Humanities 1: Discovering the Humanities- Chapters 1, 2, & 3

Due to colonization, eventually there were as many as ________ Greek city-states scattered around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, including large colonies in Italy

1,500

How many graves did Woolley unearth?

1,840

In Egyptian canon of painting, people are painted with the following distinctive features: 1. Shoulders- 2. Hands- 3. Feet- 4. eyes-

1- frontal or squared 2- two identical (2 left or 2 right) 3- commoners have two identical, royalty has one right and one left 4- facing forward

Ain Ghazal

"spring of the gazelles"

eudaimonia

"the good or flourishing life"

dactylic hexameter

A poetic verse consisting of six rhythmic units or feet, each foot being either a dactyl or a spondee.

barrel vault

A rounded vault formed when a round arch is extended.

colonnades

A row of columns.

arcade

A succession of arches.

domus

A traditional Roman house or villa.

voussoir

A wedge-shaped block used to form an arch or vault.

keystone

A wedge-shaped stone at the top of an arch.

rhetorician

A writer or orator.

cuneiform writing

A writing system composed of wedge-shaped characters

2nd only to Hector

Aeneas

The national epic of Rome, The _________ by __________ combines Greek mythology and Roman history with themes such as _________ values and the need to sacrifice _______ concerns to public duty.

Aeneid Vergil family personal

Oresteia (trilogy) celebrates city of Athens & Aereopagus

Aeschylus

Although the writers ___________, ____________, and ____________ composed tragedies, ______________ wrote comedies.

Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Aristophanes

When did Akkadian rule collapse?

2200 BCE

Schliemann believed The Mask of Agamemnon to be the death mask of Agamemnon, but it predates the Trojan War by some _________

300 years

When did Socrates die?

399 BCE

King of Mycenae, C-in-chief

Agammemnon

Who was Akkad named after?

Akki (who found and raised Sargon)

Which ruler expanded Greek territories as far east as India?

Alexander the Great

Unlike the style preceding it, _________ style is characterized by a high degree of ___________

Amarna realism

Greek jar with an egg-shaped body and two curved handles used for storing oil or wine

Amphora

Kojiki or Chronicles of Japan

700 CE

The traditional date of the founding of Rome is ______ BCE.

753

Anasazi lived in their region during what time period?

900 to 1300 CE

The ____ relief sculptures on the ___________ show battles with the __________, __________, ___________, and ____________; they are often said to represent the triumph of _____________ over ______________.

92 metopes Trojans giants Amazons centaurs civilization (Greeks) barbarians (enemies)

What is a kiva?

A Pueblo ceremonial enclosure that is usually partly underground and serves as the center of village life

When did the ice covering the Northern Hemisphere begin to recede?

10,000 BCE

verism

A form of realism in art or literature.

patrician

A land-owning aristocrat.

Agora

A large open area in ancient Greek cities that served as public meeting place, marketplace, and civic center.

Stoa

A long hall, enclosed on the ends and back with a colonnade on the open side, used as a meeting hall or market building.

plebian

A member of the poorer classes of ancient Rome.

dactyl

An element of meter in poetry consisting of one long syllable followed by two short syllables.

spondee

An element of meter in poetry consisting of two long syllables.

Epic of Gilgamesh

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

atrium

An unroofed interior or walled-in courtyard.

pier

An upright structural support

The Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest trace their ancestry back to the

Anasazi

represents the authority, which the ruler emulates as lawmaker and giver (Mesopotamian)

Anu

Just as the kouros statue seems related to ________ the kore statue appears to have been a votive offering to ________, the protector of Athens

Apollo Athena

The large altar called the _____ _________ ____________ was built for a _________ celebration of Augustus' reign.

Ara Pacis Augustae return/peace

Throughout the empire, Rome celebrated military victories with triumphal _______________________.

Arches and Columns

Which Greek writer is known for the production of comedies?

Aristophanes

Historia Animalium author

Aristotle

Which philosopher's ideas reflect the interest in human experience and emotion of the Hellenistic period?

Aristotle

Unlike his teacher Plato, _____________ believed that reality was ______.

Aristotle logic and syllogism

temple & place of healing in Ancient Greece and Rome

Asclepeion

Leucippus & Democritus

Atomists

The golden age of Roman art and literature was the ___________ Age, and the work from the period was largely____________ art that celebrates the return of _______.

Augustan Propaganda peace

The sculpture ___________ of Primaporta includes Cupid riding a dolphin to show the connection to the emperor's divine female ancestor, _______ (the goddess of love). The military images are a reminder of his divine male ancestor, the war god ______.

Augustus Venus Mars

polytheistic

Belief in many gods

In Hinduism, what name is given to the divine source of all being?

Brahman

Which group held the highest status within the Indian caste system?

Brahmins

Poseidon (Neptune)

Brother of Zeus and god of the sea; carries a trident (a three-pronged spear); the horse is sacred to him.

Artist's intents and motives

Context

How work its in with artist's other works

Context

How work its in with other artists' works

Context

artistic, social, cultural, historical, and political forces, events, and trends

Context

Ionic variation, acanthus leaves

Corinthian

The most elaborate of the Greek architectural orders distinguished by a capital decorated with acanthus leaves.

