HV
The 3 points of Arthur Jensen
1 intelligence is inherited 2 IQ tests are reliable 3 the IQ of blacks is 15 pts lower than whites
High altitude is defined as over 10,000 feet. Less than __ of the human population lives at high altitude.
1%
Standardized tests are recalibrated periodically. The mean IQ is ___. Even though scores on tests like the ACT, SAT, and AFQT may improve or decline the mean IQ will remain the same.
100
Humans can adjust to high altitudes in ___ major ways.
2
Our core body temperature is
98.6 F or 37 C
India
A migration to Australia from this country brought dingo's and new types of tools
Modern Consciousness
According to Bridgette Berger, what IQ tests measure
multiple intelligences
According to Howard Gardner, there are different types of intellingence and a person my excel at one, but not another
Region of the world with the greatest human diversity
Africa - The RAO model was built from this diversity
in a warm environment, limbs should be long. in a cold environment, appendages should be shorter
Allen's rule
California
American Indians in this state have the greatest genetic diversity in North America
The solar radiation hypothesis explains the distribution of brown-skinned people well, but is not as effective at explaining black skin. The people who live in the most intense UV are the peoples of _______, but they have light to brown skin instead of black skin.
Arabia
Herrnstein and Murray were strongly influences by
Arthur Jensen
peoples with the highest cormic index and the shortest legs relative to their trunk
Asian and American Indian
the human population with the longest limbs i.e. the lowest cormic index is
Australian Aborigines
Which human population(s) have the wavy/curly hair form?
Australians
Which of the following is not part a negativev feedback system A integrator B an oscillator C sensor mechanism D control center E effector mechanism
B an oscillator
states that bodies should be thin and linear in the tropics, short and stocky in cold environments
Bergmann's rule
The first Americans migrated to the western hemisphere via
Beringia
Beijing
By 26 kya, anatomically modern humans have made it this far north into China
Around 4500 years ago, a new wave of migration came to Australia from India. These new migrants brought A disease B agriculture C dogs D metal tools E B and D
C dogs
A large movement of anatomically modern humans migrated into Europe from _____ ____ around 40 kya. It is believed that they became the Cro-Magnons of France and Spain and are the ancestors of the modern Basque people.
Central Asia
Which of the following populations does not have aggregated melanosome complexes? A Europeans B Far East Asians C American Indians D Australian Aborigines E Both B and C
D Australian Aborigines
What does the nose do? A filters incoming air B humidifies incoming air C warms incoming air D all of the previous E A and C only
D all of the previous
The oldest Australian skeleton A was extrapolated to be only 4'5" tall B was buried with dingos C has DNA that does not match modern Australians D is Woman "X" E both A and D
D is Woman "X"
The tallest people in the world, as reported, are the
Dutch
Which of the following populations has a nonaggregated melanosome complexes? A sub-Saharan Africa B Asian Indians C Melanesians D Sri Lankans E All of the previous
E All of the previous
There are five known haplotypes among American Indians. One, however, is baffling because it is found in the middle East and Europe rather than Asia. This is A Haplotype A B Haplotype B C Haplotype C D Haplotype D E Madame "X"
E Madame "X"
The island of Madagascar was initially settled by peoples from A Africa B Zanzibar C Arabia D China E Polynesia
E Polynesia
Which of the following is correlated with skin reflectance (color) ? A latitude B temperature C humidity D altitude E all of the previous
E all of the previous
Which of the following would be a place where you could expect to find someone with a long nose? A Ethiopia B Arabia C Afghanistan D South Dakota E All of the previous
E all of the previous
Which of the following is not subject to natural selection? A teeth B a silent site mutation C an enzyme that improves digestion D a neutral mutation E both B and D
E both B and D
Melanocytes form a relationship with surrounding keratinocytes. One melanocyte forms an epidermal melanin unit ( ___ ) with 20-21 keratinocytes. The melanocytes project dendrites into the surrounding keratinocytes to which melanosomes are transferred. If this transfer does not happen hypopigmentation will ensue.
EMU
one melanocyte and 20-40 keratinocytes
EMU
Which human population(s) have the straight hair form?
