Human Nutrition Chapter 4

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver. A. Lacteal B. Hepatic artery C. Pinocytosis D. Hepatic portal vein

D.

Large Intestine

The purpose of the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over.

Epigottis

A flap of tissue that folds down to close off the entrance to the larynx and trachea when a person swallows

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles. Stored in the gallbladder.

After being absorbed, which nutrients leave the Gl tract through the lymphatic system? A. Most fats and fat-soluble vitamins B. Proteins and phytochemicals C. Sugars and fiber D. Water-soluble vitamins and minerals

A.

Amanda is a three-year old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she A. Has difficulty digesting food. B. Is heavier than average for her height. C. Is taller than most children who are her age. D. Absorbs higher than normal amounts of micronutrients.

A.

Avi's salivary glands do not secrete amylase. As a result of his condition, his body A. Cannot begin starch digestion. B. Cannot swallow food correctly. C. Cannot absorb alcohol. D. Absorbs too much carbohydrate.

A.

Mechanical digestion begins in the A. Mouth. B. Stomach. C. Small intestine. D. Liver.

A.

Probiotics A. Are bacteria that may be beneficial for the health of their human hosts. B. Are harmful bacteria that may exacerbate intestinal diseases. C. Are foods that are indigestible by humans but feed gut microbes. D. Contain live viruses.

A.

The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme. A. Large intestine B. Pyloric valve C. Lower stomach D. Esophageal sphincter

A.

The ________ is an accessory organ of the digestive system. A. Liver B. Colon C. Jejunum D. Epiglottis

A.

The term bioavailability refers to A. The amount of a nutrient that can be effectively digested, absorbed, and used by the body. B. An imbalance of good and bad bacteria in the gut. C. The amount of digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas. D. The amount of a nutrient needed in the diet to maintain health.

A.

The________ sphincter is located between the stomach and duodenum. A. Pyloric B. Duodenal C. Lower esophageal D. Ileocecal

A.

Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the A. Stomach. B. Large intestine. C. Small intestine. D. Pancreas.

C.

Chemical digestion of Begin in the mouth. A. Nucleic Acid B. Proteins C. Carbohydrates D. Water-soluble vitamins

C.

ulcerative colitis (UC)

Inflammation and ulcers in colon

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Inflammation of GI tract

How can the small intestine digest so much?

Villi and Microvilli

Peristalsis

Waves of muscular contractions that help move material through the intestine

Anosmia

inability to smell

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)

the movement of food or acid from the stomach back into the esophagus

Which of the following recommendations would most likely help a person prevent GERD? A. Limit consumption of spicy foods. B. Eat more acidic foods. C. Drink a glass of coffee first thing every morning. D. Lie down shortly after eating.

A.

Bile is made in the A. Pancreas. B. Gallbladder. C. Liver. D. Small intestine.

C.

Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a(n) A. Overgrowth of probiotics in her stomach. B. Excessive amount of secretory activity within her digestive tract. C. Condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning. D. Blockage caused by undigested fiber deposits in her jejunum.

C.

Two parts of large intestine

Cecum and colon

The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called A. Anosmia. B. Hypogeusia. C. Hypoanosmia. D. Ageusia.

D.

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system? A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Gallbladder D. Brain

D.

Which of the following statements about enterocytes is false? A. Enterocytes line the villi. B. Enterocytes are exposed to chyme. C. Enterocytes are absorptive cells. D. Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production.

D.

Constipation

Difficulty in passing stools

Small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place, It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.

Hypogeusia

Diminished ability to taste

Ileum

Last segment of the small intestine

Probiotics

Live microbes that promote good health for their human hosts; products that contain beneficial microbes

Gastric Ulcer

is a sore that occurs in lining of the stomach and upper small intestine.

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

Region of the upper part of the esophagus that opens to allow a mass of food to enter the esophagus

Crohn's disease

Type of IBD that causes inflammation and abscesses to form in the superficial mucosa of the small and large intestine

Diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach

Dumping syndrome

Occurs when a large amount of chyme flows too rapidly into the small intestine

Due to a respiratory bacterial infection, Amanda had to take a large spectrum antibiotic for a period of 7 days. At the end of the regimen, her respiratory problem was gone; however, she informed her doctor that she now has diarrhea and other digestive problems. What do you think the doctor will recommend to Amanda to relieve her diarrhea and digestive problems? A. Prescribe a different antibiotic for her respiratory infection B. Go for a walk and try to exercise C. Take probiotics to restore the population of beneficial bacteria she lost due to the antibiotic she was taking D. Drink hot water and learn new breathing techniques

C.

Goblet cells produce A. Gastric juice. B. Digestive enzymes. C. Mucus. D. Hydrochloric acid.

C.

The Gl hormone that triggers the cells of the stomach to release HCI is A. Cholecystokinin. B. Secretin. C. Gastrin. D. Pepsin.

C.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Chronic condition characterized by frequent heartburn that can damage the esophagus

All of the following are accessory components to the digestive process except the A. Gallbladder. B. Pancreas. C. Liver. D. Stomach.

D.

Dumping syndrome often occurs after a person A. Eats too much fiber. B. Takes antacids. C. Is dehydrated. D. Has stomach surgery.

D.

As food moves through the small intestine, the semiliquid mass is called A. Bile. B. Bolus. C. Chyme. D. Bicarbonate.

C.

Are the absorptive cells of the small intestine that take up nutrients. A. Crypts B. Enterocytes C. Papillae D. Diverticula

B.

Move(s) food from the back of the mouth, through the esophagus, and into the stomach. A. Sphincters B. Peristalsis C. Reflux D. Enzymes

B.

Parietal cells secrete ions that form ________ in the stomach. A. Chyme B. Hydrochloric acid C. Salivary amylase D. Bile

B.

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine

Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to ________ while he has this illness. A. Absorb vitamins more rapidly B. Digest proteins more efficiently C. Develop gallstones D. Lose weight rapidly

D.

Jejunum

Middle portion of the small intestine

Pepsin

Active enzyme that begins the enzymatic digestion of proteins

The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine. A. Duodenum B. Jejunum C. ileum D. Colon

B.

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract? A. Peptic ulcer B. Ulcerative colitis C. Cystic fibrosis D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

B.

Which of the following statements about sphincters is false? A. Sphincters are essential for normal digestion. B. When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent the movement of GI contents. C. Sphincters are thickened regions of circular muscle. D. Sphincters are important for controlling the flow of the contents through the GI tract.

B.

Diverticulitis

Bacteria and Feces trapped in the little pouches, painful inflammation and infection can occur.

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing A. Cystic fibrosis. B. Irritable bowel syndrome. C. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. D. Rheumatoid arthritis.

C.

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract? A. Pancreatic lipase breaking down fat in the small intestine B. Gastrin stimulating HCl production in the stomach C. Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth D. Salivary amylase breaking down starch in the mouth

C.

Prebiotics

Substances in foods that promote the growth of beneficial microbes

Hemorrhoids

Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Ageusia

Complete loss of taste

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth. A. Water B. Starch C. Alcohol D. Protein

B.