Human Rights Exam 1 MC

On page 140 of "On the Jewish Question," Marx writes: "The state does away with difference in birth, class, education, and profession in its own manner when it declares birth, class, education and profession to be unpolitical differences, when it summons every member of the people to an equal participation in popular sovereignty without taking the differences into consideration, when it treats all elements of the people's real life from the point of view of the state. Nevertheless the state still allows private property, education, and profession to have an effect in their own manner, that is as private property, as education, as profession, and make their particular natures felt. Far from abolishing these factual differences, its existence rests on them as presupposition, it only feels itself to be a political state and asserts its universality by opposition to these elements." Which option best represents Marx's position in this passage -The liberal state creates new divisions among citizens to better rule over them -The liberal state should be overthrown in favor of totalitarian rule -Non-political differences—like those related to property, education, and profession—enhance the

The liberal state's expansion of citizenship rights has also increased the differences deemed private and outside the scope of communal regulation

All of the following are included in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) except: The right to collective self-determination The right to free movement The right to healthcare access The right to a fair trial

The right to healthcare access

In his essay on Jewish question what is Marx essential critique of civil or citizens rights?

They separate the abstract political citizen DOJ the seemingly real and natural private individual of soictey

Article 1 of the Covenant on Political and Civil Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights maintained that "all peoples have a right to self-determination." Select all that are true about Article 1 of these two covenants (two correct answers): -They were considered binding on signatories -They lacked binding authority -They were critiqued for being too gradualist -They prompted immediate liberation of all territories held in trust

They were considered binding on signatories -They were critiqued for being too gradualist

In Preece's view, minority rights guarantees were attached to major peace treaties because they were meant to pacify groups that could otherwise make legitimate claims to challenge the territorial status quo

True

Prior to the rise of Hitler and the National Socialist Party in 1933, German diplomats were among the most determined advocates in Europe for strengthening the League of Nations' system for protecting minority rights.

True

True of false: One of the key legacies of the French and American revolutions, according to Arendt, was the binding of human rights to citizenship within a nation-state.

True

True or False: Anticolonial nationalist thinkers like Du Bois, C.L.R. James, and Eric Williams saw significant continuities between the enslavement of Africans in the Americas and conditions of colonial rule in Africa by Europeans.

True

True or False: In Preece's view, minority rights guarantees were attached to major peace treaties because they were meant to pacify groups that could otherwise make legitimate claims to challenge the territorial status quo.

True

True or False: Moyn makes the case that human rights succeeded in expanding transnational political coalitions (in part) because advocates could use them to make moral claims that appeared to be independent of political interests and values.

True

True or false: Despite his misgivings, Marx thought political emancipation represented practical progress toward a more general form of human emancipation.

True

True or false: In Marx's view, privately practicing Judaism is compatible with political emancipation but not human emancipation.

True

Arendt argues that there is a great danger to living in a world where there exists a class of people "who have lost all distinctive political qualities and have become humans and nothing else." What is the great danger that Arendt highlights (in the final pages of the essay)? -a class of people without political rights and agency will generate civilizational decay and destruction -a class of people without political rights and agency will be exploited for their inexpensive labor -a class of people without political rights and agency will be left vulnerable to neglect and abuse

a class of people without political rights and agency will generate civilizational decay and destruction

The Responsibility to Protect is, in the first order, a responsibility for:

a state to protect citizens and others within its territorial jurisdiction from mass atrocities

Which of the following is not a source of contention in Schröder's depiction of the natural law tradition? -the ultimate sources of natural law -cultural differences between societies -the binding character of natural law

cultural differences between societies

Truman's 1949 Inaugural Address committed the United States to providing extensive direct financial assistance to governments in "underdeveloped" countries.

f

In the UN General Assembly, the postcolonial representatives argued that individual human rights depend on a prerequisite right to collective self-determination. What was the logic of their reasoning, according to Getachew? -colonial administrations lacked the economic means needed to police the colonies and protect human rights -individual rights were unimportant compared to collective self-rule -human rights were not attainable under conditions of foreign rule, rendering colonial subjects rightless

human rights were not attainable under conditions of foreign rule, rendering colonial subjects rightless

In Truman's speech, international development is cast as improving human wellbeing by:

increasing countries' productive capacities

The idea that the people's will is the legitimate source of governing authority best describes: divisible sovereignty internal sovereignty republican sovereignty popular sovereignty

popular sovereignty

According to Moyn, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and the U.S.-backed coup in Chile in 1973 together suggested: -reformist socialism would not be tolerated in the Soviet nor American spheres -international interventions to protect human rights now had legal precedent -UN defense of the right to self-determination would not be feasible

reformist socialism would not be tolerated in the Soviet nor American spheres

According to Preece, the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and subsequent agreements in the 17th and 18th centuries included select minority protections based on: ethnicity linguistic and cultural identity social class ! religious identity

religious identity

According to Katheryn Sikkink, an issue-network primarily coalesces around:

shared values and principles

In Truman's address and the development argument it advanced, responsibility for a country's level of development depended primarily on: Correct!