Corinthian order

Mycenaean invaders used ________ as a base for operations for several centuries and probably acquired the cup there

Crete

The Minoans lived on the island of _______

Crete

What island was home to the legendary King Minos?

Crete

_________ refers to the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors that are passed from generation to generation in a society.

Culture

Who did the ancient Greeks believe created the massive masonry walls at Mycenae?

Cyclopes

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a __________

German archaeologist

Called the "oldest known temple", _________ _____ may be a temple to the dead

Gobekli Tepe

Achilles

Greatest Greek warrior

Hector

Greatest warrior of Troy

During the Republican period, ________ influence on the arts became pronounced.

Greek

The origins of the Roman culture are primarily _________________.

Greek and Etruscan

Pythagoras

Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem, idealist

With the exception of the ___________, the religion of the Mesopotamian peoples was polytheistic

Hebrews

the period lasting from 323 to 31 BCE

Hellenism

The drama and emotional expressionism seen in Laocoön and His Sons is characteristic of which period of Greek art?

Hellenistic

Some _______________ art reflects a growing interest in everyday scenes; it is also highly ______________ and often ____________ intense.

Hellenistic individualized emotionally

Works and Days author

Hesiod

Founded school of medicine at Cos

Hippocrates

Traditionally viewed as father of medicine, famous for healing & teaching

Hippocrates

________ is a kind of earthenware ceramic decorated with glazes

Faience

Thales

Father of philosophy, materialist

matsuri

Festivals at Shinto shrines

plot, characters, setting, cinematography (camera techniques, lighting, sound, editing, costumes)

Film- part of form

Focuses on medium and technique

Form

A Symbol of the imperial power, the ________ was the center of Roman _____________, _______________, _________, and __________________ life.

Forum Romanum religious, ceremonial, public, commercial

San cultures of Zimbabwe and the Oceanic peoples of Tahiti in the South Pacific have what kind of culture?

Oral culture

What is an example of anthropomorphism?

Osiris's association with the annual flooding of the Nile

Old Stone Age

Paleolithic

_______ means "old stone age"

Paleolithic

___________ dating from as far back as 30,000 BCE is seen to mark a shift into _________ thought

Paleolithic art symbolic

A perfect hemisphere, the _____________ was a temple to all the gods.

Pantheon

Helen's husband

Paris

Roman aristocrats, or __________, were the backbone of the state, serving as __________, ___________, ____________ and _____________.

Patricians patrons magistrates lawyers priests

Achilles' companion

Patroclus

Golden Age Athens, or ___________ Athens, began when Greek allies defeated the Persians in the ______________ Wars and ended when the Spartans and their allies defeated the Athenians and their allies in the __________________ Wars.

Periclean Persian Peloponnesian

conveys sense of three-dimensional space by overlapping figures

Perspectival drawing

_______ was the chief sculptor of the Acropolis of Athens

Phidias

What is the historical source of the athletic event known as a marathon?

Phidippides' run to notify Athenians of a military victory

Like his teacher Socrates, ____________ believed that reality existed in a different _____.

Plato realm

Unlike the Kritios Boy sculpture, Doryphoros by ______________ is based upon the notion that sculpted beauty results from the proper _____________ of the parts to one another.

Polyclitus proportion or measurements

_______, _______, and _______ were the chief architects of the Acropolis of Athens

Ictinus Callicrates Mnesicles

Botkin Class Amphora (identify)

Identify

Figurine of a Woman from the Cyclades (identify)

Identify

The Mask of Agamemnon (identify)

Identify

The Snake Goddess or Priestess from Crete (identify)

Identify

Venus of Willendorf (identify)

Identify

Which of the following is one of the Four Noble Truths expounded by Shakyamuni Buddha after he attained enlightenment?

Ignorance can be overcome and eliminated.

Expression of heroic code—need to sacrifice personal concerns for public duty

Iliad

As a response to overcrowding, the Romans invented the ___________ (apartment building) where _______ % of the city's population lived.

Insula 90

lighter -feminine, more elegant; scroll

Ionic

One of the Greek architectural orders characterized by columns either of caryaids or with scrolled capitals.

Ionic order

Corinthian =

Ionic variation, acanthus leaves

How does Persian sculpture distinguish itself from art of other Mesopotamian cultures?

It asserts the culture's authority over the region.

What makes the Epic of Gilgamesh such an important literary artifact?

It celebrates a national identity.

How does the mythological origin of Japan described in the Kojiki differ from the Zuni Pueblo's emergence myth?

It endows the Imperial family with divine ancestry.

What is indicated by the wide-eyed stare of Sumerian devotional statues?

It shows the worshiper's awe of the gods.

Why did Pericles want to construct the Parthenon?

It was a tangible sign of power, as well as a symbol of gratitude to Athena for saving the Greeks from the Persians.

___________ Boy uses _________________ stance to create a realistic tension in the body.

Kritios contrapposto

What language did C. Leonard Woolley use when sending a telegram to his friend about the "royal tombs"?

Latin

A philosophy that requires the state to exercise power over the individual to elicit proper conduct.

Legalism

Acropolis

Literally, "top of the city"; the natural citadel of a Greek city that served as a fortification or religious center.

theme, plot, characters, setting, word choice, tone, imagery, symbol

Literature- part of form

__________ was necessary because people needed their bodies in the afterlife

Mummification

Feudal/hierarchical -Powerful kings controlled cities and surrounding countryside -Loyalty essential

Mycenaean Culture

Forerunner of ancient Greek culture

Mycenaean Culture

The mainland forerunner of ancient Greek culture was called ___________.

