Humanities 1: Discovering the Humanities- Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, & 12
_______________ style architecture, so named because it looked like a debased form of ancient Roman architecture, developed to accommodate increasing numbers of pilgrims.
"Romanesque"
cloisonné
A style of decoration in which strips of gold are set on edge to form small cells, which are filled with colored enamel glass paste and fitted with thin slices of semiprecious stones.
polychoral style
A style in which choirs sing to and against each other in increasingly complicated forms.
Gothic
A style of architecture and decoration prevalent in the twelfth through fifteenth centuries in northern Europe, where, it was believed, classical traditions had been destroyed by Germanic invaders called Goths.
animal style
A style of decoration featuring symmetrical design, interlaced organic and geometric shapes, and animal motifs.
Romanesque
An art historical period so called because the architecture incorporated elements of Roman architectural tradition.
guilds
An association or group of people with like-minded interests or skills.
summa
An authoritative summary of all that is known on a traditional subject.
relic
An object (bones, clothing, or other possessions) venerated because of its association with a Christian saint or martyr.
Glazing enabled Giorgione and Titian to highlight features such as the play of _________ and _____________, the luxurious display of ___________ and ______________, and the opulent variety of ____________ and _____________.
light shadow detail design pattern texture
trivium
In medieval universities, the language arts, which included grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic.
quadrivium
In medieval universities, the mathematical arts, which included music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy.
primogeniture
In the feudal system, the right of the eldest son to inherit all property.
In The City of God, St. Augustine of Hippo described history as a __________ progression moving from __________ to its final end in the New Jerusalem, also called the _____________.
linear creation City of God
The rites prescribed for public worship.
liturgy
What is troubadour poetry?
love songs expressing longing, originating in southern France
A teaching college attached to a mosque is called a(n)
madrasa.
During the Renaissance, what was an Italian wife's primary responsibility?
managing the domestic affairs of the household
What notable feature of the Industrial Revolution can be associated with Josiah Wedgwood's business?
mass production
The medieval study of music was included in what area of higher education?
mathematical arts
Perhaps as a tribute to Raphael, Dϋrer's figure of _____________________ is positioned like ____________________ in School of Athens.
melancholy Michelangelo
Believing that a Messiah, or Anointed One, would come to rescue the Jewish people once and for all time.
messianic
A niche in the wall of a mosque commemorating the spot at Medina where Muhammad planted his lance to indicate the direction in which people should pray.
mihrab
The stepped pulpit for the preacher on the qibla wall of a mosque.
minbar
A building used for worship by Muslims.
mosque
The Muslim building of worship is called a ________.
mosque
The three-beat rhythm of Ambrose's hymns, consisting of three iambs (short-long).
iambic tetrameter
Literally, an image; in Byzantium, a religious image designed to elevate the mind to a higher contemplation of God.
icon
The idea, practice, or doctrine of an iconoclast to destroy or ban religious images and their veneration.
iconoclasm
The literal (factual) and figurative (symbolic) significance of an image.
iconography
The purpose of the stained-glass programs in all Gothic cathedrals was to tell the stories of the Bible to an audience that was largely _____________.
illiterate
Joseph Wright's An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump employs dramatic lighting effects that often symbolized spiritual enlightenment in Baroque painting. What might light symbolize in Wright's work?
illumination through science
The term vernacular refers to language spoken
in the streets.
The use of words to say one thing explicitly but implicitly mean another.
irony
What was a key factor in the increased popularity of poetry about courtly love in the Middle Ages?
its use of vernacular language
The impassioned religious struggle undertaken by Muslims as a religious duty. The jihad may take one of two forms: the lesser is a holy war; the greater is self-control over the baser human appetites.
jihad
What distinctive literary feature, common to Old English literature, is used throughout Beowulf?
kennings
A windowed turret at the top of a dome.
lantern
Ghiberti's plan in the East doors was to follow the __________ by creating ___________figures in ___________space.
lead of the ancients realistic realistic
A technology, invented in China in 1043, in which individual letter forms are composed into pages and then printed on a press.
movable type
A symbolic gesture, particularly of the hands.
mudra
Religious group with secret initiation rituals.
mystery cult
The entrance hall of a Christian basilica.
narthex
Law derived from nature and binding upon human society.
natural law
Giotto's Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Saints is a remarkable shift toward ______________.
naturalism
Because they put themselves under the protection of the Virgin, Siena and Florence began competing to prove who could paint her more ________________.
naturally
The central space of a basilica, usually flanked by aisles.
nave
Which Enlightenment idea is reflected in both Satan in John Milton's Paradise Lost and Daniel Defoe's character of Robinson Crusoe?
liberalism
What art medium inspired English gardens in the eighteenth century?
pastoral poetry
What aspect of Roman culture is closely related to the medieval practice of feudalism?
patronage
A concave triangular section that forms a transition between a rectilinear shape and a dome shape.
pendentive
Ficino also stressed that humans are capable of attaining _______________ in this life.
perfection
What pagan source seems to have influenced Christians to associate God with light and illumination?
the cult of Mithras
What does the term iconoclasm describe?
the destruction or ban of religious artworks, as mandated by Leo III
The notion of courtly love and the portals of the Romanesque church helped people in the Middle Ages distinguish between which two realms?
the spiritual world and life on earth
What semicircular space beneath the portal arch of Romanesque cathedrals was filled with sculptural relief?
the tympanum
The concept of the Judeo-Christian (Jewish) apocalypse stems from what?
the unfair treatments by the Romans developed into a concept of eventual retribution
How does Jan van Eyck add religious meaning to the otherwise secular subject of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami?
the use of symbolic details
What did Giorgio Vasari dislike about paintings by Giorgione and other Venetian artists?
their sensuous painting techniques
How did Buddhism spread from India into China?
through travelers along the Silk Road
Why would Desiderius Erasmus write In Praise of Folly?
to criticize the Church
Tattoos among South Pacific cultures such as the Maori are an expression of
the spiritual substance called mana.