the country's productive capacity, understood to be mostly independent of the political and economic affairs of the rest of the world

At the time of his writing (1796), Kant believes relations among nation-states resemble:

the state of nature (anarchy), so nation-states have a reasoned duty to establish a basic social contract

At the time of his writing (1796), Kant believes relations among nation-states resemble: ! the state of nature (anarchy), so nation-states have a reasoned duty to establish a basic social contract the state of nature (anarchy), so nation-states should rationally maximize armament and wealth for survival a pacific federation of republican states a world state ruled by a single monarch

the state of nature (anarchy), so nation-states have a reasoned duty to establish a basic social contract

In Sikkink's view, governments make powerful allies for issue-networks because:

they can link material incentives to human rights goals

Which option best describes the anticolonial nationalist vision for the internal political institutions of states? -anticolonial nationalists sought liberation only and left domestic institutions to the states themselves -they advocated a return to pre-colonial domestic political structures -they favored democratic self-rule, complete with citizenship rights protections -they favored short-term centralized authoritarian rule with a long-term transition to democracy as economic development allowed

they favored democratic self-rule, complete with citizenship rights protections

What was one reason, according to Mazower, that the British were reluctant to endorse a more powerful regime to protect human rights during talks at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944? ! they worried about empowering an international regime with the ability to interfere in the affairs of the British Empire they worried that a human rights regime would fuel international conflict, much as they believed the League's minority treaty system had stoked conflict they opposed human rights on principle, suggesting true rights could only be granted by a sovereign they were pursuing a post-war alliance with the Soviet Union

they worried about empowering an international regime with the ability to interfere in the affairs of the British Empire

What was one reason, according to Mazower, that the British were reluctant to endorse a more powerful regime to protect human rights during talks at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944? Correct!

they worried about empowering an international regime with the ability to interfere in the affairs of the British Empire

Oberman argues that the moral logic of the right to free movement: is necessary for the protection of personal liberties, like those related to religion, marriage, and occupation is needed for the protection of political rights, including those of association and political expression is compelling but should not be applied to international borders All of the above A and B only

A AND B

As a practical step toward perpetual peace, Immanuel Kant suggests that republican governments should form

A pacific federation

How did Amnesty International (AI) differ from other human rights organizations of the 1960s? -AI focused its efforts on UN reform -AI had a membership structure to activate local chapters of enthusiastic advocates -AI cultivated exceptionally close connections with heads of state -AI was extraordinarily well funded, having been founded by a wealthy philanthropist

AI had a membership structure to activate local chapters of enthusiastic advocates

The concept of soverginity is closely related to -legitimacy -authority -power -all

All

The universal declaration of human rights endorses protection of all the following expect -a right to counseling marriage and divorce - a right to own property - right to form and join trade unions -right to equal treatment before the law None of the above- all included

All included

A just society, in Nussbaum's view, requires: respect for others' essential freedoms, even if this entails some restriction of unjust or less important liberties attention to caretaking as a fundamental need resource allocation by the government to accommodate equitable access to essential liberties

All of above

For Nussbaum, negative freedoms (i.e. freedom from government interference) are not enough because: not all liberties carry the same normative weight—some are more socially consequential than others negative freedoms do not ensure that people in unequal circumstances have access to their rights a pure system of negative freedoms would leave social structures like patriarchy and racial hierarchy in place

All of the above

Having an "adequate" range of available options is, for Oberman, not enough because: individual tastes and affinities may not be represented in a given "adequate" range even the person whose preferences are satisfied now may want something radically different in the future the argument for an "adequate" range can justify fairly extreme restrictions on individual liberty

All of the above

According to Rist's chapter, "underdevelopment" shifted ideas of development by: suggesting the active ability for countries to develop suggesting that underdevelopment is a natural condition of need/poverty unifying countries as formal equals 'playing the same game' even if some were already ahead of others

All the above

In getachew reconstruction of anti colonial nationalist though the call for self determination is a response to the problem of empire in this context self determination involves the rejection of -arbitrary or authoritarian rule -alien or foreign rule -labor corecion and exploitation -all the above

All the above

In perpetual peace Kant argues that Republican states should form a pacific federation to: Preserve freedom of each member state Exit a state of nature with respect to other member states Avoid war ( given that war is already rejected by rule of law following governments All the above

All the above

The right to water, for Tiboris, is complicated by: water's status as an economic input commodity the uneven natural distribution of water globally potential environmental costs of infrastructure for water redistribution ! all of the above

All the above

Which option best describes the anti colonial Nationalist vision from the internal political institutions of state

Anti-colonial nationalist favor democratic self rule complete was citizen rights protections

The concluding document of the Dumbarton conference revived criticism related to it

Backtracking on earlier endorsements of HR and self determination in the Atlantic charter

Why, according to Rist, is a development discourse difficult to critique?