Mycenaean culture

Resident god at Ur

Nanna or Sin, god of the moon

The Palette of ___________ celebrates his victories which result in the __________ of Upper and Lower Egypt

Narmer unification

New Stone Age

Neolithic

_________ means "new stone age"

Neolithic

Earliest known life-size standing sculpture of a male in Greek art

New York Kouros

Egypt's contact with other kingdoms is illustrated by ______________ from the tomb of Amenhotep Huy.

Nubians Bringing Tribute

Hadrian's Pantheon has single 30-foot window in the ceiling called an __________ ("eye").

Oculus

Why is the Naiku (Inner) Shrine at Ise rebuilt every twenty years?

The deity is installed in a new shrine in a celebration of ritual renewal.

Patricians

The land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome

bay

The space inside an arch.

Which artistic element suggests that cave paintings and drawings served a ritual purpose?

The use of color

jamb

The vertical elements on both sides of a door that support the lintel or arch.

credited with first assuming the role of an actor by interacting with the chorus

Thespis

"goat song"

Tragedy

Aeneas is a ________ hero whose mother is _________.

Trojan Venus

The ___________ architectural order used by the Etruscans is a variation upon the Greek _________ order.

Tuscan Doric

Aphrodite of Knidos sculptor

Praxiteles

______________ is credited with introducing the sensuous female nude sculpture to high art.

Praxiteles

The ______________ philosophers focused upon the __________ world while the ___________ focused upon the _____________.

Pre-Socratic natural Sophist human mind

King of Troy

Priam

The 4 main structures of the Athenian Acropolis are the ____________, the ______________, the Temple of _________ ______, and the _________________.

Propylaia, Parthenon, Athena Nike, Erechtheion

"Man is the measure of all things" is a statement by _____________ which indicates the _________________ and _____________ that are central to western tradition.

Protagoras Individualism Skepticism

immortal, immutable

Psyche

The public building projects undertaken by Augustus are comparable to the civic works of which non-Western ruler?

Qin Shihuangdi

Which Chinese emperor established a standardized written language, instituted uniform coinage, and created a system of weights and measurements?

Qin Shihuangdi

The Royal Standard of _____ represents _______ on one side and ________ on the other, and is one of the earliest known examples of _________ ___________.

Ur War Peace historical narrative

What is the oldest city to occupy the southern plains of Mesopotamia?

Uruk

Human immortality—hero remembered for brave deeds through _________

SONGS

The ________ cup is a reminder that Minoan metal work was prized by the ____________.

Vaphio mainland

This cup was discovered in a tomb at Vaphio, just south of Sparta

Vaphio Cup

Most famous of the Venuses

Venus of Willendorf

Which Roman figure most influenced Italian artists of the Renaissance?

Vitruvius

"10th Muse"

Sappho

the tenth Muse

Sappho

"King of the Four Quarters of the World"

Sargon

Faience figures such as the _______ _________ fascinated the public in the early 20th century and contributed to the persistent notion that Minoan civilization was matriarchal.

Snake goddess

The main panels of this rectangular box of unknown function are called "War" and "Peace," because they illustrate, on one side, a military victory and, on the other, the subsequent banquet celebrating the event, or perhaps a cult ritual. Each panel is composed of three registers, or self-contained horizontal bands, within which the figures stand on a ground line, or baseline.

Standard of Ur

Most complete set of laws found to date

Stele of Hammurabi

Hera (Juno)

Wife and sister of Zeus, and the goddess of marriage and maternity.

two prominent scholars of the Anasazi

William M. Ferguson and Arthur H. Rohn

"They were a Neolithic people without a beast of burden, the wheel, metal, or a written language, yet they constructed magnificent masonry housing and ceremonial structures, irrigation works, and water impoundments."

William M. Ferguson and Arthur H. Rohn, two prominent scholars of the Anasazi

Nara Prefecture

Yamato province

Sarpedon

Zeus' son

Ur was one of 30 or 40 cities that arose in _________

Sumeria

What makes the Anasazi's construction of masonry housing, ceremonial structures, irrigation works, and water impoundments exceptional?

The Anasazi lacked beasts of burden, the wheel, and metal tools.

spandrel

The areas between the arches of an arcade.

narrative genre

a class or category of story with a universal theme

kami

a divine being in the Shinto religion.

naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

The tablet-like slab that forms the uppermost part of a capital.

abacus

The innermost sanctuary of a building housing the place where, in a temple with an oracle, the oracle's message was delivered.

adyton

The idea that an object possesses qualities that help to effect change.

agency

The "Agrarian Revolution" is another name for the rise in __________

agriculture

stele

an upright stone slab carved with a commemorative design or inscription

Aristotle believed eudaimonia could be attained through ___________ action and defined ________ as the mean between 2 ___________.

balanced virtue extremes

What stylistic tendency distinguishes Greek sculpture made in the fifth century BCE from earlier works of art?

