HV

The 3 points of Arthur Jensen

1 intelligence is inherited 2 IQ tests are reliable 3 the IQ of blacks is 15 pts lower than whites

High altitude is defined as over 10,000 feet. Less than __ of the human population lives at high altitude.

1%

Standardized tests are recalibrated periodically. The mean IQ is ___. Even though scores on tests like the ACT, SAT, and AFQT may improve or decline the mean IQ will remain the same.

100

Humans can adjust to high altitudes in ___ major ways.

2

Our core body temperature is

98.6 F or 37 C

India

A migration to Australia from this country brought dingo's and new types of tools

Modern Consciousness

According to Bridgette Berger, what IQ tests measure

multiple intelligences

According to Howard Gardner, there are different types of intellingence and a person my excel at one, but not another

Region of the world with the greatest human diversity

Africa - The RAO model was built from this diversity

in a warm environment, limbs should be long. in a cold environment, appendages should be shorter

Allen's rule

California

American Indians in this state have the greatest genetic diversity in North America

The solar radiation hypothesis explains the distribution of brown-skinned people well, but is not as effective at explaining black skin. The people who live in the most intense UV are the peoples of _______, but they have light to brown skin instead of black skin.

Arabia

Herrnstein and Murray were strongly influences by

Arthur Jensen

peoples with the highest cormic index and the shortest legs relative to their trunk

Asian and American Indian

the human population with the longest limbs i.e. the lowest cormic index is

Australian Aborigines

Which human population(s) have the wavy/curly hair form?

Australians

Which of the following is not part a negativev feedback system A integrator B an oscillator C sensor mechanism D control center E effector mechanism

B an oscillator

states that bodies should be thin and linear in the tropics, short and stocky in cold environments

Bergmann's rule

The first Americans migrated to the western hemisphere via

Beringia

Beijing

By 26 kya, anatomically modern humans have made it this far north into China

Around 4500 years ago, a new wave of migration came to Australia from India. These new migrants brought A disease B agriculture C dogs D metal tools E B and D

C dogs

A large movement of anatomically modern humans migrated into Europe from _____ ____ around 40 kya. It is believed that they became the Cro-Magnons of France and Spain and are the ancestors of the modern Basque people.

Central Asia

Which of the following populations does not have aggregated melanosome complexes? A Europeans B Far East Asians C American Indians D Australian Aborigines E Both B and C

D Australian Aborigines

What does the nose do? A filters incoming air B humidifies incoming air C warms incoming air D all of the previous E A and C only

D all of the previous

The oldest Australian skeleton A was extrapolated to be only 4'5" tall B was buried with dingos C has DNA that does not match modern Australians D is Woman "X" E both A and D

D is Woman "X"

The tallest people in the world, as reported, are the

Dutch

Which of the following populations has a nonaggregated melanosome complexes? A sub-Saharan Africa B Asian Indians C Melanesians D Sri Lankans E All of the previous

E All of the previous

There are five known haplotypes among American Indians. One, however, is baffling because it is found in the middle East and Europe rather than Asia. This is A Haplotype A B Haplotype B C Haplotype C D Haplotype D E Madame "X"

E Madame "X"

The island of Madagascar was initially settled by peoples from A Africa B Zanzibar C Arabia D China E Polynesia

E Polynesia

Which of the following is correlated with skin reflectance (color) ? A latitude B temperature C humidity D altitude E all of the previous

E all of the previous

Which of the following would be a place where you could expect to find someone with a long nose? A Ethiopia B Arabia C Afghanistan D South Dakota E All of the previous

E all of the previous

Which of the following is not subject to natural selection? A teeth B a silent site mutation C an enzyme that improves digestion D a neutral mutation E both B and D

E both B and D

Melanocytes form a relationship with surrounding keratinocytes. One melanocyte forms an epidermal melanin unit ( ___ ) with 20-21 keratinocytes. The melanocytes project dendrites into the surrounding keratinocytes to which melanosomes are transferred. If this transfer does not happen hypopigmentation will ensue.

EMU

one melanocyte and 20-40 keratinocytes

EMU

Which human population(s) have the straight hair form?

