen the bonds with their primary caregivers.
B. allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment.
Ilene has difficulty negotiating steps and street curbs. She is having a problem with A. dark adaptation. B. depth perception. C. presbyopia. D. a growing blind spot.
B. depth perception.
As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborn's vision is estimated to be A.20/100. B.20/240. C.20/150. D.20/50
B.20/240.
Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory development? A.Infants are more sensitive to the pitch of a sound than adults are. B.Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults. C.Infants cannot distinguish the location from which a sound originates. D.A fetus can hear sounds during only the last 2 weeks of pregnancy.
B.Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults.
Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound. She arches her back, throws back her head, and flings out her arms. Which reflex is she demonstrating? A.sucking B.Moro C.rooting D.grasping
B.Moro
What are the current findings of intermodal perception? A.Intermodal perception is developed early in infancy. B.Newborns are born with some intermodal capabilities, but they improve through experience. C.A person's intermodal perception is not coordinated until middle childhood. D.Experience is not essential to the development of intermodal perception
B.Newborns are born with some intermodal capabilities, but they improve through experience.
Which of the following is true of older adults' experience of touch and pain? A.There are no changes in touch and pain with age. B.Older adults detect touch less in their ankles than their shoulders. C.Older adults detect touch less in their wrists than their knees. D.Older adults rarely report any persistent pain.
B.Older adults detect touch less in their ankles than their shoulders.
Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the rooting and sucking reflexes? A.Both involve avoiding toxic substances. B.Rooting involves locating food; sucking involves eating food. C.Sucking involves eating; rooting involves bonding with a caregiver. D.Rooting involves grasping a food source; sucking involves locating food.
B.Rooting involves locating food; sucking involves eating food.
Which of the following reasons BEST explains why 4-year-old Tanisha might knock over a tower of blocks she is building and start again? A.She fails to place a block squarely on the stack she is assembling. B.She tries too hard to place every block perfectly. C.She makes careless movements because she doesn't pay enough attention to what she is doing. D.Knocking the tower down is more interesting than building it up.
B.She tries too hard to place every block perfectly.
Which of the following statements is true regarding smell and taste in the elderly? A.These senses do not decline as we age. B.Smell declines more than taste. C.Healthy elderly adults are less likely to experience a decline in both smell and taste than unhealthy elderly adults. D.Smell declines, but taste becomes more sensitive as we age.
B.Smell declines more than taste.
Su-Fang would like to hang one picture above her baby's crib. Which of the following would attract the MOST attention from the infant? A.a red circle B.a drawing of a face C.a bright yellow oval D.a bright white square
B.a drawing of a face
Thora's grandson has noticed that Thora uses increasingly brighter colors in her paintings. Thora may be compensating for A.glaucoma. B.a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina. C.a problem with dark adaptation. D.presbyopia.
B.a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina.
Infants are likely to reach motor milestones at different ages depending on the culture. This is probably due to A.the climate. B.activity opportunities. C.the genetic disposition. D.nutrition.
B.activity opportunities.
Eleanor and James Gibson purport that all objects and surfaces offer opportunities for people to perform activities on them. They refer to such opportunities as A.sensations. B.affordances. C.perceptions. D.ecological views.
B.affordances.
A program that has been shown to reduce at-fault accidents in older adults by more than 40 percent is: A.education. B.cognitive training. C.dynamic systems training. D.perceptual-action coupling.
B.cognitive training.
Evangeline is 80 years old and is involved in a program designed to enhance speed of processing in an effort to reduce her risk of crashing while driving. This program involves: A.education. B.cognitive training. C.dynamic systems training. D.perceptual-action coupling.
B.cognitive training.
Rachel Clifton and colleagues (1993) demonstrated that infants A.have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object. B.do not have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object. C.have good control over their fine motor skills as early as a few days after birth. D.cannot use cues from muscles, tendons, and joints to guide their reaching until after they are over 12 months of age.
B.do not have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.