a greater interest in naturalistic form

epic

a long narrative poem in elevated language

What are 10 things named in the video clip link on the opening slide of your power point as things the Romans brought to the people they conquered? (Switch to slide show so the YouTube video will play.) ______________, _______________, ______________, ___________, ________________, _____________ ____________, ________ ______, _____________, ___________, ______________

aqueduct, sanitation, roads, irrigation, medicine, education, wine, public baths, public order, peace

What structure, visible on the façade of the Colosseum, contributes to structural support of the building?

arches

Cycladic figurines have a tilted head, have few anatomical details, and

are made of marble

________ is the Greek word for reaching one's highest potential.

areté

Where did the Athenians practice politics?

at the agora

___________ competitions were a way in which a city-state or________ could celebrate the superiority of its citizens.

athletic polis

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

awilu

a person subject to law

What is a num?

concept of personal energy activated by prolonged dancing and lead by Shaman

What demonstrates the greater stability of Egypt compared to that of Mesopotamian cultures of the same period?

continuity in cultural style and tradition

Walls made of huge blocks of rough-hewn stone; so called because of the myth that a race of monsters known as the Cyclops built them.

cyclopean masonry

The first known literary work, the Epic of Gilgamesh "confronts the idea of __________" and includes the earliest known version of the _________ story that also appears in the Hebrew Bible

death flood

The arrangement, proportions, and appearance of a temple foundation, columns, and lintels.

elevation

kachina dolls made for sale are considered

empty of any ritual power or significance

Egyptian "ka"

enduring "soul" or "life force"

Anasazi is in fact a Navajo word meaning

enemy ancestors

A broadly satirical comedy.

farce

The Roman ________-_________ ideal opposed luxury, celebrating instead living a __________ life close to the land.

farmer-soldier simple

Ample archaeological evidence tells us that the Minoans worshiped ___________

female deities

Paleolithic art sculptures are usually

female figures- the Venuses

Venus of Willendorf was connected to

fertility and childbearing

A system of political organization based on ties of allegiance between a lord and those who owed their welfare to him.

feudal

The size of the figurine from Willendorf is dictated by her hunter-gatherer origins and is an example of a connection between _______ and __________.

form context

Jean-Marie Chauvet

found Chavet cave; charcoal and natural earth substances used; drawings dating back to the Stone Age

In the _____________, Athens was the center of the Greek world.

fourth and fifth centuries BCE

The Snake Goddess or Priestess from Crete was found without a

head and left arm

The Shang rulers in China believed that the foundation of the universe was based on the union of Kun, the earth or female principle, with what symbolic element called Qian?

heaven

A process in which, through the direct and careful observation of natural phenomena, one can draw general conclusions from particular examples and predict the operations of nature as a whole.

inductive reasoning

What contributed to the decline of Daoism and the rise of Confucianism?

internal political feuding

Examples of Neolithic cooperative industry include building ________ ___________ for watering crops and __________ such as Stonehenge.

irrigation canals megaliths

archaiologia

knowing the past

While the male kouros was nude and active, the female ______ was always _________ and passive.

kore clothed

Sculptures such as the New York ________ often served as ________ offerings.

kouros votive

A freestanding sculpture of a nude male youth.

kouros (pl. koroi)

The Head of an Akkadian Man was made using the

lost-wax technique

Poetry generally written to be accompanied by a lyre.

lyric poems

Unlike epic poetry, _______ such as that of ________ was deeply ___________.

lyric poetry Sappho personal

The Minoans regularly sacrificed bulls, as well as other animals, and the bull was at least symbolically associated with ________________

male virility and strength

The Buddhist diagram of the cosmos.

mandala

Which sacred structural symbol was associated with Buddhism in India?

mandala

Hippocratic Oath

medical code of ethics

The Venus of Willendorf was originally painted red suggestive of

menses

Mycenaean culture was especially known for the production of skillful

metalwork

The use of shading in a two-dimensional representation to give a sense of roundness and volume.

modeling

How did earlier codes of Ur compensate victims of crime?

money

The Hebrews were unlike other groups in the Fertile Crescent in that their religion was

monotheistic

What aspect of Roman cities was comparable to contemporary urban environments?

multifamily buildings

A _______ is a story that a culture assumes is true

myth

A __________ embodies the culture's views and beliefs about its world, often serving to explain otherwise mysterious natural phenomena.

myth

What shared feature of many oral cultures helps us to understand the outlook of Neolithic peoples?

myths and rituals passed down through generations

Paleolithic art such as Chauvet is distinguished by its _________, achieved through techniques such as __________ __________ and ___________.

naturalism perspectival drawing shading/modeling

The bronze She-Wolf is typically Etruscan in its mixture of ___________

naturalism with stylization

Like the male, the female sculptures became increasingly _________.

naturalistic

The central space of a basilica, usually flanked by aisles.

nave

Instituted by Cleisthenes, the Athenian democracy was a system of council representation in which

nearly every citizen participated.

