HUSH The Cold War CH 25.2

You have read about efforts early in the war to ensure equal opportunity for ______ in wartime government and industry jobs. These efforts continued after the war. President Truman was committed to expanding opportunities for _____. After meeting strong opposition from members of Congress, he decided to take action on his own. In June 1948, Truman issued ____.

African Americans African Americans Executive Order 9981

Even before the war was over, representatives of many of the world's great powers met at a conference in ___. Out of this conference came an agreement to create ___ new organizations—the ___ and the _________. The World Bank aimed to help ___ countries build their economies. It provided ____ of money and ___ to help with projects that could provide jobs and wealth.

Bretton Woods, New Hampshire two World Bank; International Monetary Fund (IMF) poor grants; loans

World War II helped give rise to the political tensions of the ____. It also gave rise to a strong desire to understand and prevent the causes of ___. After two catastrophic conflicts, many people were anxious to find new ways to prevent a third. One result was the establishment of the _____. Its creation started in the final days of the war. Representatives of 50 nations met in June 1945 to create the ____, the written agreement that outlines its aims and principles. The UN Charter was ratified in October 1945. The UN was officially born. Over the years, it would welcome many new members.

Cold War war United Nations (UN) UN Charter

Soon after its formation, the United Nations established the ____. The U.S. representative to this commission was the former first lady ____. She became the chairperson of the commission, helping to soothe tensions between members from different countries. Different countries sometimes had very different ideas about what kinds of human rights all people ought to have and how to achieve them.

Commission on Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt

___ policy was the focus of the International Monetary Fund. Prior to the creation of the IMF, countries often followed economic policies that served their ____, regardless of whether they hurt other countries. Such practices often had a harmful effect on world ___, which hurt everyone. The IMF was designed to encourage economic policies that promoted international trade. For example, the IMF helped build confidence in the values of different countries' currencies. The ______ was another international organization created to promote ___ cooperation. The GATT, which took effect in 1948, was designed to reduce ___ to trade.

Economic own interests trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) economic barriers

When President Roosevelt died suddenly in April 1945, ____ had been vice president for less than three months. In fact, Truman barely ___ Roosevelt and had little knowledge of the many issues and decisions the president had been dealing with.

Harry S Truman knew

As the presidential election of 1948 approached, Truman appeared to be in trouble. His popularity with voters was low. Even his fellow Democrats did not fully support him. Liberals broke off to back former vice president ____, who ran under the banner of the ___ Party. Many southern Democrats were angry at Truman's support for ____. They supported South Carolina governor ____, who ran as a _______.

Henry Wallace Progressive civil rights Strom Thurmond Dixiecrat

The 1946 elections were a disaster for the Democrats. Republicans gained so many seats that they were now the majority in Congress for the first time since 1930. With this majority, Republicans fought against Truman with increased strength. Truman found it difficult to put in place his own programs. One exception was the ____, which you read about in Section 1. His handling of the _____ was another of his few accomplishments.

Marshall Plan Berlin Crisis

Refusing to give up, Truman set off on a whirlwind campaign across the country. His tough-talking, plainspoken style had made him the target of many jokes in Washington, D.C. But elsewhere people responded well to Truman's style. He made a special point of criticizing ____ in the House and Senate. When he complained about the "_____," crowds cheered in support. In spite of Truman's efforts, most experts did not think he had a chance.

Republicans do-nothing Congress

This shift actually began before World War II ended. In June 1944, President Roosevelt signed the _____ Act of 1944. The act became known as the ____. GI, which stood for "_______," was a nickname for members of the armed forces. The GI Bill included several features aimed at helping ____ make a smooth entry into civilian life. For example, it provided money for veterans to attend college or receive advanced job training. It helped arrange for loans for those wishing to buy a home, farm, or business. The GI Bill also provided help in finding work as well as a year's worth of ____ benefits for those who could not find work. As you have read, the government had promised ___ bonuses to World War I veterans but had not ____. Now, after World War II, veterans were not receiving cash bonuses, but they were receiving immediate benefits.

Servicemen's Readjustment GI Bill government issue veterans unemployment financial delivered

With his popularity low and his party divided, Truman seemed certain to lose the election. In a poll of 50 political writers published in a leading newsmagazine a few weeks before election day, every single one predicted a Republican victory. Newspapers made fun of him openly. "Mr. Truman is the most complete fumbler and blunderer this nation has seen in high office in a long time," wrote the Los Angeles Times. The Republican candidate, Governor ____ of New York, was confident of victory.