Why did Leonardo paint the Last Supper in a Dominican refectory?
to encourage monks to contemplate Christ's last meal
What was the primary job of Alcuin of York in Charlemagne's court at Aachen?
to establish a curriculum that would promote literacy
Why did Christian missionaries in England create illuminated manuscripts?
to give the spiritual world material splendor
Why did Donatello create such a slight, young figure for his sculpture of David?
to promote the ability of virtue to overcome tyranny
What motivated Romanesque architects to use barrel vaults as ceilings for cathedrals?
to protect a building from fire
The arm of the Latin cross church perpendicular to the nave.
transept
A three-paneled, hinged painting is called a(n)
triptych
vanishing point
The point on the horizon where lines of perspective meet.
vantage point
The position from which something is viewed.
The _____________ to decorate the north doors of the ________ ________ marks the beginning of the Early Renaissance
1401 competition Florence baptistry
medieval romance
A story of adventure and love that pretended to be a true historical account of Charlemagne, King Arthur, or Roman legend.
Radiant style
A development of the French Gothic style featuring increasingly flamboyant patterns of repeated traceries and ornament.
orthogonal
A diagonal line.
trobairitz
A female troubadour.
double entendre
A figure of speech in which a phrase can be understood in either of two ways.
cantus firmus
A fixed melody used as the basis of a polyphonic vocal work.
parody
A form of satire in which a serious author or work is ridiculed or mocked in a humorous way through exaggerated imitation.
cartoon
A full-size preparatory drawing for a final artwork, especially a fresco or painting.
fêtes galantes
A gallant and, by extension, amorous celebration or party.
chorale
A hymn sung in the vernacular by the entire congregation.
Petrarchan sonnet
A sonnet composed of 14 lines divided into two parts: an octaveof eight lines that presents a problem, and a sestetof six lines that either attempts to solve the problem or accepts it as inevitable.
flying buttress
A stone structure that extends from a wall and employs an arch to focus the strength of the buttress's support at the top of the wall.
Italian sonnet
A Petrarchan sonnet.
Scholasticism
A brand of theological inquiry based on the dialectical method.
baptistery
A building standing in front of a cathedral and used for the Christian rite of baptism.
knight
A chevalier guided by a strict unwritten code of conduct; see chivalric code.
troubadour
A class of poets that flourished in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries in southern France and northern Italy.
commune
A collective of people gathered together for the common good.
kenning
A compound phrase used in poetry to substitute for the name of a person or thing.
pendentive
A concave triangular section that forms a transition between a rectilinear shape and a dome shape.
reliquary
A container used to protect and display relics.
Greek cross
A cross in which the upright and transverse shafts are of equal length and intersect in the middle.
archivolt
A curved molding formed by the voussoirs making up the arch.
carpet page
A descriptive term that refers to the resemblance between highly decorated edges of medieval manuscripts and Turkish or Islamic carpets.
monophonic
A song in which one or many voices sing a single melodic line with no harmony.
finial
A knob-like architectural form; also found on furniture.
crocket
A leaf-like form that curves outward, with edges curling up, that was often added to pinnacles, spires, and gables of cathedrals.
empirical method
A manner of inquiry that combines inductive reasoning and scientific experiment.
Jacobin
A member of a radical minority of France's National Assembly who favored the elimination of the monarchy and the institution of egalitarian democracy.
deductive reasoning
A method that begins with clearly established general principles and proceeds to the establishment of particular truths.
Neoplatonist
A modern term that distinguishes Renaissance Platonism from its Greek antecedents.
frottola
A musical form that usually consists of three parts, with the melody in the highest register.
neume
A note in traditional Gregorian notation, usually indicated by a small square.
epistolary novel
A novel made up of a series of epistles, or letters.
tempera
A painting medium made by grinding pigments to a paste and suspending them in a mixture of water and egg yolk.
palatine chapel
A palace chapel.
palazzo
A palace, especially when a large urban dwelling.
buttresses
A pillar or other support typically built against an exterior wall to brace it and strengthen an interior vault.
liberalism
A political theory that argues that people are by nature free, equal, and independent and that they consent to government for protection but not by surrendering sovereignty to a ruler.
motet
A polyphonic genre consisting of three (and sometimes four) voices.
inductive reasoning
A process in which, through the direct and careful observation of natural phenomena, one can draw general conclusions from particular examples and predict the operations of nature as a whole.
dialectic method
A process of inquiry and instruction characterized by continuous question-and-answer dialogue designed to elicit a clear statement of knowledge supposed to be held implicitly by all reasonable beings.
jongleur
A professional entertainer or minstrel who performed from court to court.
memento mori
A reminder of death.
indulgence
A remission of penalties to be suffered in the afterlife, especially release from purgatory.
heroic couplet
A rhyming pair of iambic pentameter lines.
salon
A room designed for social gatherings; later, it also referred to the social gathering itself.
madrigal
A secular vocal composition for three or more voices.
neumatic
A simple chant form in which each syllable is sung to two or three notes.
atmospheric perspective
A system that depends on the observation that the haze in the atmosphere makes distant elements appear less distinct and bluish in color.
scientific perspective (linear perspective)
A technique that allowed artists to translate three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface.
foreshortening
A technique used to suggest that forms are sharply receding.
chinoiserie
A term used to define the European taste for "all things Chinese."
motte and bailey
A type of castle consisting of a raised earth mound (motte) and the enclosed courtyard at its base (bailey).
animal interlace
A type of decorative motif featuring elongated animals interlaced into serpentine ribbons.
English Gardem
A type of garden design of artificial naturalness with irregular features and winding walkways that became popular in England beginning in the early 1700s.