East Asians and American Indians

At some point in our history, humans built up a high heat load. What is the current opinion as to what selected for the increase in sweat glands and evaporative cooling?

Endurance running

Stresses faced by populations living at high altitudes

Extreme cold, hypoxia, high levels of UV, and desert environments with little food

T or F Modern language appeared to have been fully developed by 100,000 years ago in Africa. Artifacts recovered from South African caves show strong evidence of cognitive processes that could only have been accomplished by use of modern language.

False

T or F The main theme of The Bell Curve is that the Underclass cannot have their intellect raised, they will not be employable in the new economy, and they should be incarcerated before they resort yo a life of crime.

False

True or False A long nose is adapted to humid tropics whereas short noses evolved for cold air.

False

True or False Humans reach Australia early on, but they did not get into the interior of Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, or the Philippines until only 4 kya

False

True or False Keratinzation is the process in which melanosomes are transferred from a melanosome to a keratinocyte. As the keratinocytes move further from their source of nutrients and fill with melanin they die. By the time they reach the surface of the skin they are dead, but are able to perform the main function of the epidermis which is to block UV.

False

True or False Male brains are 15% larger than females after correction for body size. This is strong evidence that suggests that males are more intelligent than females

False

True or False Pygmies are more efficient at dissipating heat than are their long-limbed neighbors

False

True or False Rickets was epidemic in the cities of Europe and the US in the early 20th Century. It was discovered that administering cod liver oil or exposing children to sunlight cured rickets if it wasn't advanced

False

True or False Seventy-five percent of the world's population is lactase persistent. This condition generally manifests itself at around age 20

False

True or False The islands of the Pacific were the last major area to be colonized by AMH. They were settled by groups from both and First and Second Waves out of Africa.

False

True or False There appears to be one population in China. These are people who are probably descended from the Homo erectus population that lived there 500 kya. They have remained genetically isolated during the migrations of the First Wave.

False

True or False When people are surveyed, they do not rank the eyes are being very important in a persons appearance. Hair is the most important, followed by nose size and ear shape.

False

True or False Humans that have dark skin have a greater concetration of melanocytes. Different skin colots is due to the sistribution of melanin within the keratinocytes and the size of the melanin granules in the epidermis

False (First Part bc we all have about same number second part is correct)

True of False The alleles for light skin among Europeans was identified in 2007. Light skin has been present in these populations from 25-50,000 years

False (The paper suggests light skin has only been present in Europe in the last 6-12,000 years and it is not the same allele that confers light skin among Asians)

True or False Neadertals suffered from scurvy. this is caused by insufficient vitamin D. It has been suggested they were the last dark skinned population in Europe.

False (They suffered from Rickets, scurvy is caused by lack of Vitamin C)

Yayoi

Farmers who came to Japan c. 2300 years ago

these people would most likely have had long limbs

First Wave

The interior of Malaysia and the Phillipines have modern populations that have African features, suggesting they are remnants of the _____ ____ out of Africa

First wave

74 kya the Super Volcano Mt Toba erupted culling most of the human population and creating a bottleneck effect. We are descended from the small number (perhaps only 2000 individuals) of _______.

Founders

mummies

Germanic type peoples recovered from the Xingjiang province, China

The biological rule that explains the distribution of feather, fur or skin color is called

Gloger's rule

states that the most heavily pigmented populations, in an endothermic vertebrate, are found closer to the equator

Gloger's rule

What population is not lactase persistent?

Italians

Which human population(s) have the peppercorn hair form?

Khoisan

Toba

Lost its top 74 kya (16)

A "volcanic winter" occurred in Africa c. 74 kya. The interior became arid and inhospitable forcing people to move to the coasts where they subsisted off _______ resources.

Marine

MRE

Model of modern human origins that Chinese paleontologists prefer

RAO

Model that suggests that all modern humans are descended from groups that left Africa in the last 100 thousand years (15)

mtDNA

Molecule that recent African Origins was based on (13)

A biological adaptation is the slowest way for a human to adjust to their environment. This is a genetic feature that is under the influence of ________ ________.

Natural selection

believed to have been adapted for cold ice age Europe, but their noses were large and probably prone to frostbite

Neandertal

_________ had a brain that was 13% larger than the modern human brain. However, the development of the child's brain was different than ours and the morphology of the adult brain was not like the modern brain.