East Asians and American Indians
At some point in our history, humans built up a high heat load. What is the current opinion as to what selected for the increase in sweat glands and evaporative cooling?
Endurance running
Stresses faced by populations living at high altitudes
Extreme cold, hypoxia, high levels of UV, and desert environments with little food
T or F Modern language appeared to have been fully developed by 100,000 years ago in Africa. Artifacts recovered from South African caves show strong evidence of cognitive processes that could only have been accomplished by use of modern language.
False
T or F The main theme of The Bell Curve is that the Underclass cannot have their intellect raised, they will not be employable in the new economy, and they should be incarcerated before they resort yo a life of crime.
False
True or False A long nose is adapted to humid tropics whereas short noses evolved for cold air.
False
True or False Humans reach Australia early on, but they did not get into the interior of Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, or the Philippines until only 4 kya
False
True or False Keratinzation is the process in which melanosomes are transferred from a melanosome to a keratinocyte. As the keratinocytes move further from their source of nutrients and fill with melanin they die. By the time they reach the surface of the skin they are dead, but are able to perform the main function of the epidermis which is to block UV.
False
True or False Male brains are 15% larger than females after correction for body size. This is strong evidence that suggests that males are more intelligent than females
False
True or False Pygmies are more efficient at dissipating heat than are their long-limbed neighbors
False
True or False Rickets was epidemic in the cities of Europe and the US in the early 20th Century. It was discovered that administering cod liver oil or exposing children to sunlight cured rickets if it wasn't advanced
False
True or False Seventy-five percent of the world's population is lactase persistent. This condition generally manifests itself at around age 20
False
True or False The islands of the Pacific were the last major area to be colonized by AMH. They were settled by groups from both and First and Second Waves out of Africa.
False
True or False There appears to be one population in China. These are people who are probably descended from the Homo erectus population that lived there 500 kya. They have remained genetically isolated during the migrations of the First Wave.
False
True or False When people are surveyed, they do not rank the eyes are being very important in a persons appearance. Hair is the most important, followed by nose size and ear shape.
False
True or False Humans that have dark skin have a greater concetration of melanocytes. Different skin colots is due to the sistribution of melanin within the keratinocytes and the size of the melanin granules in the epidermis
False (First Part bc we all have about same number second part is correct)
True of False The alleles for light skin among Europeans was identified in 2007. Light skin has been present in these populations from 25-50,000 years
False (The paper suggests light skin has only been present in Europe in the last 6-12,000 years and it is not the same allele that confers light skin among Asians)
True or False Neadertals suffered from scurvy. this is caused by insufficient vitamin D. It has been suggested they were the last dark skinned population in Europe.
False (They suffered from Rickets, scurvy is caused by lack of Vitamin C)
Yayoi
Farmers who came to Japan c. 2300 years ago
these people would most likely have had long limbs
First Wave
The interior of Malaysia and the Phillipines have modern populations that have African features, suggesting they are remnants of the _____ ____ out of Africa
First wave
74 kya the Super Volcano Mt Toba erupted culling most of the human population and creating a bottleneck effect. We are descended from the small number (perhaps only 2000 individuals) of _______.
Founders
mummies
Germanic type peoples recovered from the Xingjiang province, China
The biological rule that explains the distribution of feather, fur or skin color is called
Gloger's rule
states that the most heavily pigmented populations, in an endothermic vertebrate, are found closer to the equator
Gloger's rule
What population is not lactase persistent?
Italians
Which human population(s) have the peppercorn hair form?
Khoisan
Toba
Lost its top 74 kya (16)
A "volcanic winter" occurred in Africa c. 74 kya. The interior became arid and inhospitable forcing people to move to the coasts where they subsisted off _______ resources.
Marine
MRE
Model of modern human origins that Chinese paleontologists prefer
RAO
Model that suggests that all modern humans are descended from groups that left Africa in the last 100 thousand years (15)
mtDNA
Molecule that recent African Origins was based on (13)
A biological adaptation is the slowest way for a human to adjust to their environment. This is a genetic feature that is under the influence of ________ ________.
Natural selection
believed to have been adapted for cold ice age Europe, but their noses were large and probably prone to frostbite
Neandertal
_________ had a brain that was 13% larger than the modern human brain. However, the development of the child's brain was different than ours and the morphology of the adult brain was not like the modern brain.