Gregorian chant
A type of liturgical chant popularized during the time of Charlemagne and still widely used until the twentieth century.
organum
A type of polyphonic music consisting of voices singing note-to-note in parallel.
melismatic organum
A type of polyphonyin which the second voice moves in contrary motion to the bass chant or adds numerous notes to individual syllables above the bass chant.
free organum
A type of polyphonyin which the second voice moves in contrary motion to the bass chant.
Book of Hours
A type of prayer book that usually begins with an illustrated calendar followed by pages of short prayers to be recited at designated times.
one-point perspective
A type of scientific (linear) perspective in which all lines appear to converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon.
homophonic harmony
A unison movement of the voices in chords.
minature
A very small painting.
toccata
A virtuoso composition, usually for organ, designed to feature both the range of the instrument and the dexterity of the performer.
The curriculum at Charles' palace school at __________ was based upon a balance of __________________.
Aachen logic and science
Peter __________ was a popular lecturer who used the _________ method of presenting multiple perspectives and then attempting to reconcile them. He stressed that "By __________ we come to inquire, and by inquiring we arrive at ________."
Abelard dialectical doubting truth
The argument developed in which of the following texts was used to justify the institution of slavery in the United States?
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations
Although the meaning is not fully understood, what subject does Hieronymus Bosch seem to most prominently address in the Garden of Earthly Delights?
Adam and Eve and the notion of sin
What is meant by the concept of "original sin"?
Adam and Eve's fall from grace in the Garden of Eden
_____________ ____________, the most popular painter in Europe by the time he was 30, wanted to introduce _____________________ ideas to Germany.
Albrecht Dürer scientific painting?
mana
Among the Maori, an invisible spiritual substance that is the manifestation of the gods on earth.
social contract
An agreement by which a person gives up sovereignty over him- or herself and bestows it on a ruler.
mandorla
An almond-shaped oval of light signifying divinity.
Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica is best described as an attempt to prove the existence of God. In his summa, Aquinas relies on
Aristotelian observation and logically drawn conclusions.
Full of symbolic elements, the ______________ Wedding Portrait is an excellent example of the celebration of _____________________ identity and the northern love of ______________.
Arnolfini individual detail
What belief made the arts such an important priority for humanists such as Lorenzo de' Medici?
At its highest level, human creativity had the potential to express divine truths.
Erasmus compared the people of Bruges to those of Golden Age ___________.
Athens
The School of __________ is Raphael's tribute to Classical ______________ in the private apartments of Pope Julius II.
Athens antiquity?
The Book of the Courtier by ______________ reflects the influence of Plato in its dialogue format and emphasis on an _________ of behavior.
Baldassare Castiglione etiquette or ideal
Common features of early Christian architecture include the ___________ design adopted from pagan assembly halls, the _____________ or aisle, and the ______________ shape.
Basilica ambulatory Cruciform
Although Scandinavian, __________ is considered the first English epic because it is written in _________ __________ (also called ____ English).
Beowulf Anglo-Saxon Old
Where was Christian Europe's first degree-granting university?
Bologna
Like his other work, the Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus _________ is typically Northern in its ___________________ as well as its minute detail and distinctive style.
Bosch pessimism
How are Giotto's paintings in the Arena Chapel at Padua similar to stained-glass windows in French Gothic cathedrals such as Notre-Dame or Chartres?
Both represent biblical narratives.
In Gothic cathedrals, stained glass and portal sculpture served what common purpose?
Both were didactic devices.
The financial capital of the North, _______________was home to _____________ banking interests in the region known as __________________________.
Bruges Medici Flanders
In addition to creating the Duomo, _____________ invented what is called ___________, ____________, or _____ ________ perspective.
Brunelleschi linear scientific One-Point
The increased naturalism of Duccio di Buoninsegna and Simone Martini demonstrates a departure from what previous style?
Byzantine
The popular phrase "mind over matter" is a generalized notion of which system of thought?
Cartesian dualism
Which of the following had a stabilizing effect on medieval culture?
Charlemagne
The revival of Roman ideas in Western Europe during the reign of ____________ is known as the ________________ Renaissance.
Charlemagne Carolingian
The Cathedral of Notre-Dame at___________, located in the heart of France's grain belt, was the spiritual center of the cult of the _________.
Chartres Virgin
Along the pilgrimage routes, sacred sites housed relics, the bones, clothing, and other possessions of
Christian saints and martyrs.
Ficino changed the concept of Platonic love from the original pagan version that Socrates describes in Plato's Symposium to a _____________________ version in which the relationship between 2 people is purely ________________.
Christianized spiritual
What contributed most to London's growth in the sixteenth century?
Henry VIII's Dissolution Act of 1536
melismatic
In later medieval chant, the practice of singing a single syllable to many notes.
How did the musical form of the motet reflect larger debates around faith versus reason that were common in the Middle Ages?
Competing voices of the motet are balanced and harmonious, yet at odds.
The Byzantine Empire's capital city of _______________ was the center of _____________ culture throughout the ______ ___________ _____.
Constantinople Christian Early Middle Ages
By removing husbands from the household, the Crusades even helped contribute to the developing practice of _________ Love.
Courtly
The ___________ were attempts to re-take the Holy Land from __________ control.
Crusades Muslim
The 5 most famous 14th century western writers are ___________, _________________, _________________, ______________ and ______________ de Pizan.
Dante Boccaccio Petrarch Chaucer Christine de Pizan
The first humanist scholar to take advantage of the printing press to disseminate his work
Desiderius Erasmus
What distinguishes the scientific findings of Isaac Newton from those of his predecessors Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei?
He computed a mathematical equation supporting the law of universal gravity.
geocentric
Earth-centered
Worldwide council of Church leaders.
Ecumencial Council
The most famous Christian humanist until the 19th century, _____________ remained Catholic even though his satire The Praise of __________ mocks his church's faults.