Neandertals

most closely related to the surrounding Asian populations

Negritos

The body has a certain amount of plasticity and if they move into a new environment they can adjust by making a few changes such as increasing red cell mass and increasing their rate of breathing in higher altitude.

Of the three ways that humans can adjust to their environment, this is PHYSIOLOGICAL

Body size in the tropics tends to be thin and linear, in conformance with Allen's rule. However, _________, like the Samoans, are an exception in that the males have a large body build.

Polynesians

Steatopygia is characteristic of these populations

San and Andaman Islanders (close together, may share common ancestor)

The most likely function of __________ is to store additional calories for use during pregnancy. Steatopygia develops just before puberty, adding support to the pregnancy function.

Steatopygia

Which human population(s) have the woolly hair form?

Sub-Saharan Africans

Jomonese

The Ainu are probably descended from these people and they are related to Australians

Replacement

The fate of earlier human species according too Recent African Origins

Beringia

The land bridge that was the passageway into the Americas

Three

The number of migrations into the New World (16)

Mungo

The oldest Australian

Jomonese

The original inhabitants of Japan

Inuit

These people came to the New Word in boats (14)

Bottleneck

This evolutionary effect appears to have occurred among modern humans c. 70 kya

Fission

This occurs when a human hunter gatherer group becomes too large

Boats

This was the mode of transportation for humans reaching Australia

T or F Research conducted by Otto Klineberg in the 1930s revealed that northern Blacks not only had higher IQs than southern Blacks, but they also had higher IQs than southern Whites

True

T or F The earliest example of a modern brain is found in the earliest members of Homo sapiens from Ethiopia. That brain moved them as they migrated out of Africa into the rest of the world.

True

True or False A finger bone was discovered in Denisova cave, Siberia. DNA was recovered from this material and it has been found that some modern populations, such as New Guineans, share Denisovan DNA

True

True or False According to Eiberg, blue eyes are the result of a mutation in one person who lived in the Black Sea region around 10,000 years ago. All blue eyed people are descended from this one blue-eyed ancestor.

True

True or False Allen's rule and Bergamann's rules often explain the length of limbs and body size of different humans. However, there can also be other explanations such as childhood nutrition.

True

True or False Gloger's rule appears to apply to human populations in the Old World. However, it does not appear to explain skin color distribution in the New World. One explanation for this is that American Indians are relatively recent inhabitants of the areas that they occupy.

True

True or False Humans have over 600 eccrine glands per cm^2. In all we have more than two million eccrine glands. no other mammal has this many.

True

True or False In the nonaggregated condition of melanosome complexes, the melanosomes form a "protective cap" surrounding the nucleus. This provides a denser skin color and offers more protection against solar radiation damage. Melanin absorbs light energy and helps protect deeper cells from the effects of UV radiation.

True

True or False It has been suggested that epicanthic folds help shield the eyes from glare from sand, in the case of the San, and from snow in the case of Asian populations. However, many researchers simply say we don't know what the function is.

True

True or False It has long been accepted that the First Americans came across the Beringia and traveled through an ice free corridor in Canada into the center of the US. Joe Lorenz asserts that, instead, they traveled along the coasts, living off marine resources. This is based on mtDNA and California became the staging area for future migrations.

True

True or False Lactase persistence appears to have evolved in some human populations around 10,000 years ago.

True

True or False Mitochondrial Eve and Y- chromosome Adam both lived in Central Africa. However, they lived 10,000 years apart. Hence Adam and Eve were not married.

True

True or False Nasal bones on a skull can give us information about the individual, namely, did they have a flat nose or a projecting nose

True

True or False Pygmy populations are found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. These are dark-skinned peoples with trunks that are longer in proportion to their arms and legs. no one knows for certain what is responsible for their body build, but they are consistently found in hot rain forests sometimes approaching 100% humidity.

True

True or False The Northern Chinese population budded off from one of the groups in the south and they are in Beijing by 26 kya. Chinese paleontologist do not agree with the genetic analysis and insist that they are descended from earlier Chinese Homo erectus

True

True or False There are three areas where humans live at high altitude. Studies of Andean and Himalyan peoples have revealed that each population have some unique adaptations.