Neandertals
most closely related to the surrounding Asian populations
Negritos
The body has a certain amount of plasticity and if they move into a new environment they can adjust by making a few changes such as increasing red cell mass and increasing their rate of breathing in higher altitude.
Of the three ways that humans can adjust to their environment, this is PHYSIOLOGICAL
Body size in the tropics tends to be thin and linear, in conformance with Allen's rule. However, _________, like the Samoans, are an exception in that the males have a large body build.
Polynesians
Steatopygia is characteristic of these populations
San and Andaman Islanders (close together, may share common ancestor)
The most likely function of __________ is to store additional calories for use during pregnancy. Steatopygia develops just before puberty, adding support to the pregnancy function.
Steatopygia
Which human population(s) have the woolly hair form?
Sub-Saharan Africans
Jomonese
The Ainu are probably descended from these people and they are related to Australians
Replacement
The fate of earlier human species according too Recent African Origins
Beringia
The land bridge that was the passageway into the Americas
Three
The number of migrations into the New World (16)
Mungo
The oldest Australian
Jomonese
The original inhabitants of Japan
Inuit
These people came to the New Word in boats (14)
Bottleneck
This evolutionary effect appears to have occurred among modern humans c. 70 kya
Fission
This occurs when a human hunter gatherer group becomes too large
Boats
This was the mode of transportation for humans reaching Australia
T or F Research conducted by Otto Klineberg in the 1930s revealed that northern Blacks not only had higher IQs than southern Blacks, but they also had higher IQs than southern Whites
True
T or F The earliest example of a modern brain is found in the earliest members of Homo sapiens from Ethiopia. That brain moved them as they migrated out of Africa into the rest of the world.
True
True or False A finger bone was discovered in Denisova cave, Siberia. DNA was recovered from this material and it has been found that some modern populations, such as New Guineans, share Denisovan DNA
True
True or False According to Eiberg, blue eyes are the result of a mutation in one person who lived in the Black Sea region around 10,000 years ago. All blue eyed people are descended from this one blue-eyed ancestor.
True
True or False Allen's rule and Bergamann's rules often explain the length of limbs and body size of different humans. However, there can also be other explanations such as childhood nutrition.
True
True or False Gloger's rule appears to apply to human populations in the Old World. However, it does not appear to explain skin color distribution in the New World. One explanation for this is that American Indians are relatively recent inhabitants of the areas that they occupy.
True
True or False Humans have over 600 eccrine glands per cm^2. In all we have more than two million eccrine glands. no other mammal has this many.
True
True or False In the nonaggregated condition of melanosome complexes, the melanosomes form a "protective cap" surrounding the nucleus. This provides a denser skin color and offers more protection against solar radiation damage. Melanin absorbs light energy and helps protect deeper cells from the effects of UV radiation.
True
True or False It has been suggested that epicanthic folds help shield the eyes from glare from sand, in the case of the San, and from snow in the case of Asian populations. However, many researchers simply say we don't know what the function is.
True
True or False It has long been accepted that the First Americans came across the Beringia and traveled through an ice free corridor in Canada into the center of the US. Joe Lorenz asserts that, instead, they traveled along the coasts, living off marine resources. This is based on mtDNA and California became the staging area for future migrations.
True
True or False Lactase persistence appears to have evolved in some human populations around 10,000 years ago.
True
True or False Mitochondrial Eve and Y- chromosome Adam both lived in Central Africa. However, they lived 10,000 years apart. Hence Adam and Eve were not married.
True
True or False Nasal bones on a skull can give us information about the individual, namely, did they have a flat nose or a projecting nose
True
True or False Pygmy populations are found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. These are dark-skinned peoples with trunks that are longer in proportion to their arms and legs. no one knows for certain what is responsible for their body build, but they are consistently found in hot rain forests sometimes approaching 100% humidity.
True
True or False The Northern Chinese population budded off from one of the groups in the south and they are in Beijing by 26 kya. Chinese paleontologist do not agree with the genetic analysis and insist that they are descended from earlier Chinese Homo erectus
True
True or False There are three areas where humans live at high altitude. Studies of Andean and Himalyan peoples have revealed that each population have some unique adaptations.
