Humoral Regulation of Blood Pressure
Where is bradykinin released from?
Cleaved from kininogen (from liver)
What is histamine?
Hormone like chemical that is released by the mast cells during allergic reaction
How is histamine upregulated?
Allergens
How is endothelin up-regulated?
Angiotensin II, ADH, shearing force via blood flow
Where is ANP released from?
Atrial myoctres
How is ANP up-regulated?
Atrial stretch
How is bradykinin up-regulated?
Inflammation
How is nitric oxide up-regulated?
Inflammation, sheer force of blood flow
What are the targets of ANP?
Kidneys, vascular smooth muscle
What are the targets of BNP?
Kidneys, vascular smooth muscle
How is ADH up-regulated?
Low blood volume, high serum osmolality
Where is histamine release from?
Mast cells
Where is endothelin released from?
Vascular endothelium
Where is nitric oxide released from?
Vascular endothelium
What are the targets of bradykinin?
Vascular smooth muscle
What are the targets of endothelin?
Vascular smooth muscle
What are the targets of nitric oxide?
Vascular smooth muscle
What are the targets of ADH?
Vascular smooth muscle, renal tubular cells
What is the function of endothelin?
Vasoconstrictor
What is the function of vasopressin (ADH)?
Vasoconstrictor
What is the function of nitric oxide?
Vasodilator
What is the function of bradykinin?
Vasodilator, inflammatory mediator
What is the function of histamine?
Vasodilator, mediator of allergic response
What is the function of Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Vasodilator, urinary excretion of salt
What is the function of BNP?
Vasodilator, urinary excretion of salt
Where is BNP released from?
Ventricular cardiomyocytes
How is BNP up-regulated?
Ventricular stretch
What are natriuretic peptides?
Hormones that include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and urodilatin synthesized within the kidney. These hormones are natural antagonists to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What is the target of histamine?
Smooth muscle (H1 and H2 receptors)
What is vasopressin?
a potent vasoconstrictor released in states of low blood volume or high osmolality. It also stimulates renal water reabsorption. another name for ADH
What is endothelin?
a powerful vasoconstricting agent released from the vascular endothelium and is implicated in diseases such as pulmonary hypertension.
What is nitric oxide?
a vasodilator released by endothelial cells in response to local hemodynamic stress or inflammation. It relaxes vascular endothelial cells.
Where is ADH released from?
posterior pituitary