Challenging development would mean attacking a path to universal happiness

By the time of the 1878 Congress of Berlin, what had changed in the way minority rights were understood? (There are two correct answers). Minorities could now be understood in terms of distinct national groups, as well as religious groups! Minority rights were increasingly imposed as a precondition of sovereign recognition by European international society Minority protections typically banned assimilationist policies by the state Treaty clauses addressing minority rights increasingly mandated proportional political representation for national and religious minorities

Correct! Minorities could now be understood in terms of distinct national groups, as well as religious groups Correct! Minority rights were increasingly imposed as a precondition of sovereign recognition by European international society

According to Sikkink, the human rights issue-network plays an important role in sharing information about specific rights abuses, but it is not particularly significant in affecting international sovereignty norms.

F

For Nussbaum, there are no better or worse freedoms—access to all liberties ought to be equally protected.

F

In Oberman's view, governments have an obligation to provide a path to citizenship for long-term residents.

F

Iris Marion Young articulates a vision of responsibility for structural injustice that primarily seeks to assign blame, much like legal notions of liability.

F

The League of Nations minority treaties marked the first time European powers required minority protections as a Precondition for sovergin recognition

F

The right to self determination Is eventually codified and binding covenants in the 1960s responded fully and an equal measure to both political and economic critiques of the empire-as enslavement thesis

F

Well into the 1970s the Catholic Church refused to officially advocate for human rights despite the request of many Christian activist

F

Which US president famously met with foreign descendants and is created with popularizing human rights in the United States

I think Jimmy carter NOT Roosevelt

Internationally the anticolonial nationalist movement sought to transform the international system by do you legitimizing and eliminating

International racialized hierarchy

Why was the Tehran Conference (1968) significant? -It demonstrated the power of protest to shape UN reforms -It offered a template for future human rights conferences -It was the site of a diplomatic breakthrough toward improved enforcement mechanisms -It exposed the limits of focusing all human rights advocacy on the mechanisms of the United Nations

It exposed the limits of focusing all human rights advocacy on the mechanisms of the United Nations

The Atlantic charter was notable because

It laid out post WW2 sims including a promise of national self determination of peoples

the final communique of the Bandung conference was significant because

It placed the principal of self determination on the international agenda as a prerequisite to other human rights

Members of what groups were legally protected by the minority treaty system operated through the League of Nations? Any member of a minority group in any country was eligible to petition the League Council ! Only minority groups within specific countries newly granted sovereignty through the Paris peace process were eligible to petition the League Council Minority groups within any League of Nations member state were eligible to petition the League Council Only German speakers living outside of Germany were eligible to petition the League Council

Only minority groups within specific countries newly granted sovereignty through the Paris peace process were eligible to petition the League Council

For Young, taking political responsibility means accepting your role as a participant in systems of structural injustice. How does she suggest you fulfill the obligations associated with that responsibility?

Organize together with others to try to improve the situation

in years immediately following the universal declaration of human rights, human rights came to be associated with the efforts of Western European conservatives to protect Christains from communist persecution

T

French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen sought to codify with indivual natural rights

THINK Life liberty security and resistance to oppression

Within marx essay on Jewish question political empancipation refers to

Freedom stemming from political revolution that vacillate citizen participation as equals in the public sphere

The declining prospects of reform Socialism after 1968 was significant in Samuel Moyns account because it led many activist on the left to begin looking beyond political utopianism and towards supposedly non-political non-utopian moral advocacy

T

Which option best encapsulates Marx's critique of the right to freedom in the Rights of Man? -The right to freedom is not secured by an international (socialist) authority -The right to freedom is too broad and abstract to be defensible in any real world situation -The right to freedom naturalizes a false view of people as isolated individuals -The right to freedom makes it harder to suppress subversive minority groups

-The right to freedom naturalizes a false view of people as isolated individuals

Select all that are accurate. The main problems with liberal political revolutions, according to Marx, are: -they make the individual of civil society appear more real and natural than the abstract citizen engaged in politics -they often hurt the working class -they do not seek to transform civil society -they maintain a separation between the political and private natures of humans

-they make the individual of civil society appear more real and natural than the abstract citizen engaged in politics -they do not seek to transform civil society -they maintain a separation between the political and private natures of humans

A Japanese proposal for a universal racial equality clause in the League of Nations charter was accepted by the major powers gathered in Paris in 1919, but the rule was never enforced

False

Japanese proposal for a universal racial equality clause in the League of Nations charter was accepted by the major powers gathered in Paris in 1919, but the rule was never enforced.