True
suggests that human skin color evolved as an adaptation to different amounts of solar radiation
UV hypothesis
How Herrstein and Murry refer to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences - TALENTS According to Herrnstein and Murray, this is the most important predictor of future success - IQ Absolutely imperative to any modern language - GRAMMAR Has the largest cranial capacity of any living humans - INUIT His brain was smaller than the human average - EINSTEIN Determinant of intellingence according to Hn and My and Jensen before them - GENETICS
Where the earliest example of a brain like ours first appears - AFRICA Ability of an organism to learn and respond from previous experience or to solve problems from insight - INTELLIGENCE Many psychologists say IQ tests measure this - EXPERIENCE The earliest members had brains similar to ours -AMH That area contained within the cranial cavity - BRAIN A measure of emotional intelligence - EQ
Africa
Where the earliest modern humans appear
lactose
a milk sugarthat can cause digestive disturbances in adults if it is not digested
fermented dairy products
a way some populations get around lactose intolerance
Another way to adjust to high altitude is though physiology. Most people deal with the hypoxia by increasing red cell mass. Native born individuals may have developmental ______________ such as an enlarged thoracic cavity (barrel-shaped chest) and, in the Andes, a thicker right ventricle than other humans have.
acclimatization
When a human travels from sea level to higher altitude they can adjust to the change by increasing their red cell mass and increasing their rate of respiration. This is called ______________________. This is reversible when the person moves down to lower altitude.
acclimatization
process in which a person can adjust to a gradual change in its environment
acclimatization
intelligence
according to psychometricians, this is defined by what IQ tests measure
A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) study at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology compared tissue of livers, lungs, and brains of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans. The liver and lung tissues gave identical results. However, human brain tissue revealed that there were round 600 more _____ _____ than found in the other two primates.
active genes
contain enzymes that break down the protein and lipid components of the melanosomes without degrading the melanin
aggregated complexes
The human nose is covered with skin and supported by bone and cartilage. Because humans do not have a snout, we need a projecting nose to provide additional surface for conditioning inhaled ___.
air
A positive feedback system ______ change
amplifies
height is due to
an interaction between heredity and environment
AMH
anatomically modern humans aka Homo sapiens
Australia
anatomically modern humans may have arrived here by 62 kya
California
area of greatest genetic diversity in North America and the most likely staging area for colonization of the continent
Recent African Origins
asserts that Homo sapiens replaced all earlier species of homo who did not leave any descendants
single layer of columnar cells that is continuously undergoing mitosis
basal layer
the quickest way for humans to adapt to a new environment
behavior
Our skin color is a __________ __________ to the environment that our ancestors lived in.
biological adaptation
arcuate fasciculus
bundle of axons that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area
Plant pigment that adds a yellowish hue to human skin
carotene
The skin consists of the epidermis, the superficial layer of the skin, and the dermis, the deeper layer. Loosely bound to the dermis is the subcutaneous layer that consists of loose connective tissue, including adipose tissue. ________, one of the pigments that provides skin color, is stored in this layer.
carotene
form of Vitamin A obtained from plants and stored in the adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer of the skin
carotene
Research has demonstrated that individuals with light eyes can see better in low light conditions. Europe as an area of intense _____ ____ when its believed that light eyes evolved, conferring an advantage on those who had them. This was not the same at the same latitude in northeastern Asia or in North America where the populations retained dark eyes.
cloud over
As modern humans migrated out of Africa, they appear to have moved along the ______ from South Africa and up along East Africa and to the Red Sea.
coasts
The Neandertal nose is different that the nose of AMH. They have a large projecting nose, even though they lived in a cold environment. However, paleoanthropologists have discovered that they had more nasal _______ than moderns that would have increased surface area fir the warming and humidifying of dry air.
conchae
corpus callosum
connective tissue in the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
motor speech area
controls the muscles of speech in the mouth
index that provides an estimate of relative trunk length
cormic index
One way to adjust to high altitude is thought _______ means, such as things as wearing clothing to adjust to the cold and to keep the skin protected from the higher solar radiation levels.