According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory. A.bio-psycho-motor B.dynamic systems C.bio-behavioral D.perceptual systems
B.dynamic systems
Dr. McDreamy is interested in how perception guides action and how action guides perception. He is taking a ______ in perceptual development. A.genetic determination approach B.ecological approach C.natavist approach D.behavioral approach
B.ecological approach
Many preschool children are _____, and first graders ______. A.farsighted; become more farsighted until late childhood. B.farsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects. C.nearsighted; become farsighted until late childhood. D.nearsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects.
B.farsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects.
Infants root in order to A.find something to grasp. B.find something to suck. C.calm down. D.go to sleep.
B.find something to suck
Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings because 4-year-olds have more developed A.grasping abilities. B.fine motor skills. C.gross motor skills. D.palmer grasping abilities.
B.fine motor skills.
Eyedrops are used to treat A.macular degeneration. B.glaucoma. C.cataracts. D.prebyopia.
B.glaucoma.
Third-grader Thania forms her cursive letters in small even rows. What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity? A.better developed gross motor skills B.increased myelination C.bone ossification D.increased muscle development
B.increased myelination
If infants are able to engage in intermodal perception, this means they are able to A.isolate the sensory source of information. B.integrate information across different senses into one unified piece of information. C.sense visual and auditory stimuli at the same time. D.identify information from different senses and keep them separate.
B.integrate information across different senses into one unified piece of information.
Dr. Smith believes that the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is innate. Dr. Smith seems to uphold the A.empiricist view. B.nativist view. C.intermodal perception. D.ecological view.
B.nativist view.
In the Gibson-Walk experiment, most of the babies who were encouraged to crawl across the glass over the visual cliff would A.crawl across it without hesitation. B.not crawl across it. C.crawl across it if their mothers coaxed them. D.crawl across it, but showed a significant increase in heart rate indicating anxiety.
B.not crawl across it.
Six-day-old Shayli who has been breast fed is presented with two nursing pads. One is soaked with her mother's breast milk and the other is clean. Shayli will MOST likely A.show no preference for smelling either nursing pad. B.prefer to smell her mother's nursing pad. C.prefer to smell the clean nursing pad. D.show no response to either nursing pad unless she is hungry.
B.prefer to smell her mother's nursing pad.
We know that fetuses can hear before birth because newborns A.show an aversion to loud noises. B.show preferences for sounds presented repeatedly before birth. C.go to sleep while hearing lullabies. D.respond more when hearing sounds that were not presented before birth.
B.show preferences for sounds presented repeatedly before birth.
Christopher knows that the ball he is holding is smaller than the dog across the street, even though the retinal image of the dog is actually smaller than that of the ball. This is an example of A.perceptual shape constancy. B.size constancy. C.depth perception. D.accommodation of the eye.
B.size constancy.
Baby Jacci, who is 2 days old, is shown four drawings: a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a bright red circle. Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at? A.the oval B.the face C.the square D.the bright red circle
B.the face
Baby Jasmina is sitting in her high chair and picks up Cheerios using her thumb and forefinger. This newfound ability is due to the development of A.the palmer grasp. B.the pincer grip. C.gross motor skills D.reaching ability
B.the pincer grip.
Robert's teacher notices that he keeps blinking his eyes and squinting to see the board. These are signs that Robert may have A.attention deficit disorder. B.vision problems. C.color blindness. D.presbyopia.
B.vision problems.
Infants normally are able to sit, stand, and walk ______, and climb and balance their feet in a squatting position _________. A.within the first 6 months; within the first year B.within the first year; within the second year C.after 18 months of age; after 24 months of age D.after 1 year of age; after 2 years of age
B.within the first year; within the second year
According to the ecological view of sensory-perceptual development, how do we perceive and eventually represent objects in our minds? A. We take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build up representations of the world. B. Environmental stimuli motivate us to fine-tune gross and fine motor movements in order to act. C. We directly and accurately perceive information that exists in the world around us, known as affordances, which guide the way we interact and adapt to the world. D. We first act on the world, and through action, we develop our perception.
C. We directly and accurately perceive information that exists in the world around us, known as affordances, which guide the way we interact and adapt to the world.