Thomas Dewey

The GI Bill helped millions of GIs make a successful return to civilian life. At the same time, civilians helped spur the postwar economy. During the war, the federal government took steps to control what products American industry could make. For example, car production stopped so that factories could turn out tanks and equipment. After the war, demand for ___ goods rose sharply. People who had delayed purchases during the war now decided to buy. Returning veterans built ____, which increased the demand for furniture and appliances.

consumer houses

Truman faced huge challenges. He had to lead the Allies through the end of the war while guiding the nation through the shift from wartime to peace. He also had to deal with political ___ that came from all sides. Many Democrats compared him unfavorably to their hero, ____. Republicans saw in Truman someone they thought they could finally ____.

criticism Roosevelt defeat

The democratic United States and Communist Soviet Union, for instance, had different ideas about how to secure basic ___ rights. In December 1948, the commission presented to the UN General Assembly the ____. This document set high goals for all member nations of the UN. For example, it declared a belief that all human beings are born __ and ___. It called for an end to ___, torture, and inhumane punishment. It demanded a variety of ____, including the right to ____ and the right to access to ____. It also stated that elementary ____ should be free and available to all. The UN General Assembly adopted the declaration and directed member countries to publicize it.

economic Universal Declaration of Human Rights free and equal slavery civil rights assembly; courts education

The attacks on Truman grew stronger as the 1946 ___ in Congress approached. One key complaint was ____, or a rise in prices. During the war, the government had acted to keep prices low. After the war, price controls were relaxed. Prices shot up as a result, and Truman took the blame.

elections inflation

The end of World War II was a joyous occasion for Americans. Yet it was also a time of concern. During the war, the nation's ___ had worked overtime to supply the Allied forces. Now the orders for tanks, planes, ships, and weapons dropped sharply. Some experts predicted serious economic trouble. At the same time, nearly all of the 12 million men and women who had been serving in the armed forces at the end of the war were returning to ___ life. Many of these returning veterans would be looking for jobs. But often jobs simply were not available. In addition, some ____ workers were pressured to leave their jobs so a male veteran could take their places. In general, however, most veterans did eventually find jobs.

factories civilian women

Many more Americans also began having ___. The two decades following World War II marked the beginning of the ___, a dramatic rise in the birthrate. Larger families created demand for larger ___. In this way, the postwar economy made an unexpectedly smooth shift from providing the tools of war to providing the products of ___.

families baby boom cars peace

In 1946 a popular song told the tale of a soldier returning home from World War II. "Not so long ago when the bullets screamed," went one of the verses, "many was the happy dream I dreamed." Indeed, millions of soldiers had survived the terror of combat by looking forward to their return to a bright ___ in the United States. Yet as the song continued, it told of a different sort of homecoming for the World War II veteran.

future

This song tells of just one of the challenges facing veterans of the war, who returned to America by the millions within a few short months of V-J and V-E days. These men and women found shortages of ___—and, as the picture shows above, difficulty finding ___. For these veterans who had given so much to their country, the bumpy transition back to life in the United States was a bitter one. As you will read, however, this troubled transition period was remarkably brief. The federal government did much to help returning soldiers resume their lives and move the country forward beyond the war. American consumers did the rest.

housing work

During the war, the government had sought to prevent ___ disputes that might affect wartime production. After the war, ___ began seeking the increases in ___ that had been limited during the war. Starting in 1946, the number of strikes rose sharply. In 1947 Congress passed the ____ over President Truman's veto. This law greatly reduced the power of ______. For example, it empowered the president to stop ___ when the national interest was at stake.

labor unions wages Taft-Hartley Act labor unions strikes

The GI Bill helped millions of World War II veterans earn college degrees. Many attended college while raising their families. Here, veterans celebrate after graduating from the University of Colorado. GI Bill benefits included: - - - -

money for college or job training loans for homes, farms, or businesses unemployment pay of $20 a week for up to a year assistance finding jobs

Truman's order ended ___ in the U.S. ___ forces. This was a major step forward for African Americans. It would also help pave the way for future gains. ___ Americans were another group seeking opportunities after the war. Several hundred Hispanic veterans joined together in the American GI Forum. This group worked hard to win full access for Hispanic veterans to the ___ they had earned for their military service. In 1948 they won national attention for their efforts on behalf of ____, a Mexican American soldier who had been killed in the last days of World War II. When his body was returned to his Texas hometown, the local funeral home refused to provide services because of Longoria's ___ background. The GI Forum and its Texas leader, Hector Garcia, accepted President ______'s offer that Longoria be buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The case helped highlight the contributions of Hispanic Americans.

segregation armed Hispanic benefits Felix Longoria Mexican Lyndon Johnson

Yet on election day, the voters handed Truman a victory. It was one of the most ___ election outcomes in American history. Having won the election, Truman finally felt strong enough to put forward his own plan for the country. It was called the ____. It included a number of programs in the tradition of the ____. This included a ____ program and new funding for ____. Congress, however, did not support Truman's program. Few of his Fair Deal ideas ever became law. Meanwhile, new problems in ____ came to dominate the president's attention. You will read about the ____ in Section 4.

surprising Fair Deal New Deal federal health insurance education Korea Korean War

World War II had raised a number of concerns about the financial relationships between countries. These problems had helped bring about the Great Depression. Now they threatened to limit ___ and create conflict between nations. Many leaders hoped that solving these problems would lead to greater prosperity around the world. This, in turn, would promote ___.

trade peace

The UN Charter committed its members to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of ___" and to "reaffirm faith in fundamental ____." It called for members to respect treaties and agreements and to promote the ___ and ___ of all people. Member nations agreed to live in peace and to unite to maintain __. Force would be used only to serve the common ___ of the membership. The charter also called for the use of ___ organizations to promote __ and __ advancement.

war human rights progress and freedom security interests international economic and social