True

suggests that human skin color evolved as an adaptation to different amounts of solar radiation

UV hypothesis

How Herrstein and Murry refer to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences - TALENTS According to Herrnstein and Murray, this is the most important predictor of future success - IQ Absolutely imperative to any modern language - GRAMMAR Has the largest cranial capacity of any living humans - INUIT His brain was smaller than the human average - EINSTEIN Determinant of intellingence according to Hn and My and Jensen before them - GENETICS

Where the earliest example of a brain like ours first appears - AFRICA Ability of an organism to learn and respond from previous experience or to solve problems from insight - INTELLIGENCE Many psychologists say IQ tests measure this - EXPERIENCE The earliest members had brains similar to ours -AMH That area contained within the cranial cavity - BRAIN A measure of emotional intelligence - EQ

Africa

Where the earliest modern humans appear

lactose

a milk sugarthat can cause digestive disturbances in adults if it is not digested

fermented dairy products

a way some populations get around lactose intolerance

Another way to adjust to high altitude is though physiology. Most people deal with the hypoxia by increasing red cell mass. Native born individuals may have developmental ______________ such as an enlarged thoracic cavity (barrel-shaped chest) and, in the Andes, a thicker right ventricle than other humans have.

acclimatization

When a human travels from sea level to higher altitude they can adjust to the change by increasing their red cell mass and increasing their rate of respiration. This is called ______________________. This is reversible when the person moves down to lower altitude.

acclimatization

process in which a person can adjust to a gradual change in its environment

acclimatization

intelligence

according to psychometricians, this is defined by what IQ tests measure

A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) study at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology compared tissue of livers, lungs, and brains of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans. The liver and lung tissues gave identical results. However, human brain tissue revealed that there were round 600 more _____ _____ than found in the other two primates.

active genes

contain enzymes that break down the protein and lipid components of the melanosomes without degrading the melanin

aggregated complexes

The human nose is covered with skin and supported by bone and cartilage. Because humans do not have a snout, we need a projecting nose to provide additional surface for conditioning inhaled ___.

air

A positive feedback system ______ change

amplifies

height is due to

an interaction between heredity and environment

AMH

anatomically modern humans aka Homo sapiens

Australia

anatomically modern humans may have arrived here by 62 kya

California

area of greatest genetic diversity in North America and the most likely staging area for colonization of the continent

Recent African Origins

asserts that Homo sapiens replaced all earlier species of homo who did not leave any descendants

single layer of columnar cells that is continuously undergoing mitosis

basal layer

the quickest way for humans to adapt to a new environment

behavior

Our skin color is a __________ __________ to the environment that our ancestors lived in.

biological adaptation

arcuate fasciculus

bundle of axons that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area

Plant pigment that adds a yellowish hue to human skin

carotene

The skin consists of the epidermis, the superficial layer of the skin, and the dermis, the deeper layer. Loosely bound to the dermis is the subcutaneous layer that consists of loose connective tissue, including adipose tissue. ________, one of the pigments that provides skin color, is stored in this layer.

carotene

form of Vitamin A obtained from plants and stored in the adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer of the skin

carotene

Research has demonstrated that individuals with light eyes can see better in low light conditions. Europe as an area of intense _____ ____ when its believed that light eyes evolved, conferring an advantage on those who had them. This was not the same at the same latitude in northeastern Asia or in North America where the populations retained dark eyes.

cloud over

As modern humans migrated out of Africa, they appear to have moved along the ______ from South Africa and up along East Africa and to the Red Sea.

coasts

The Neandertal nose is different that the nose of AMH. They have a large projecting nose, even though they lived in a cold environment. However, paleoanthropologists have discovered that they had more nasal _______ than moderns that would have increased surface area fir the warming and humidifying of dry air.

conchae

corpus callosum

connective tissue in the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

motor speech area

controls the muscles of speech in the mouth

index that provides an estimate of relative trunk length

cormic index

One way to adjust to high altitude is thought _______ means, such as things as wearing clothing to adjust to the cold and to keep the skin protected from the higher solar radiation levels.

