HY 102 Exam 1 (Midterm)

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Johann Sebastian Bach

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

its importance in community life

In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?

a fear of establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

the emergence of scientific racism

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

they were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?

Cartesian Dualism

What was Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter?

growth in armed forces

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Law of Universal Gravitation

What was Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter?

Jean Baptiste Colbert

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

improved water supply and sewage system

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

rococo

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Catholic Reformation

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the?

Treaty of Paris

The British victory in the Seven Year's War was ratified by the?

a tyrannical government can be overthrown by the people

The English political philosopher John Locke held that

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

It emphasized a warm and emotional religion

Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?

The plight of enslaved people became more well known throughout Europe

Why did abolition campaigns against slavery become more prominent in the late eighteenth century?

there was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

French philosophies

Catherine the Great of Russia enjoyed the international support of

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

Copernicus's theory of the universe

earn little money and work hard

During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would

popular with the European masses

Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were

a "just price"

Europeans believed bread and grain should be available at?

he extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

treating female medical difficulties

In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of a midwife?

he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

London

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was?

vegetables

In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted of bread and

the Parish Church

In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

Mercantilist theory postulated that

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

military dictatorship

Oliver Cromwell's protectorate was ultimately a

Creoles

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as?

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that?

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

The concept of the Reading Revolution refers to the

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

become landless rural wage earners

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wage

The spinning of thread for the loom

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

conquest of smallpox

What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?

they were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?