Erasmus of Rotterdam Folly
The center of the Renaissance shifts from ______________ to _______ in the early 16th century.
Florence Rome
Many of the characters who inhabit Dante's Hell are ________________ political figures.
Florentine
__________ _____________ extend away from the wall, employing an _____ to focus the strength of support at the top of the wall, which is the section most prone to collapse.
Flying buttresses arch
Sprezzatura
For an Italian Renaissance courtier, the undertaking of difficult tasks as if effortlessly and with an attitude of nonchalance.
Like Boccaccio's Decameron, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is a collection of ____________ stories told by a group of characters.
Framed
According to the text's discussion, what belief distinguished the humanist philosophy of Pico della Mirandola from the views of earlier philosophers?
Free will gives humans the potential to determine their own fate.
Lorenzo Ghiberti's east doors to the Florence Baptistery are called the
Gates of Paradise.
Paul changed Christianity from a sect within Judaism to a world-wide movement by opening it to ____________.
Gentiles
The Venetian painters ____________________ and _____________ used glazing in order to build up __________ on their canvases.
Giorgione Titian color
In John Milton's Paradise Lost, the tensions between absolute rule and the civil liberty of the individual are expressed through dialogues between
God and Lucifer
A common image in early Christian art is Christ as ______ ___________.
Good Shepherd
During the Renaissance, Venetian architecture retained what characteristics in a demonstration of the city's cultural stability?
Gothic
The 3 most famous "_________ ___________" of the High Renaissance are Michelangelo, _______________, and ________________.
Great Masters Leonardo Raphael
Johannes __________________ produced the Forty-Two Line Bible with movable type.
Gutenberg
_______ _________ was the most important church in the world until it became a _________ in the 15th century.
Hagia Sophia mosque
Why did Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis want to fill the church with large stained-glass windows?
He believed that light was a manifestation of the Divine Spirit.
Which accomplished woman was responsible for creating musical compositions that included symbolic Christian references and rapidly ascending melodies?
Hildegard of Bingen
Charlemagne was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas day in 800CE, creating what would later come to be called the _____ Roman Empire.
Holy
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau mean when he wrote, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"?
Humans have enslaved themselves.
What is the origin of the term "Black Death"?
Inflammations caused by the disease were black in color.
Grϋnewald's ________________ Altarpiece includes graphic details of physical _____________ in some panels in contrast to the ____________ beauty of others.
Isenheim suffering Gothic
The Dome of the Rock is an example of religious architecture from what religion?
Islam
How did the increased use of tempera change the style or technique of the Italian painter?
It allowed for a finer detail, embracing naturalism.
Why did the Church find Peter Abelard's dialectical method of teaching problematic?
It challenged the Church's authority.
In addition to creating illusionistic space, what is the function of linear perspective in Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper?
It directs the viewer to the most important figure.
Which statement best summarizes the goals of Scholasticism?
It employs logic and reason in an effort to explain Christian theology.
How did the growth of a wealthy merchant class affect the development of art in Northern Europe?
It fostered an economic market for artistic production and trade.
What distinguishes Chaucer's Canterbury Tales from Boccaccio's Decameron?
It is written in verse, not prose.
How did Donato Bramante's plan for Saint Peter's Basilica symbolize the perfection of God?
It reflected the ideal form of a circle inscribed within a square.
How does Michelangelo's sculpture, David, challenge Donatello's previous version of David?
It represents a confident David before the battle.
Why did Napoleon adopt Neoclassical style for the state building projects he initiated during his rule?
It served as propaganda, reinforcing ideas of order, reason, and national glory.
The Protestant Reformation began in _________ when Luther was _________________________ by Pope Leo X.
Jan. 3, 1521 excommunicated
l'uomo universale
Literally, "universal man"; a self-reliant, multi-talented, freethinking individual.
The pilgrimage to Mecca includes circling the ________.
Kaaba
A stunning example of Celtic style, the Book of _______ was already so famous in the 11th century that it was described as "the ______ _______ of the Western world."
Kells chief relic
Fluency in what language was required for study in universities in Bologna, Paris, and Oxford?
Latin
Most literature was written in ____________ until it began to be replaced by works written in native languages, also known as the __________________.
Latin vernacular
The design of a Christian basilica with a long arm (the nave) and three shorter arms—the apse and the arms of the transept.
Latin cross
Which was the first of a long line of popes from the Medici family of Florence?
Leo X
laissez-faire
Literally, "let it happen as it will," this economic policy argues that people should be free to do whatever they might to enrich themselves.
chanson de geste
Literally, "song of heroic deeds"; a type of French medieval epic poem.
What fundamental belief distinguishes John Locke's ideas from those of Thomas Hobbes?
Man can govern himself.
Charles __________ ("the hammer") was given that nickname because he stopped the advance of the _________ into France in 732 CE and is therefore credited with guaranteeing the future of _________________.
Martel Muslims Christendom
The ___________________ underscores the Northern European preoccupation with death and alludes to the recurrence of the plague?
Matthias Grünewald's Isenheim Altarpiece
Muhammad's flight from ________ in ______ CE marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar
Mecca 622
The Early Renaissance is dominated by the __________ family who had grown rich through their _____________ business.
Medici banking
Anointed One.
Messiah
Although his first love was sculpture, ______________ finally agreed to paint the _____________ Chapel ceiling, one of the most famous frescoes in history.
Michelangelo Sistine
The ________ window shows that he was a prominent theme in the royal abbey of St. Denis because his leadership of the ancient ___________ was a model for the kings of France.
Moses Israelites
"Gothic" style was given that name by people who considered it _________________.
barbaric
polyphony
Music with two or more lines of melody.
The Prince, a political handbook written by ________________, presents a pragmatic approach to leadership based on his study of contemporaries such as Cesare Borgia as well as ___________ __________ rulers.
Niccolò Machiavelli ancient roman
The ___________ Invasion of 1066 CE changed the English language by introducing __________, resulting in a mixture of 2 languages in Middle English.