Since the late ______________, we have known that prehistoric peoples—peoples who lived before the time of writing and so of recorded history—drew on the walls of caves.

nineteenth century

Uruk is ________ to Ur

north

Greek athletes performed

nude

For the San people, prolonged dancing activates _______

num

a concept of personal energy or potency that the entire community can acquire (San people)

num

The Cycladic figures originally looked quite different because they were _________

painted

All the gods as a group

pantheon

Two types of construction used in the Neolithic period are ______- and- ___________ and ____________.

post and lintel corbel

The passage from Cicero's "On Duty" is typically Roman in its serious presentation of ___________ advice.

practical

Greek philosophy that preceded Socrates, chiefly concerned with describing the natural world.

pre-Socratic

What human sin did the Greeks believe most angered the gods?

pride (hubris)

What type of ruler was common to most Mesopotamian city-states?

priest-kings

The enclosed vestibule at the front of a Greek building, especially a temple.

pronaos

The leading character in a play or literary work.

protagonist

The seat of both intelligence and character.

psyche

Head of an Akkadian Man(2300-2200 BCE) is a highly ________ work and is the first known ________ work make by the ______-_______ casting technique.

realistic monumental lost-wax

Stoic _____________ refers to calm acceptance, security in the knowledge that your station in life was determined by the divine logos or ____________.

resignation reason

What aspect of Han culture best reflects the principles of Confucianism?

respect for elder family members

votive

ritual object

Significant geographical features of the region include two _______ for irrigation and the general _______ of the region

rivers hostility

30. The 3 types of Greek plays are ___________, __________, and the _______ play.

satyr comedy tragedy

A comic play that was one of the three major forms of Greek drama.

satyr play

The effort to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent, and nonarbitrary) representation of the world.

scientific method

suggests volume and dimension

shading or modeling

A person thought to have a special ability to communicate with the spirit world is called a

shaman

a person thought to have special ability to communicate with the spirit world

shaman

The Snake Goddess or Priestess : The snake in her right arm was missing a head. It could just as easily have been a _______________

sheaf of grain or a necklace

Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamen to

signal his return to more traditional religious values.

During the Paleolithic era, or "Old Stone Age" the cultures were

small, scattered, and nomadic, although evidence suggests some interaction among the various groups

The Royal Standard of Ur is also an example of _________ in which the ________ figures are represented as larger

social perspective/hierarchy of scale most important/king

Woolley speculated that the platforms of the temple were originally not paved but covered with ________ and planted with ________, an idea that modern archeologists no longer accept.

soil trees

How do the figures from Akhenaten's Amarna Style differ from the traditional artistic conventions?

startling realism

Unlike the _________ pyramid of Djoser, the more famous pyramids of _________, __________, and _______ at ________ are smooth-sided

stepped Menkaure Khafre Khufu Giza

The principal architectural feature of the agora

stoa

Doric =

sturdy, simple—masculine & "romantic"

The top step of the raised platform of a temple.

stylobate

Amaterasu Omikami

sun goddess; clan ancestor to the Japanese imperial family

A type of deductive reasoning consisting of two premises from which a conclusion can be drawn.

syllogism

In ancient Greece, a gathering of men initially for the purpose of sharing poetry, food, and wine.

symposium

What principle, inscribed on the Stele of Hammurabi, reflected Hammurabi's reforms and contributions to Mesopotamian law?

talion—an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth

designed to evoke the mountains surrounding the river valley

temple structure at Ur

A set of four related plays.

tetralogy

What ancient Greek epic recounts an episode from the Trojan War?

the Iliad

What ancient culture best illustrates Aristotle's beliefs about the purpose of the polis?

the Golden Age of Athens

The ancient Egyptians called Egypt "Kemet," meaning "Black Land," because of

the Nile's black, fertile soil.

The Athenian Acropolis includes

the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena Nike.

What historical event led to the building of the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis?

the Persian sack of Athens

According to the Hebrew Bible, their law—_______________—was delivered to _______ on stone tablets and carried in a sacred chest, called the __________________

the Ten Commandments Moses Ark of the Covenant

Which text provided an ethical standard for social behavior?

the Torah

What fundamental difference distinguishes Buddhism from Hindu practice?

the absence of any deities

Based on monumental architecture and burial practices, what seems to have been most important to Egyptian kings?

the afterlife

What engineering element was essential for providing Roman cities with water?

the arch

In Greek black-figure vase painting,

the artist paints the figures with slip, which turns black after firing.

What distinguishes the idealism of Plato's philosophy?

the belief that a world of ideas exists beyond our material reality

The Greeks were known for the Homeric epics, architectural innovations, and

the concept of the polis.

Why did people abandon Ur?

the course of the Euphrates moved away from the city

Socrates' practice to teach through continuous question-and-answer dialogue is called

the dialectic method.

What was the most significant factor in the increased literacy among people in Han-dynasty China?

the invention of paper

What cultural belief is embodied in the design of Egyptian royal portraiture such as Menkaure with a Queen?

the ka's enduring nature

Minoan metalwork was prized on ________

the mainland

Izanagi and Izanami

the pair of kami who created the Japan, according to Japanese mythology

enchinus

the rounded part of a capital

Halona-Itiwana

the sacred name of the Zuni Pueblo, "the Middle Ant Hill of the World"

metallurgy

the science of working with metals

Most Pueblo people believe that they originated in

the womb of Mother Earth and, like seeds sprouting from the soil in the springtime, were called out into the daylight by their Sun Father

agonizesthai

to contend for the prize

In the ancient Egyptian religion, why are gods and goddesses represented as an amalgamation of humans and animals?

to show a harmonious universe

Aeschylus wrote

tragedies

Euripides wrote

tragedies

Sophocles wrote

tragedies

A type of drama whose basis is conflict; it often explores the physical and moral depths to which human life can descend.