cultural

hair follicles

despite appearances, humans have as many as chimpanzees

non-reversible adjustment to the environment in which the individual grows up in

developmental acclimatization

results when homeostatic mechanisms fail

disease

evaporative cooling

does not work in humid areas, suggesting it evolved in arid environments

Herrnstein and Murray State that during the 20th Century the United States was divided into three unequal social classes, namely a cognitive _____, a _________ middle class, and the __________.

elite, cognitive, underclass

general interpretative area

enables words to be comprehended

________ _______ are common in East Asian populations, San peoples, and Andamanese, but they are present in all human populations at lowest percentages and even in fetuses

epicanthic folds

Most superficial layer of skin

epidermis

Humans have a heat load that they must dump. Mechanisms for doing this include conduction of heat to the skin from "hot" blood, radiation of heat from the skin and convection replacing war air surrounding the skin away. However, the most effective means of cooling down is _________ ______.

evaporative cooling

steatopygia

fat depots in the buttocks, considered to be a sign of beauty in those populations that possess it

Light skin is believed to have evolved in order to allow UV to penetrate the upper layers of the skin so that precursor for vitamin D could be produced. However, some populations in Europe lived near rivers or lakes where they obtained ____, rich in vitamin D. Because of their diet they were able to retain darker skin (called olive skin) as Europeans

fish

epicanthic fold

fold of skin that crosses from the upper eye to the medial canthus

There are ____ different hair forms that are found in human populations

four

By its nature, biological adaptation is

genetic

Long limbs in the tropics conform to Allen's rule. The longer length of these appendages provides additional surface are for ____ dissipation

heat

Populations that are characterized by lactase persistence are those that are, or are descended from

herders

keeps the body in a constant state

homeostasis

process by which a stable environment is maintained in the body

homeostasis

a constant factor wherever pygmy peoples are found

humid rain forest

The earliest anatomical modern humans made their livings as

hunter gatherers

Ways that populations living at high altitude acclimatize to hypoxia

increase red cell mass and enlarged thoracic cage

A negative feedback system _______ change

inhibits

closely associated with thermoregulation

integumentary system

this consists of the skin and its accessory organs

integumentary system

Human biologists view language as a biological trait of our species. Consequently, they have look for the development of modern language as the result of natural selection and biological changes in the brain. Some however, have suggested that earlier humans had all the traits needed for modern language and at a later time modern language was simply ______, was adaptive, and spread.

invented

Eye color is determined by the distribution of melanin on the ____. Melanin on the Anterior surface makes for brown eyes and on both sides very dark brown eyes. If there is melanin on the posterior of the iris only, the individual will have light eyes.

iris

OCA2

it has been suggested that a mutation partially turned off the gene that produces P protein

Fallacy of the bell curve

it is unlikely that intelligence is a simple intelligence, they single out the Black American population without recognizing that it is very genetically diverse population, they made statistical mistakes, there is no agreement that IQ tests measure innate intelligence NOT A FALLACY: THEY ASSERT THAT THERE IS A VERY HIGH CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO INTELLIGENCE

Keratinization is a process by which keratinocytes fill with the protein _______. In this process the organelles, even the nucleus, are destroyed as the cells are stuffed with keratin. Melanosomes are also transferred to the keratinocytes by EMUs. By the time keratinocytes reach the corneal layer they are tough, colored and dead.

keratin

tough, fibrous, waterproof protein

keratin

process in which epidermal cells fill with the protein keratin making them tough and waterproof

keratinization

epidermal cell that fills with the protein keratin as the cell is pushed towards the corneal layer. melanin is distributed to these cells as they mature and results in skin color

keratinocyte

Lactose requires ________ to digests it. When it is not digested, bacteria utilize it producing methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide as byproducts. This leads to flatulence, and diarrhea in the human who consumed the dairy product.