cultural
hair follicles
despite appearances, humans have as many as chimpanzees
non-reversible adjustment to the environment in which the individual grows up in
developmental acclimatization
results when homeostatic mechanisms fail
disease
evaporative cooling
does not work in humid areas, suggesting it evolved in arid environments
Herrnstein and Murray State that during the 20th Century the United States was divided into three unequal social classes, namely a cognitive _____, a _________ middle class, and the __________.
elite, cognitive, underclass
general interpretative area
enables words to be comprehended
________ _______ are common in East Asian populations, San peoples, and Andamanese, but they are present in all human populations at lowest percentages and even in fetuses
epicanthic folds
Most superficial layer of skin
epidermis
Humans have a heat load that they must dump. Mechanisms for doing this include conduction of heat to the skin from "hot" blood, radiation of heat from the skin and convection replacing war air surrounding the skin away. However, the most effective means of cooling down is _________ ______.
evaporative cooling
steatopygia
fat depots in the buttocks, considered to be a sign of beauty in those populations that possess it
Light skin is believed to have evolved in order to allow UV to penetrate the upper layers of the skin so that precursor for vitamin D could be produced. However, some populations in Europe lived near rivers or lakes where they obtained ____, rich in vitamin D. Because of their diet they were able to retain darker skin (called olive skin) as Europeans
fish
epicanthic fold
fold of skin that crosses from the upper eye to the medial canthus
There are ____ different hair forms that are found in human populations
four
By its nature, biological adaptation is
genetic
Long limbs in the tropics conform to Allen's rule. The longer length of these appendages provides additional surface are for ____ dissipation
heat
Populations that are characterized by lactase persistence are those that are, or are descended from
herders
keeps the body in a constant state
homeostasis
process by which a stable environment is maintained in the body
homeostasis
a constant factor wherever pygmy peoples are found
humid rain forest
The earliest anatomical modern humans made their livings as
hunter gatherers
Ways that populations living at high altitude acclimatize to hypoxia
increase red cell mass and enlarged thoracic cage
A negative feedback system _______ change
inhibits
closely associated with thermoregulation
integumentary system
this consists of the skin and its accessory organs
integumentary system
Human biologists view language as a biological trait of our species. Consequently, they have look for the development of modern language as the result of natural selection and biological changes in the brain. Some however, have suggested that earlier humans had all the traits needed for modern language and at a later time modern language was simply ______, was adaptive, and spread.
invented
Eye color is determined by the distribution of melanin on the ____. Melanin on the Anterior surface makes for brown eyes and on both sides very dark brown eyes. If there is melanin on the posterior of the iris only, the individual will have light eyes.
iris
OCA2
it has been suggested that a mutation partially turned off the gene that produces P protein
Fallacy of the bell curve
it is unlikely that intelligence is a simple intelligence, they single out the Black American population without recognizing that it is very genetically diverse population, they made statistical mistakes, there is no agreement that IQ tests measure innate intelligence NOT A FALLACY: THEY ASSERT THAT THERE IS A VERY HIGH CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO INTELLIGENCE
Keratinization is a process by which keratinocytes fill with the protein _______. In this process the organelles, even the nucleus, are destroyed as the cells are stuffed with keratin. Melanosomes are also transferred to the keratinocytes by EMUs. By the time keratinocytes reach the corneal layer they are tough, colored and dead.
keratin
tough, fibrous, waterproof protein
keratin
process in which epidermal cells fill with the protein keratin making them tough and waterproof
keratinization
epidermal cell that fills with the protein keratin as the cell is pushed towards the corneal layer. melanin is distributed to these cells as they mature and results in skin color
keratinocyte
Lactose requires ________ to digests it. When it is not digested, bacteria utilize it producing methane, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide as byproducts. This leads to flatulence, and diarrhea in the human who consumed the dairy product.