tragedy

How many caves have been discovered along the Ardèche gorge that contain wall paintings?

twenty-seven

Queen Himiko

unified Japan

Krater

vessel in which wine and water were mixed

What are the two art mediums that were used to exemplify the importance of social standing of the Roman citizen throughout the domus?

wall painting and mosaic

The _________ nature of that culture is well illustrated by the highly fortified ______ at ___________.

war like Lion Gate Mycenae, Greece

Bow priests oversee

warfare and social behavior

How did the Anasazi decorate their pottery?

with elaborately abstract, largely geometric shapes and patterns

In contrast to the traditional portrait busts of the Republican period, Emperor Augustus was always depicted as _________________.

young and vigorous

What does the term kouros mean?

young man

The distinctive Mesopotamian stepped pyramid is called a

ziggurats

Philosophia

"love of wisdom"

Homo sapiens is Latin for

"one who knows"

One of Woolley's most important discoveries in the Royal Cemetery was the so-called

Standard of Ur

A social, economic, and political entity distinguished by the ability to express itself through images and written language

civilization

Tools of Paleolithic Age

cleavers, chisels, grinders, hand-axes, arrow- and spearheads made of flint

Aristotle believed the most important element of tragedy was the ______ because it can reflect the ________ inherent in nature.

plot universal order

In what way was the Roman Republic like the Greek and Etruscan models of government?

Every free male was a citizen, but not all citizens had the same rights.

Hubris

Exaggerated pride and self- confidence.

__________ are a group of more than 100 islands in the Aegean Sea between mainland Greece and the island of Crete

The Cyclades

___________ form a roughly circular shape, giving them their name, from the Greek kyklos, "circle"

The Cyclades

Corpus Hippocraticum

collected writings (probably multiple authors)

Aristophanes wrote

comedies

An amusing or lighthearted play designed to evoke laughter in an audience.

comedy

For the ancients, the human version of ___________ was attained through the celebration of brave deeds in _______.

immortality songs

What optical effect contributes to the Parthenon's sense of ideal proportion and formal harmony?

the use of entasis and slanted columns

Areté

"being the best one can be" or "reaching one's highest human potential."

The Akkadians dominated Mesopotamia for just

150 years

When were spoked wheels invented?

1800 BCE

The Minoans flourished on Crete from about _________

1900 to 1375 BCE

What year did British archaeologist C. Leonard Woolley board a steamer to begin a journey that would take him to Iraq?

1922

When was Tutankhamun's tomb discovered?

1922

When discovered in ____, Tutankhamun's tomb was unique in having escaped _______.

1922 looters

What year did British archeologist C. Leonard Woolley unearth a series of tombs in Ur?

1927

Around _________ BCE people began to replace their stone tools with ________ ones.

4000 metal

Beginning about ____________, across the ancient world, the science of metallurgy developed

4000 BCE

When was Socrates born?

469 BCE

The Western Roman Empire fell in ______, but the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire lasted until ______.

476 CE 1453 CE

Rome was governed as a Republic for about _______ years (how many?) before Octavius defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of _______ in 31 BCE.

478 Actium

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

peristyle courtyard

A courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded walkway.

Oral cultures

A culture that develops without writing and passes down stories, beliefs, values, and systems by word of mouth.

round arch

A curved architectural support element that spans an opening.

Akkad

Capital city of the Akkadian Empire- never discovered

Purgation or clarification resulting from audience's pity and fear elicited by action of tragedy

Catharsis

Refers specifically to the art of the Greeks in the fifth century BCE; also commonly used to refer to anything of the first or highest order, when it is lower case.

Classical

What evidence proves cross-cultural exchange between Minoan and Cycladic cultures during the Bronze Age?

Common themes are found in the art of both cultures

The _____________ method of ____________ involves continual _______________.

Dialectic Socrates questioning

Greek drama has its origins in ritual practices around the cult of which Greek god?

Dionysus

Greek drama is associated with the worship of _____________.

Dionysus

The temple of Hera is an example of which architectural order?

Doric

sturdy, simple—masculine & "romantic"

Doric

The oldest and simplest of the Greek architectural orders characterized by a heavy column that stands directly on a temple stylobate.

Doric order

Christianity became legal throughout the Roman Empire in 313 CE with the ____________.

Edict of Milan

Inductive Reasoning + Scientific Experimentation

Empirical Method

represents force, which the ruler emulates in his role as military leader (Mesopotamian)

Enlil

The first known literary work

Epic of Gilgamesh

Most Pessimistic of 3 writers of tragedies

Euripides

Hephaestus (Vulcan)

God of the forge and fire; son of Zeus and Hera and husband of Aphrodite; wears a blacksmith's apron and carries a hammer.

Apollo (Phoebus)

God of the sun, light, truth, prophecy, music, and medicine; he carries a bow and arrow, sometimes a lyre; he is often depicted riding a chariot across the sky.

Hades (Pluto)

God of the underworld, accompanied by his monstrous dog Cerberus.

Ares (Mars)

God of war, and son of Zeus and Hera, usually armored

Dionysus (Bacchus)

God of wine and inspiration, closely aligned to myths of fertility and sexuality.