Norman French?
Despite its location in __________, the castle known as _____ des ___________ is one of the most impressive examples of Norman style.
Northern Syria Krak des Chevaliers
ignudi
Nude youths.
syllabic
One note per syllable.
estate
One of three traditional groups that comprised the Estates General of France. The First Estate was the clergy; the Second was the nobility; and the Third was the rest of the population.
________-___________ is considered the most important contribution of _________ ___ to the Church and the history of Gothic architecture.
Sainte-Chapelle Louis IX
An example of a palatine chapel is
Sainte-Chapelle.
Andrea ______________ designed the Villa __________, thus establishing a new design that combined the gentleman's lifestyle with the functional needs of the farmer.
Palladio La Rotonda
_______ became the intellectual center of ______________ during the High Middle Ages.
Paris Christendom
What does the notion of laissez-faire economics propose?
People should be free to do whatever they might to enrich themselves.
Laura Cereta's assertion that women, like men, can choose to exercise their free will in pursuit of learning parallels the work of which other writer?
Pico della Mirandola
______'s emphasis on _______ ______ transforms medieval thought.
Pico della Mirandola free will
plainchant
Plainsong; a liturgical chant.
Who was responsible for initiating the massive campaign to rebuild Saint Peter's Basilica and the Vatican?
Pope Julius II
Who revised the Magnus Liber Organi?
Pérotin
The sacred text of Islam composed of the revelations of Allah to Muhammad.
Qu'ran
The _________ is believed to be the direct word of Allah, and a divine version exists in Paradise.
Qur'an
The most extensive examples of Byzantine art are found in the Italian town of _________________.
Ravenna
Crusades were motivated by, among other things, ____________ zeal and the inheritance system known as ______________ in which the eldest son inherits the entire estate.
Religious Primogeniture
The Song of ____________ changes an actual historical battle between Frankish troops and forces made up of Christian Basques and Muslims to a battle between Frankish troops and only ___________.
Roland Muslims (Saracens)
The ________ ____________ Church had emerged as a major power in the West by the year ______CE.
Roman Catholic 1000
Based on the text's discussion, what was a key reason for Constantine's decision to move the Roman capital to Constantinople?
Rome's vulnerability to attack by Germanic tribes
The _____ window is symbolic of the Virgin Mary in her role as the Mystic Rose, the root plant of the ________ Tree
Rose Jesse
At the very bottom of Dante's Hell is a three-faced ________ chewing on the worst of all traitors—Judas (thought to have betrayed Jesus) and Brutus and Cassius (assassins of Julius Caesar)
Satan
The literary genre that conveys the contradictions between real and ideal situations.
Satire
The Five Pillars of faith in Islam include __________, _____________, ____, _______________, and ______.
Shahadah Prayer Alm Fasting Hajj
Five Pillars of Islam
Shahadah Prayer Alms Fasting Hajj
Which character in the medieval romance Lancelot best demonstrates the chivalric code of the Middle Ages?
Sir Kay
How was the institution of slavery engrained in the American culture?
Slave labor allowed for greater economic prosperity.
The Swiss monastery of _____ ____ was Charlemagne's ideal; its ___________ arrangement reflected the growing tendency in Medieval Europe to view Christianity as a ________ and ___________ way of life.
St. Gall systematic logical and rational philosophy
The four distinct features of Gothic architecture are the ____________ glass, _________ vaults, ___________ arches, and flying _______________.
Stained Ribbed Pointed Buttresses
The originator of Gothic style is Abbot _________ of the royal abbey at ________-__________.
Suger Saint-Denis
heliocentric
Sun-centered
The quintessential example of High Renaissance architectural style, the _______________, or "Little Temple," is modeled after a ___________ temple.
Tempietto classical
philosophes
The "philosophers" who dominated the intellectual life of the French Enlightenment and who frequented salons.
In addition to its literary influence, the ___________ Love tradition continues to influence us today in our view of love as a kind of inborn ___________ and caused by obsession.
The Art of Courtly suffering
How was King Louis IX recognized for his leadership of France?
The Church beatified him as Saint Louis.
Why is it problematic to translate the Qur'an from Arabic to another language?
The Qur'an is believed to be the direct word of God.
illumination
The painstakingly detailed, hand-painted decoration of manuscripts, usually tempera on vellum.
counterpoint
The addition of one or more independent melodies above or below the main melody.
deism
The brand of faith that argues that the basis of belief in God is reason and logic rather than revelation or tradition.
glazing
The building up of color with many layers of transparent oil paint.
chivalric code
The code of conduct for a knight: courage in battle, loyalty to his lord and peers, and courtesy toward women.
What was the ideological conflict between colonial liberty and freedom and the perpetuation of the agricultural labor source?
The colonists supported freedom yet suppressed and enslaved an entire race of people to provide a labor source.
trumeau
The column or post in the middle of a large door opening to aid in supporting the lintel.
Divine Office
The duty of daily prayer recited by priests and other religious orders.
feudalism
The economic system that prevailed in medieval Europe; it was related to the Roman custom of patronage and was based on land tenure and the relationship between the tenant and the landowner.
word-painting
The effect created when musical elements imitate the meaning of the text in mood or action.
Niccolò Machiavelli's political pragmatism is best summarized in which statement?
The end justifies the means.
scriptorium
The hall in which monks worked to copy and decorate biblical texts.
Rococo
The highly decorative and ornate style employed by the French court that was quickly emulated by royal courts across Europe, especially in Germany.
salonnière
The hostess of a French salon.
Platonic love
The ideal spiritual relationship between two people.
octave
The interval that gives the impression of duplicating the original note at a higher or lower pitch
vernacular
The language spoken in the street.
sfumato
The process of blurring outlines in painting by subtle tonal variations so that objects in the foreground blend into the background; literally, "smokiness."
strophic
The same music repeated for each stanza of a poem.