About _____ newborns are deaf, and ______ newborns have some level of hearing problems. A.1 in 10; 2 in 10 B.1 in 100; 5 in 100 C.1 in 1,000; 6 in 1,000 D.1 in 10,000; 6 in 10,000
C.1 in 1,000; 6 in 1,000
Miri can walk quickly and run stiffly for a short distance. She loves to stand and kick her soccer ball. Miri is likely between the ages of _____ months. A.9 and 12 B.13 and 18 C.18 and 24 D.36 and 48
C.18 and 24
At what age is an infant able to distinguish male from female faces, discriminate between ethnic groups, and match grandma's voice to her face? A.2 days B.10 days C.3 months D.1 years
C.3 months
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gross motor activity during middle and late childhood? A.Only one child in a thousand can hit a tennis ball over the net at the age of 11. B.Girls usually outperform boys in large-muscle activities until adolescence when the opposite is true. C.Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle activities. D.Children at this age can master activities such as running, climbing, and skipping rope. However, once they master them, they don't find them pleasant and enjoyable anymore.
C.Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle activities.
Which reflex involves many responses from the whole body? A.sucking B.rooting C.Moro D.grasping
C.Moro
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and perception? A.Sensation and perception are independent processes. B.Sensation occurs after perception. C.Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first. D.Perception involves information interacting with sensory receptors, while sensation involves meaningful interpretations.
C.Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first.
William James said that the newborn's perceptual world is "a blooming, buzzing confusion." What did he mean? A.The newborn's environment is loud. B.The newborn has advanced skills in hearing even soft sounds. C.The newborn lacks the perceptual skills to make sense of the surrounding stimuli. D.The newborn can see clearly, but hearing is not well developed.
C.The newborn lacks the perceptual skills to make sense of the surrounding stimuli.
Eighteen-month-old Bridger is running in the park when he reaches a steep embankment. He stops, looks up, and then drops to his hands and knees and begins crawling up. This illustrates the concept of A.sensation. B.perception. C.affordances. D.visual acuity.
C.affordances.
In order for David to realize that he heard the train approaching fast, it has to involve the process(es) of A.sensation. B.perception. C.both sensation and perception. D.neither sensation nor perception.
C.both sensation and perception.
When a 2-day-old infant consistently shows a visual preference for a bull's-eye pattern over a checkerboard pattern, we know that the infant A.has normal 20/20 vision. B.can see fine details as well as adults can. C.can see the difference between the two patterns. D.recognizes circles more quickly than squares.
C.can see the difference between the two patterns.
Will is going to have surgery to remove a thick layer on his eye that is causing cloudy vision. He has A.glaucoma. B.macular degeneration. C.cataracts. D.presbyopia.
C.cataracts.
The "sticky mittens" studies found that A.gross motor development determines fine motor development. B.experience is irrelevant to the development of fine motor skills. C.experience plays a role in the development of reaching and grasping. D.experience plays a role in grasping but not reaching.
C.experience plays a role in the development of reaching and grasping.
Harley's ophthalmologist is glad he came in. She gives him eye drops to treat a buildup of fluid that can destroy his vision if it goes untreated. Harley has A.presbyopia. B.macular degeneration. C.glaucoma. D.cataracts.
C.glaucoma.
Activities that use large muscles develop: A.the grasping reflex. B.fine motor skills. C.gross motor skills. D.the sucking reflex
C.gross motor skills.
Research shows that infants occasionally take a few large steps when walking. These large steps indicate which of the following? A.increased desire for independence B.increased acceleration and speed C.increased balance and strength D.sign of future delay in motor development
C.increased balance and strength
A 3-month-old infant will look more at his mother when he also hears her voice. This is an example of A.bonding between the child and mother. B.shape constancy. C.intermodal perception D.size constancy.
C.intermodal perception
The disease marked by retina deterioration is called A.glaucoma. B.cataracts. C.macular degeneration. D.presbyopia.
C.macular degeneration.