Demeter (Ceres)

Goddess of agriculture and grain

Persephone (Proserpina)

Goddess of fertility, Demeter's daughter, carted off each winter to the underworld by her husband Hades, but released each spring to restore the world to plenty.

Aphrodite (Venus)

Goddess of love and beauty; Hesiod says she was born when the severed genitals of Uranus, the Greek personification of the sky, were cast into the sea and his sperm mingled with sea foam to create her. Eros is her son.

Hestia (Vesta)

Goddess of the hearth and sister of Zeus.

Artemis (Diana)

Goddess of the hunt and the moon; Apollo's sister, she carries bow and arrow, and is accompanied by hunting dogs

Athena (Minerva)

Goddess of war, but also, through her association with Athens, of civilization; the daughter of Zeus, born from his head; often helmeted, shield and spear in hand; the owl (wisdom) and the olive tree (peace) are sacred to her.

"Periclean Athens"

Golden Age of Athens- as defined by Aristotle

Philosophically, the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior.

Golden Mean

Roman poet Horace's phrase

Golden Mean

_________ Pantheon

Hadrian's

"the Middle Ant Hill of the World"

Halona-Itiwana

"Blind Bard" (around 800 BCE)

Homer

2 famous epics, Iliad and Odyssey -Epic Conventions

Homer

Trojan War -Oaths to Menelaus -Judgment of Paris

Homer

Following excavations at Hissarlik/ancient Troy (in modern Turkey), Heinrich Schliemann turned his attention to other sites mentioned in the ____________

Homeric epics

Anasazi descendants

Hopi and the Zuni

Which favored poet of Augustus was known for writing lyrical odes that reflected Roman values of duty?

Horace

lighter builds, larger brains than ancestors

Hunter-gatherers

Zeus (Jupiter)

King of the gods, usually bearded, and associated with the eagle and thunderbolt.

The Minoans name comes from the legendary King Minos, who was said to have ruled the island's ancient capital of _________

Knossos

King of Sparta, Helen's husband

Menalaus

_____________ is Greek for "land between the two rivers"

Mesopotamia

the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Mesopotamia

the region known as Sumer

Mesopotamia

Where is Ur?

Mesopotamia/Iraq

Anu

Mesopotamian father of the gods

Belitili

Mesopotamian fertility, birth, and agricultural plenty goddess

Enlil

Mesopotamian god of the air

Ea, or Enki

Mesopotamian god of water and arts

Ishtar

Mesopotamian goddess of love and war

Hermes (Mercury)

Messenger of the gods, but also god of fertility, theft, dreams, commerce, and the marketplace; usually wearing winged sandals and a winged hat, he carries a wand with two snakes entwined around it.

The Minoans were named after King ______

Minos

Named after King _______, the __________ flourished on the island of _______ from about ______ to ______.

Minos, Minoans, Crete, 1900 BCE, 1375 BCE

a classic Chinese text dating from about 297 CE

Records of Three Kingdoms

insulae

Roman apartment blocks constructed of concrete

The __________ made it possible to translate Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Rosetta Stone

Death Sentence, 399 BCE—teaching impieties & corrupting youth

Socrates

Literally, "wise man"; an ancient Greek teacher or philosopher who was committed to humanism and primarily concerned with understanding the nature of human "knowing" itself.

Sophist

Oedipus trilogy

Sophocles

Designed by Callicrates and built in 425 BCE

Temple of Athena Nike

allegedly houses the original Ark of the Covenant

The Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum, Ethiopia

Which Neolithic culture created distinctive life-sized ceramic sculptures depicting human and animal forms?

The Nok

Civilizations develop when the environment of a region can support

a large and productive population

What distinguished the Hebrew peoples from other Mesopotamian cultures?

a monotheistic religion

hieratic scale

a pictorial convention in which the most important figures are represented in a larger size than the others

What aspect of Roman culture is reflected by the popularity of portraiture?

a preference for art depicting current events and real people

Heraclitus

a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC), dualist

Ziggurat

a pyramidal temple structure consisting of successive platforms with outside staircases and a shrine at the top

What geographic feature allowed for the development of the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro in India?

a river valley

sipapu

a small, round hole symbolic of the Anasazi creation myth

emergence tale

a type of narrative that explains beliefs about a people's origins

A Greek jar with an egg-shaped body and two curved handles that was used for storing oil or wine.

amphora

talion

an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth

Pueblo kachinas and Japanese kami exemplify what cultural concept found among Neolithic peoples?

animism

The belief that the forces of nature are inhabited by living spirits.

animism

belief that the forces of nature are inhabited by living spirits

animism

Pilasters of slight projection terminating the walls of a cella.

antae

One who represents an opposing will; an adversary or opponent.

antagonist

The practice of investing plants, animals, and natural phenomena with human form or attributes.

anthropomorphism

the practice of investing plants, animals, and natural phenomena with human form or attributes

anthropomorphism

A style in Greek pottery decoration composed of black figures against a red background.

black-figure

Sometimes called the "_____ bard," ________ is considered the author of both the _______ and the ___________.

blind Homer Iliad Odyssey

lapis lazuli

blue semiprecious stone

In Buddhism, a person who refrains from achieving total enlightenment in order to help others achieve buddhahood.

bodhisattva

The importance of family and ancestor worship is evident in Roman portraiture and in what ancient Chinese art form?

bronze vessels

What animal held ritual and mythical significance in the Minoan culture?

bull

Woolley concentrated his energies on the________________ surrounding the city's central ziggurat

burial grounds

Most of our knowledge about ancient China comes from

burial sites and tombs.