Why was Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun asked to withdraw her painting Marie-Antoinette en chemise from the Salon of 1783?
The selection committee felt the queen's costume was inappropriate.
tympanum
The space created under the portal arch, often filled with sculptural relief.
Federal Style
The term for the Neoclassical style in the United States
Industrial Revolution
The term used to describe a change in practices of production and consumption that occurred in the nineteenth century.
music of the spheres
The theory that each planet produced a musical sound, fixed mathematically by its velocity and distance from Earth, which harmonized with those produced by other planets and was audible but not recognized on Earth.
picture plane
The two-dimensional surface of the panel or canvas.
jambs
The vertical elements on both sides of a door that support the lintel or arch.
What led to the shift away from building motte and bailey castles?
The wooden fortifications were fire-prone.
What statement is true of deist philosophy?
There is no divine right of kings.
What distinguished the Essenes from other Jewish sects described in Josephus' Jewish War?
They banned women from their community.
What is true about women during the Renaissance?
They found financial independence as widows.
How did the Jesuits influence the art of the Qing dynasty?
They introduced scientific perspective.
What was the position of the Jacobins in France's National Assembly?
They lobbied for an egalitarian democracy.
Why was the Church threatened by heliocentric theories of the universe?
They marginalized humankind in God's plan.
What is the political significance of the Justinian mosaics of Ravenna?
They portray Justinian and Theodora as political figures with religious symbolism.
How do poems about courtly love show the remarkable personal freedom of court women of the age?
They showed that women as well as men could freely express love.
What was a positive outcome of the Crusades in the Middle Ages?
They stimulated Western trade with the East.
The text presents the woman in Titian's Venus of Urbino as a bride or courtesan, who is primarily an object of desire. How do the writings of Veronica Franco seem to challenge that interpretation?
They suggest women's sexuality is a source of power
How did Francesco and Ludovico Sforza's precarious political situation benefit the arts in Milan?
They used the arts to gain popular support.
What statement describes how the early Christians of Constantinople viewed and understood pagan art and sculpture?
They viewed the art and sculpture as just art, not a statement of faith or support for pagan traditions.
How were Raphael's paintings of Virgin and Child different from the Byzantine examples of the past?
They were linearly precise and coloristically rich.
In his writing about God's existence, _________ maintains that both reason and _______ are essential since we can never know God directly through _______ alone.
Thomas Aquinas faith reason
How do Titian's paintings differ from Giorgione's paintings?
Titian painted more indirect themes of sensuality.
The three-panel work (or ______________) called the Merode Altarpiece reflects the growing influence of the middle or merchant class by showing the annunciation taking place in a ______________ room and Joseph _______________________.
Triptych living working as a carpenter
Although women were generally unable to attend universities, notable exceptions include ___________ who was chair of Medicine at Salerno and is traditionally viewed as author of On the Diseases of Women.
Trotula
Who was responsible for the text that for centuries served as the primary medical source on women's health issues?
Trotula
humanism
Understood, by the late fourteenth century, as the recovery, study, and spread of the art and literature of Greece and Rome, and the application of their principles to education, politics, social life, and the arts in general.
point of imitation
Unit of music in which all the voices of a polyphonic composition take up more or less the same musical idea in succession.
Luther's idea of the ____________________ priesthood resulted in an emphasis on the need for _______________ for all Christians as well as new translations of the Bible into the common languages or _____________________.
Universal literacy vernacular
through-composed
Used to describe a song in which each line of text is set to new music.
Erotic subject matter and the frequent use of lush outdoor settings distinguish the art of which Renaissance city?
Venice
How does Primavera demonstrate Botticelli's Neoplatonist ideas?
Venus serves as an allegory of moral virtue.
The Roman poet Virgil serves as Dante's guide through the Inferno. What does Virgil symbolize in the poem?
Virgil is the embodiment of Dante's admiration for the original Latin works.
What ancient source inspired Leonardo da Vinci's drawing of a man inscribed at the center of a circle inscribed over a square?
Vitruvius
Which work is an example of satire?
Voltaire's Candide
The Latin Bible.
Vulgate
a capella
Without instrumental accompaniment.
A Book of Hours typically begins with
a calendar illustrated with images showing daily life.
What does the Limbourg Brothers' February: Winter Scene, from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc du Berry share with Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Allegory of Good Government?
a focus on daily activities
Which term best describes Siena's civic approach?
a free commune
What was the symbol of the city of Venice?
a lion
What is a common representation of Christ in early Christian art?
a shepherd
What was the primary motivation behind many aspects of medieval culture, including the monastery, the Crusades, and feudalism?
economic concerns
The term "Rococo" probably derives from the French word rocaille, meaning
a type of decorative rockwork.
A processional aisle around the outside of an apsein a basilicaor, in a central-plan church, encircling the central space.
ambulatory
What is a guild?
an association or group of people with like-minded interests or skills
Musical form of chanting in which one side of the choir responds to the other.
antiphonal
Giotto was the first artist since ___________ to depict figures from behind, contributing to the sense of _____________.
antiquity realism
What pervasive theme in Northern Renaissance culture is implicit in Albrecht Altdorfer's The Battle of Issus?
anxiety over imminent threat
A rounded extension at the end of a basilica, or the semicircular niche at the end of the nave of a Christian basilica containing the altar.
apse
A monastic lifestyle was most commonly afforded to
aristocratic women.