lactase

is strongly correlated with human skin color

latitude

increase in length of these are the number one component to increase height in people

legs

apocrine gland

located in the axillary region (armpit) and responds to emotional stress

Silent site mutations

markers that biologists can use to follow human migrations

The para-nasal sinuses are cavities that are along side the nose. They are lined with mucosa. The _________ sinus is not involved with air conditioning, but it provides space for the nasal cavity to expand into among cold adapted populations

maxillary

Dark skin is found in areas with intense UV. This may be because _______ is an effective sunscreen

melanin

dark brown pigment that absorbs ultraviolet radiation

melanin

the main factor in skin color

melanin

Pigments that determine skin color

melanin, carotene

specialized cell produced in the basal layer of the epidermis

melanocyte

A ____________ is a specialized organelle that develops in the endoplasmic reticulum of the melanocytes. This organelles contains melanin.

melanosome

specialized organelle of the melanocytes that contains melanin. they are transferred to keratinocytes

melanosome

a form of dwarfism in which the individual is short, but has normally proportioned limbs

midget

MRE

modern humans evolved in place from those populations that preceded them in an area

Overall the results of _____ and Y chromosome studies correspond with one another and suggest Africa as the central point from which modern humans originated

mtDNA

The __________ __________ of the nasal cavity is sticky and it filters incoming particles (including microbes), warms the inhaled air, and humidifies the air.

mucous membrane

space behind the nose that contains the nasal conchae and is lined by mucous membrane

nasal cavity

tend to resist degradation and reach the corneal layer intact

nonaggregated forms

bell curve

normal distribution where the majority of values are in the center are are described by the mean

as an appendage, this structure should conform to Allen's rule

nose

Neandertals

not the ancestors of Europeans

most geneticists believe that this is the way skin color is inherited

polygenic

Gene flow

prevented the different populations of humans from evolving into a different species

defined as less than five feet in height with a long torso compared to their limbs

pygmies

Polynesians

sea voyages where they were exposed to cold winds were a selective factor of these Second wave peoples

eccrine gland

secretes the watery sweat used in evaporative cooling

The Martin-Schultz scale is a tool for measuring gradations in human eye color, it has _ grades

seven

Appendages are _______ in colder environments. This is a heat conservation mechanism and is found in people like the Aleuts Inuit, and Sami.

shorter

The critical factor to whether melanosomes are single units or aggregated appears to be ____

size

plays a vital role in homeostasis

skin

the largest organ of the human body

skin

Differences in ____ _____ are largely determined by the arrangement of melanosomes in the keratinocytes of the corneal layer of the epidermis. Those populations that have aggregated melanosome complexes tend to have lighter skin, those with nonaggregated forms tend to have darker skin.

skin color

as an object increases in size, assuming it retains shape, surface area will square as volume cubes

square cube law

Alice Brues

suggested that light eye color was selected for in Europe because of dim light due to cloud cover

Our bodies are kept within a limited range of ________. If we get too cold we shiver to generate heat. If we get too hot, warm blood is brought to the surface, heat is transferred through conduction, and sweat glands secrete sweat. Sweat then evaporates and as it does it carries away heat with it.

temperature

Although the mean IQ is always 100, scores for the standardized tests that IQ is calculated from have been going up worldwide over the last half of the 20th Century. This is called

the Flynn Effect

emotional intelligence

the ability to work with other people

Bottleneck effect

the eruption of Toba caused this in the human population

hunter-gatherers

the lifestyle of the earliest modern humans

hypoxia

the main stress that humans face at high altitude

Great Leap Forward

there is a sudden cultural change with advanced tools, signs of art, ritual, elaborate burials, etc, that is associated with modern humans 50 kya

regulation of the body temperature through homeostatic mechanisms

thermoregulation

Martin-Schultz Scale

this is a standard used by physical anthropologists when studying eye color in humans

Humans have only lived at high altitude within the last several ____ years. The main places where there are permanent settlements are in the Andes, Himalayas, and in the mountains of Ethiopia. La Rinconada, Peru, is the highest permanent human settlement at 16,728 feet, while El Alto, Bolivia is the highest large city at 13,615 feet and within over a million residents.

thousand

There are _____ ways in which humans can adjust to their environment

three

American migrations

two by land, one by sea

hair

unique to mammals

Madame X

unusual haplotype that is coomo in Syria-Lebanon, Italy, and Finland, and also found among the Algonkin speaking Indians of the Great Lakes area

lack of sufficient sunlight led to the evolution of light skin in order to produce the precursor of Vitamin D

vitamin D hypothesis

Green

when people are surveyed this eye color is the most favored