Two-year-old Saunder rubs his eyes, squints, tilts his head, and blinks excessively. Saunder's parents should A.give him more daytime naps. B.encourage more nighttime sleep. C.make an appointment with an ophthalmologist. D.wait for the results of the kindergarten vision screening.
C.make an appointment with an ophthalmologist.
Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robby. He turns his head toward that cheek and opens his mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex. A.sucking B.Moro C.rooting D.grasping
C.rooting
How long does it take for most infants to establish a sucking style that matches how mothers hold them, how the milk is coming out of the bottle or breast, and the infant's temperament? A.one day B.one week C.several weeks D.several months
C.several weeks
Baby Mary recognizes the table as in the same shape, even though the table appears in different shapes depending on the angle from which it is observed. This is an example of A.size constancy. B.depth perception. C.shape constancy. D.accommodation of the eye.
C.shape constancy.
DeCasper and Spence (1986) measured babies' sucking rates as they listened to a story they had heard in the womb (The Cat in the Hat) and to a story they had not heard (The King, the Mice, and the Cheese). The study concluded that A.amniotic fluid blocks sound waves from reaching the fetus B.the fetus could not learn before birth, but infants can learn right after birth. C.the fetus could learn even before birth. D.the infants showed equal interest in both stories.
C.the fetus could learn even before birth.
Joey is the best batter on his little league team. Which of the following is a consequence of playing organized sports that Joey may encounter? A.unrealistic expectations for academic success B.focusing more on academic work C.unrealistic expectations for success as an athlete D.limitations on developing peer relations and friendships
C.unrealistic expectations for success as an athlete
Brenda's grandmother is 83 years old. She most likely doesn't show much interest in her food because A. medication has caused her sensitivity to odors to increase. B. activity has increased in the olfactory pathways of her brain. C. her sense of taste has intensified to an unbearable degree. D. her sense of smell has declined.
D. her sense of smell has declined.
Brent's biological functions are beginning to decline. How old is he? A.65 B.50 C.45 D.30
D.30
Baby Karyn has just learned to sit independently. Approximately how old is she? A.1 year B.3 weeks C.2 months D.6 months
D.6 months
What percentage of adults over 70 years of age has some type of hearing problem? A.15% B.22% C.54% D.63%
D.63%
Compared to younger drivers, older drivers A.show a decline in motion sensitivity. B.need to expend more cognitive effort when driving. C.overestimate the time needed for an approaching vehicle to reach its location. D.All of these answers are correct
D.All of these answers are correct
Kyle has progressive presbyopia. What is likely to help correct this condition? A.bifocal glasses B.intraocular glasses C.laser surgery D.All of these answers are correct.
D.All of these answers are correct.
To foster infants' motor development, which of the follow practices would be effective? A.giving infants opportunities for exercise B.stroking, massaging, or stretching the babies C.frequently exercising the babies' trunk and pelvic muscles D.All of these answers are correct.
D.All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is used in habituation studies? A.sucking behavior B.heart and respiration rates C.the length of time an infant looks at an object D.All of these answers are correct.
D.All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following methods should Dr. Kim use if she wants to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another? A.visual preference B.habituation-dishabituation C.high-amplitude sucking D.All of these answers are correct.
D.All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following statements is TRUE of fine motor skill development during middle and late childhood? A.Increased myelination affects the development of gross motor skills, but not fine motor skills. B.Letter size becomes bigger and more even with age. C.Boys usually outperform girls in fine motor skills. D.Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills.
D.Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills.
Tammy is middle-aged and walks daily with her friends. Research shows that she can expect which of the following in older adulthood? A.a higher risk of obesity B.arthritis in her knees and hips C.the same level of motor ability loss as her non-walking counterparts D.a lower level of motor ability loss
D.a lower level of motor ability loss
Sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create _____. David's reinterpretation of the sound waves as the school bell is _____. A.an affordance; perception B.perception; affordance C.perception; sensation D.a sensation; perception
D.a sensation; perception
Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Stella has A.glaucoma. B.dark adaptation. C.macular degeneration. D.cataracts.
D.cataracts.