A sculpted block that forms the uppermost part of a column.

capital

The __________ are shaped like pillows or cushions.

capitals

Cleansing, purification, or purgation of the soul.

catharsis

What philosophical concept is embodied in Greek tragedy?

catharsis

The principle interior space of a Greek building, especially a temple; also called a naos.

cella

The company of actors who comment on the action of some Greek dramas, both tragedies and comedies.

chorus

kachinas or katcinas

deified spirits in the Zuni people

A division of the Athenian political system composed of small local areas comparable to modern-day precincts or wards.

demes

In Hinduism, good and righteous conduct that reflects the cosmic moral order underlying all existence.

dharma

A process of inquiry and instruction characterized by continuous question-and-answer dialogue designed to elicit a clear statement of knowledge supposed to be held implicitly by all reasonable beings.

dialectic method

The 3 Greek architectural orders are _______ (considered ___________), ________ (considered ___________), and _____________ (the most elaborate).

doric, sturdy, ionic, lighter, corinthian

A swelling of the shaft of a column.

entasis

A long narrative poem in an elevated language that follows characters of a high position through a series of adventures, often including a visit to the world of the dead.

epic

A word or phrase that characterizes a person.

epithet

Small seals found in the Indus Valley demonstrate what?

evidence of a written language and a naturalistic rendering of images.

Rome's actual historical record begins with the ___________ of an ________ king.

expelling Etruscan

The city plan of Thamugadi reflects the ________ of the Roman Empire, the Roman sense of _______, and the concern with ___________.

extent order hygiene

Verism

extreme naturalism

During the Paleolithic era, or "Old Stone Age" the cultures of the world sustained themselves on

game and wild plants

At Mycenae Heinrich Schliemann discovered ______________ as well as swords and daggers. Most of the treasure he found in shaft graves, vertical pits some 20 to 25 feet deep enclosed in a circle of stone slabs

gold and silver death masks of fallen heroes

Schliemann may have added the ____________, perhaps to make the mask appear more "heroic"

handlebar mustache and large ears

The ________ code stressed the need to sacrifice __________ concerns to ________ duty.

heroic personal public

No written records of the early Cycladic people remain, although archaeologists have found a good deal of their art in and around ___________

hillside burial chambers

The Cycladic figures function remains unknown, but some scholars suggest they were used for ____________

home worship and then buried with their owner

The inclusion of an army of life-sized sculptures guarding the burial site of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi probably reflects what ancient Chinese practice?

human sacrifice accompanying a ruler's death

Understood, by the late fourteenth century, as the recovery, study, and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome, and the application of their principles to education, politics, social life, and the arts in general.

humanism

The eternal perfection of pure ideas untainted by material reality.

idealism

New York Kouros (identify)

identify

Sargon was an ______________________ whose mother deposited him in the Euphrates River in a basket

illegitimate child

Where is Ain Ghazal?

just outside what is now Amman, Jordan

The Anasazi abandoned their communities in the

late thirteenth century

In Menkaure with a Queen, he is depicted with his _____ foot forward, ______ at his sides, and _____ fists.

left hands clenched

Bull Leaping (Toreador Fresco), from the palace complex at Knossos, Crete: As in Egyptian art, women are traditionally depicted with ________, men with a __________

light skin darker complexion

Ionic =

lighter -feminine, more elegant; scroll

Modern faience is easily distinguishable from ancient because it is markedly ___________

lighter in tone.

Visual arts:

line, shape, color, texture, composition, and so forth- part of form

Roman piety, or pietas, is evident in the _____ _________ depicted in the portrait busts, characterized by extreme naturalism referred to as __________. Those busts became unpopular during the _____________.

older subjects Verism Middle Ages

Sinleqqiunninni

oldest known author

The "dancing-space" on which aspects of ancient Greek plays were performed.

orchestra

In Classical Greek architecture, the relationship between an elevation's three vertical elements: platform, column, and entablature; see Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

order

The cat on the head of The Snake Goddess or Priestess from Crete is

original, but wasn't found with the statue

The triangular area over a porch.

pediment

The 3 main areas of decorative sculpture on the Parthenon are the ____________, ____________, and ___________.

pediments metopes frieze

prehistoric peoples

peoples who lived before the time of writing and so of recorded history

Why did the Anasazi abandon their community?

perhaps because of a great drought that lasted from about 1276 to 1299

A row of columns.

peristyle

Egyptian "ba"

personality

What is symbolized by the figure's nudity in both the New York Kouros and the Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)?

physical and intellectual superiority

A drawing that represents an object or being, often combined in hieroglyphic writing to express ideas.

pictogram

The Palette of Narmer consists largely of _________ and is a _______, or a gift for deities placed in a temple.

pictograms votive

Pergamon was home to Alexander the Great's treasury, the library of Athenian texts, and

the Altar of Zeus

What Roman edifice served both as a commemorative monument and a functional structure?

the Arch of Titus

Mesa Verde

what is today southwestern Colorado

Form =

what's inside work

Context =

what's outside work