The illuminated manuscripts of the Early Middle Ages combine native styles with Christian __________.
art
What examples of Chinese culture were admired by the Europeans?
artistic wares and government bureaucracy
Based on the text's discussion, what Northern European tendency is suggested by the intricate floral motifs in Gothic stone and woodwork?
attention to naturalistic detail
Dante himself was a Guelph, but when the Ghibellines seized control of the city, in 1302 Dante was __________ from Florence
banned
A sacred invocation of the name of Allah.
bismillah
Raphael is said to combine Michelangelo's _____________ with Leonardo's ____________ in a style that was considered the epitome of grace even in his own lifetime.
boldness sweetness
Giotto painted virtually every space in the barrel-vaulted chapel with_______ __________, the technique of painting on wet plaster.
buon fresco
How did courtesans, such as Veronica Franco, undermine the superior position of men in Italian society?
by transforming the clichés of courtly love into frank erotic metaphors
A successor of Muhammad.
caliph
The stylized writing known as ______________ was developed in order to beautify the written Arabic of Allah without the use of representational art.
calligraphy
A circular structure topped by a dome with an ambulatory around the central space.
central-plan church
A covering worn by Muslim women that covers the wearer from head to toe and also covers most or all of the face.
chador
What contributed to the spread of Buddhism in China in the third century?
civil and cultural dysfunction
Gothic sculptors began to reintroduce ____________ principles of sculptural composition into Western art so that by the 13th century, their work became the most __________ since Roman times.
classical natural
The topmost zone of the wall of a basilica, containing windows.
clerestory
What common technique used to make jewelry employs gold with colorful enamel and semi-precious stones?
cloisonné
Early illuminated manuscript pages in England and Ireland are considered syncretic because they
combine pagan and Christian styles.
In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, religion and history are linked because history is the fulfillment of the ___________.
covenant
Some elements of the Hebrew prophetic tradition that are evident in Jesus' life include pulling people back to proper observance of the __________ and suffering a ____________ death.
covenant violent
One who accepts deism as his or her brand of faith.
deist
Which word relates to the Renaissance concern for the intellectual conception underlying artistic design?
disegno
Prescribed doctrine.
dogma
The Villa La Rotonda country estate has been highly influential and includes a central ________ and matching ___________ on each side.
domed space portico
Free variation on an existing melodic line in a polyphonic work.
paraphrase
Venetian Renaissance architecture is characterized by its ________________ and ________________ style.
elaborate sensuous
Images of Buddha characterize his royalty through
elongated ears.
During the Romanesque period, people showed their piety to God and atoned for their sins by
embarking on pilgrimages.
Which theme remained constant throughout the Rococo period?
erotic symbolism
One distinctive feature of the Hebrew deity is its __________ nature.
ethical
One who spreads the word of Jesus' life and resurrection.
evangelist
Johannes Stradanus' print shows Jan van Eyck's studio as a ______________, a word Andy Warhol used to describe his studio in the late 20th century.
factory
Martin Luther preached salvation by ____________ rather than by __________ and denounced ______________________.
faith good deeds/works indulgences
In contrast to the relative peace and prosperity of the High Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages were characterized by _______________, __________________, serious problems within the _____________, and a Europe wide outbreak of _________________.
famine violence Church Black Death (plague)
Radiant style is identified by
flamboyant patterns of repeated traceries.
According to Baldassare Castiglione, an ideal courtier must be
fluent in Latin, Greek, French and Spanish and be an accomplished soldier.
The Pastoral Concert includes the ________ and the __________ as metaphors for the female and male anatomy.
flute lute
An Italian or Petrarchan sonnet consists of
fourteen lines divided into two parts.
The Jesse Tree represented the ____________ of ______, because it depicted Mary as descended from Jesse, the father of King _______.
genealogy of Christ David
A theatergoer who paid the one-penny base price of admission.
groundling
The collection of the sayings of Muhammad and anecdotes about his life, accepted as a source of Islamic doctrine.
hadith
A pilgrimage to Mecca made as a religious duty for Muslims.
hajj
Ultimately the work ends _____________in Paradiso with Dante reaching ______, a single point of light.
happily God
In Simone Martini's Maestà, what detail contributes to our understanding that the Virgin Mary is interested in both worldly and divine affairs?
her crown
For what offense was Martin Luther excommunicated?
heresy
A style in which the importance of figures is indicated by size, so that the most important figure is largest.
hieratic
What Byzantine style employed a broad, standardized artistic vocabulary in which the most important figure is the largest?
hieratic
The Islamic practice of dressing modestly; specifically, the requirement that women be covered or veiled.
hijab
The flight of Muhammad from Mecca in 622.
hijra
A significant portion of the Confessions of Saint Augustine is devoted to
his life story.
A vast space filled with columns supporting a roof.
hypostyle
The Rule of St. Benedict included 4 vows for its monks: poverty, stability, ___________, and chastity
obedience (to abbot)
What allowed fifteenth-century Northern European artists such as Jan van Eyck to create such detailed textures and visual effects in painting?
oil paint
How did the Crusades help solve the problems created by the feudal primogeniture system in Europe?
organized disenfranchised members of the aristocracy
These invisible lines, called ____________, are created on the ___________ plane as diagonal lines.
orthogonals picture
The Crusades helped diminish feudal warfare in Medieval Europe by directing it toward ______________.
outsiders
What was the motivation for the Peasant War of Germany?
political and economic liberation from the last remnants of feudalism
The idea that people are "elected" by God to salvation prior to coming into the world, and that anyone so elected self-evidently lives in a way that pleases God.
predestination
What doctrine posits that God elects people to salvation prior to their birth and those people live self-evidently in a way that pleases God?
predestination
What was a key issue in the election of Ulrich Zwingli as people's priest of the Great Minster Church in Zurich?
priests' vows of celibacy
The wall of a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca.
qibla
The belief that through logical, careful thought, progress is inevitable.
rational humanism
The word "renaissance" literally means _______________.
rebirth
King Herod was responsible for
rebuilding of the city of Jerusalem
A customary form of penance, ______________ was popular during the Middle Ages and brought much money to important sites.
religious pilgrimage
A type of play consisting of a murder that must be avenged by the victim's relative, usually at the request of the murdered person's ghost.
revenge play
A technique for conceiving of space as extending forward from the picture plane, with parallel lines converging on the eye of the beholder.
reverse perspective
A variation on the groin vault, the __________ vault is based on the ________ arch, and both are features of Gothic architecture.
rib pointed
What structural element, visible in the Upper Chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, makes possible the large areas of stained glass in Sainte-Chapelle?
rib vaulting
Artist William Hogarth created a series of paintings, engravings and etchings that mocked the wealth and pretense he saw in the English upper classes. Which word best describes this type of artwork?
satire
A technique that allowed artists to translate three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface.
scientific perspective (linear perspective)
Monks copied and decorated biblical texts in halls called
scriptoria.