False

Talk of human rights has no role in a capabilities-centered approach to social justice.

False

True or False: By codifying a right to self-determination through the UN, anticolonial nationalist leaders saw themselves as fulfilling the self-determination promises of Woodrow Wilson. True False

False

True or false: Arendt is confident that a world government could effectively protect human rights globally.

False

True or false: The French National Assembly's "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" explicitly created a legal system to adjudicate individual rights violations among French citizens.

False

Franklin Roosevelt initial articulation of human rights has four freedoms included all of the following except Freedom of speech and expression Freedom from want Freedom of trade in exchange Freedom from fear

Freedom of trade and exchange

By the time of the 1878 Congress of Berlin, what had changed in the way minority rights were understood? (There are two correct answers).

Minorities could now be understood in terms of distinct national groups, as well as religious groups Correct! Minority rights were increasingly imposed as a precondition of sovereign recognition by European international society

In Kants Perpetual peace cosmopolitan rights is a right to hospitality which means that a person is arriving on foreign soil

NOTTTT should not be turned away under any circumstances even if they threaten violence

In Kant's articulation of cosmopolitan right, a person arriving on foreign territory has a minimal right:

Not be met with hostility

League of Nations minority guarantees gave international legal recourse to members of which groups

On,y memebers of minority groups within specified countries— either newly recognized as sovergin through the Paris peace process or countries committed to guartennjng Rughts as a confrontation of admission to the league- could legion the leauge counsil

Members of what groups were legally protected by the minority treaty system operated through the League of Nations?

Only minority groups within specific countries newly granted sovereignty through the Paris peace process were eligible to petition the League Council

In European natural law, natural law is derived through

Reason

According to Preece, the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and subsequent agreements in the 17th and 18th centuries included select minority protections based on:

Religious identity

Prior to the rise of higher and the naturalist socialist party jn 1933 German diplomats were among the most determined advocates in Europe for strengthen the League of Nations for protecting minority rights

T

The Declaration of Human Rughts and Citzens and the American Bill of Rights both drew on older European body of thought arguing that people possess certain natural rights that sovergins cannot take away

T

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) is considered to be binding international law for all states that have signed and ratified.

T

The UN charter listed the promotion of HR as an objective in its preamble but it did not define those rights of make them legally enforceable

T

Select all that are accurate. In Arendt's account, what made loss of citizenship rights so painful in the early 20th century? -Severe immigration restrictions made legal migration very difficult -Loss of home government support meant mutual rights protection treaties no longer applied abroad -Loss of home and community / loss of place in the world

Severe immigration restrictions made legal migration very difficult -Loss of home government support meant mutual rights protection treaties no longer applied abroad -Loss of home and community / loss of place in the world

Which option best describes the anticolonial nationalist vision for the external relations of states, as depicted by Getachew? -States would be sovereign and equal but borders would be porous to eliminate the violent divisions of colonial boundaries -States would be sovereign with strong norms against intervention and interference; all countries would be mutually recognized as equal members of international society -States would be sovereign and equal with international intervention allowed only to stop human rights violations -States would gradually be dissolved into a global society of equal, rights-bearing individuals

States would be sovereign with strong norms against intervention and interference; all countries would be mutually recognized as equal members of international society

Despite aspirations for multicultural participation the universal declaration of human rights was drafted by a group of individuals almost entirely educated in west and highly influenced by christain theology

T

From Kukathas's perspective, a narrower categorization of "refugees" may enable a sharper moral justification of special protection, but narrower categorizations also tend to favor practices of denial and exclusion by state bureaucracies.

T

Human rights rose Two prominent in the 1970s in part because advocates could use human rights to make moral claims that appear to be independent of political interest and values enabling otherwise unlikely transnational political coalitions

T

In Tiboris's view, a human right to water would either impose unjustifiably costly duties on developing states or codify an aspiration for universal water access (potentially weakening the legal status of other human rights).

T

Prior to the 1960s there were a few NGO's dedicated to Human Rights Bradley but there were many more that advocated within the UN human rights commission for specific rights and issues related to their religious or cultural affinity group

T

In Kukathas's view, the state institutions that determine an individual's refugee status:

treat asylum seekers with as much suspicion as economic migrants

A capabilities approach to rights turns our attention to:

whether people actually have an effective ability to make choices about how to live