lactase
is strongly correlated with human skin color
latitude
increase in length of these are the number one component to increase height in people
legs
apocrine gland
located in the axillary region (armpit) and responds to emotional stress
Silent site mutations
markers that biologists can use to follow human migrations
The para-nasal sinuses are cavities that are along side the nose. They are lined with mucosa. The _________ sinus is not involved with air conditioning, but it provides space for the nasal cavity to expand into among cold adapted populations
maxillary
Dark skin is found in areas with intense UV. This may be because _______ is an effective sunscreen
melanin
dark brown pigment that absorbs ultraviolet radiation
melanin
the main factor in skin color
melanin
Pigments that determine skin color
melanin, carotene
specialized cell produced in the basal layer of the epidermis
melanocyte
A ____________ is a specialized organelle that develops in the endoplasmic reticulum of the melanocytes. This organelles contains melanin.
melanosome
specialized organelle of the melanocytes that contains melanin. they are transferred to keratinocytes
melanosome
a form of dwarfism in which the individual is short, but has normally proportioned limbs
midget
MRE
modern humans evolved in place from those populations that preceded them in an area
Overall the results of _____ and Y chromosome studies correspond with one another and suggest Africa as the central point from which modern humans originated
mtDNA
The __________ __________ of the nasal cavity is sticky and it filters incoming particles (including microbes), warms the inhaled air, and humidifies the air.
mucous membrane
space behind the nose that contains the nasal conchae and is lined by mucous membrane
nasal cavity
tend to resist degradation and reach the corneal layer intact
nonaggregated forms
bell curve
normal distribution where the majority of values are in the center are are described by the mean
as an appendage, this structure should conform to Allen's rule
nose
Neandertals
not the ancestors of Europeans
most geneticists believe that this is the way skin color is inherited
polygenic
Gene flow
prevented the different populations of humans from evolving into a different species
defined as less than five feet in height with a long torso compared to their limbs
pygmies
Polynesians
sea voyages where they were exposed to cold winds were a selective factor of these Second wave peoples
eccrine gland
secretes the watery sweat used in evaporative cooling
The Martin-Schultz scale is a tool for measuring gradations in human eye color, it has _ grades
seven
Appendages are _______ in colder environments. This is a heat conservation mechanism and is found in people like the Aleuts Inuit, and Sami.
shorter
The critical factor to whether melanosomes are single units or aggregated appears to be ____
size
plays a vital role in homeostasis
skin
the largest organ of the human body
skin
Differences in ____ _____ are largely determined by the arrangement of melanosomes in the keratinocytes of the corneal layer of the epidermis. Those populations that have aggregated melanosome complexes tend to have lighter skin, those with nonaggregated forms tend to have darker skin.
skin color
as an object increases in size, assuming it retains shape, surface area will square as volume cubes
square cube law
Alice Brues
suggested that light eye color was selected for in Europe because of dim light due to cloud cover
Our bodies are kept within a limited range of ________. If we get too cold we shiver to generate heat. If we get too hot, warm blood is brought to the surface, heat is transferred through conduction, and sweat glands secrete sweat. Sweat then evaporates and as it does it carries away heat with it.
temperature
Although the mean IQ is always 100, scores for the standardized tests that IQ is calculated from have been going up worldwide over the last half of the 20th Century. This is called
the Flynn Effect
emotional intelligence
the ability to work with other people
Bottleneck effect
the eruption of Toba caused this in the human population
hunter-gatherers
the lifestyle of the earliest modern humans
hypoxia
the main stress that humans face at high altitude
Great Leap Forward
there is a sudden cultural change with advanced tools, signs of art, ritual, elaborate burials, etc, that is associated with modern humans 50 kya
regulation of the body temperature through homeostatic mechanisms
thermoregulation
Martin-Schultz Scale
this is a standard used by physical anthropologists when studying eye color in humans
Humans have only lived at high altitude within the last several ____ years. The main places where there are permanent settlements are in the Andes, Himalayas, and in the mountains of Ethiopia. La Rinconada, Peru, is the highest permanent human settlement at 16,728 feet, while El Alto, Bolivia is the highest large city at 13,615 feet and within over a million residents.
thousand
There are _____ ways in which humans can adjust to their environment
three
American migrations
two by land, one by sea
hair
unique to mammals
Madame X
unusual haplotype that is coomo in Syria-Lebanon, Italy, and Finland, and also found among the Algonkin speaking Indians of the Great Lakes area
lack of sufficient sunlight led to the evolution of light skin in order to produce the precursor of Vitamin D
vitamin D hypothesis
Green
when people are surveyed this eye color is the most favored