A small, organized group that separates itself from the larger religious movement.
sect
According to Luther, married couples could share this for pleasure and not merely for procreation: _______.
sex
Those that practice Islam dedicate themselves to "pillars" of faith, which include
shahadah, prayer, alms, fasting, and hajj.
Why is calligraphy considered the highest form of Islamic art?
significance given to the word of God
In the one-point perspective, imaginary parallel lines seem to converge in a __________ point on the horizon.
single vanishing
Which term describes music that is repeated for each stanza of a poem?
strophic
What are mudras in Buddhist art?
symbolic hand gestures
The reconciliation of different rites and practices into a single philosophy or religion.
syncretism
Which commodity helped drive the European taste for chinoiserie?
tea
The four-part monarchy begun by Diocletian that divided the Roman Empire into two areas ruled by an Eastern and Western emperor, each with a designated successor.
tetrarchy
What contributed to the development of art criticism in the eighteenth century?
the "Grand Tour"
What subject is depicted in the central panel of Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece?
the Annunciation
In Paul's writings, he refers to Jesus as "Christ," which is translated to mean
the Anointed One.
Once the printing press was developed, what text became most popular in Europe?
the Bible
What religious movement in Northern Europe was a precursor for ideas popularized by the Reformation?
the Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life
The oldest extant version of the Hebrew Scriptures is called
the Dead Sea Scrolls.
What is an example of Christian typology?
the Hebrew story of Jonah that prefigures Christ's resurrection
Judaism prophesied that the post-apocalyptic world would be led by
the Messiah.
What established the Christian liturgy, or rites prescribed for public worship?
the Nicene Creed
What caused the feudal system to be cemented in France, the western Carolingian Empire?
the Norman invasions of Northern Europe
The cult of the Virgin viewed the Virgin Mary in many roles, including as the bride of Christ, as the personification of the Church, and as
the Queen of Heaven.
What is the name of the book containing Muhammad's divine revelations?
the Qur'an
What document officially signaled the end of the American Revolution?
the Treaty of Paris
What distinguishes the French constitutional reforms from those made in the United States?
the abolition of slavery
The Rococo style was most popular among which group in eighteenth-century France?
the aristocracy
Which detail in Masaccio's The Tribute Money demonstrates the use of atmospheric perspective?
the bluish tone of the mountains
The Gothic manifested itself in Italy quite differently than in the rest of Europe. Italy's distinctive characteristics included independence from a king and the Church's reduced authority, as well as
the civic role of merchants.
In the thirteenth century, the shift toward greater naturalism in Italian art is demonstrated through an inclusion of individualized figures and an emphasis on the Virgin's humanity, as well as
the concern for spatial volumes.
What is the earliest written work of the Christian faith?
the epistles of Paul
What does the Domesday Book demonstrate about feudal society in medieval Europe?
the extraordinary inequities between rich and poor
Christine de Pizan, author of Book of the City of Ladies, is known as
the first female professional writer in European history.
What inspired the name of the Ca' d'Oro in Venice?
the gilded arches of the portico
In Islam, which book consists of Muhammad's sayings?
the hadith
What is the interior of Hagia Sophia meant to symbolize?
the heavenly realm of God
What distinguishes the American Declaration of Independence from the earlier ideas promoted by Enlightenment philosopher John Locke?
the insistence that self-government is essential to human fulfillment
Which element of medieval culture reflects the prominent role of the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages?
the love of women celebrated in troubadour poetry
The philosophes believed _____________ embodied Jean Jacque Rousseau's notion of the "noble savage"?
the people of Tahiti
What best reflects England's focus on individualism that emerged in the sixteenth century?
the popularity of portraits
Holbein's portrait Henry VIII in Wedding Dress suggests the power of the king through such details as the cropping of the figure, the rich clothing and jewelry, and
the pose and gesture
Martin Luther and Desiderius Erasmus, both monks and humanists scholars, shared similarities including criticism of the excess of the Church and
the practical use of the printing press to share written materials.
What new technology, introduced in the mid-fifteenth century, contributed significantly to the widespread effect of the Reformation?
the printing press
What encouraged young Christian men to join the Crusades?
the promise of adventure and money
What aspect of Anglo-Saxon traditions is demonstrated most prominently in Beowulf?
the rigid hierarchical society
What common symbol links imagery of the Tree of Jesse and stained-glass rose windows to the Virgin Mary?
the rose
What characterizes this room at the Great Mosque of Córdoba as a hypostyle hall?
the rows of columns
What motivated artists such as Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello to visit Rome in the fifteenth century?
the ruins of the ancient city
What distinguishes choral music at the Abbey of Cluny from Gregorian chants?
two or more lines of melody
A prefigurative symbol
type
The doctrine of prefigurative symbols, or types, in scriptural literature.
typology
Major characteristics of the time period known as the High Middle Ages include increased ________________, the birth of ___________ style, and the rise of the ____________________.
urbanization Gothic universities
The ___________ point is directly opposite the viewer who stands at the ____________ point.
vanishing vantage
What were some important features in Romanesque churches?
wide side aisles and stone ceilings
Christine de Pizan was the first woman in Europe who supported herself and her family as a __________________.
writer
