HY 102 Test 2 Inquisitive Questions

Identify three of the ambitious initiatives launched by the Convention led by the Committee of Public Safety.

-A new calendar that started with the foundation of the First Republic -The attempted suppression of Christianity itself -Plans to provide education and work to all citizens

What were two key elements in Marx's theory of history?

-All of history boiled down to the history of class conflict. -The industrial working class could, and would, rise up and seize political power.

Identify two threats to the Revolution that arose in 1793 after the execution of the king.

-Britain and Spain joined Austria and Prussia against revolutionary France. -Rebels in western France launched an anti-revolutionary insurrection.

Identify the ways in which official state churches definitively lost power to increasingly secular governments.

-Calls for bans or even burnings of offensive books were rejected. -Bans against religious dissenters were dropped.

Analyze the map below. What does it reveal about the Revolutionary Wars that occurred from 1791 to 1799?

-France annexed territories, including the Austrian Netherlands. -Napoleon moved east through Italy and occupied territories throughout the region, including Tuscany and Piedmont.

Even before Napoleon rose to prominence as a revolutionary military leader, what were two ways in which the Revolution had disrupted the international political framework in Europe?

-Groups of revolutionaries cropped up well outside of French territory. -Conservative powers abandoned "balance of power" politics.

What were two ways in which Napoleon set himself apart from other revolutionary leaders?

-He presented himself as if he were above the petty squabbles of politics. -He was a populist who mixed easily with common soldiers.

What were two defining characteristics of romantic art as of the mid-nineteenth century?

-It evoked a sense of movement and speed. -It sought to provide a deep connection to spirituality.

What were two unexpected social impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

-It led to widespread child labor under atrocious conditions. -It led to the massive growth of cities.

Identify two ways the invention of the rubber inflatable tire by the Irish inventor John Boyd Dunlop impacted people around the world.

-It made new wheeled vehicles practical, including bicycles and automobiles. -The demand for rubber had horrific consequences for the people of the Congo in Africa.

What were two of the accomplishments of the Directory?

-It successfully oversaw the French war effort -It suppressed royalist uprising and preserved the Revolution

What were some of the defining characteristics of romantic music?

-Its melodies rejected classical forms and sought to inspire strong emotional responses. -Its composers and performers were sometimes worshipped like contemporary rock stars. -It looked for inspiration in traditional folk music.

What were two reasons that King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette were subject to ridicule and gossip leading up to the Revolution?

-Marie-Antoinette was supposedly sexually licentious. -Louis XVI was an ineffective leader.

Identify two claims made in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

-Political authority came from the people of the nation itself. -All men were born equal everywhere.

Identify the statements that describe middle-class culture and society.

-Reading was a favorite leisure activity. -Women often studied music. -Church attendance was very high.

What were two essential reasons that the Revolution resulted in such extreme radicalism and bloodshed in the Terror, according to people who lived at the time as well as historians?

-Revolutionary leaders pursued unachievable standards of morality inspired by the ancient world. -The common people drove the radicalism of the Revolution forward.

Why did Napoleon embark on an invasion of Egypt in 1798?

-The Directory was worried he would seize power and happily agreed to the invasion to get him out of Paris. -The French hoped to threaten Britain's routes to India by creating an Egyptian colony.

What were two reasons why the revolutionary army fared poorly against Prussia in 1792?

-The French forces were poorly supplied, and sometimes sent to the front without weapons. -Most of the French officer corps had fled the country and joined with the counterrevolutionary émigrés abroad.

Identify two major reasons why the French monarchy faced terrible financial problems by the 1780s.

-The French system of taxation was very inefficient. -Wars against Britain throughout the century had been enormously costly.

Analyze the map below. What does it reveal about colonial possessions in 1843?

-The Spanish controlled the Philippines - The Dutch held territories in Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes -The British controlled significant territory in India

What were two major events that drove revolutionary leaders away from the relatively moderate stance of the early Revolution toward support for a full-fledged republic?

-The declaration of war against Austria, and shortly thereafter, Prussia -The king's attempted escape to Austria

What were two noteworthy social changes in Russia, including the territories it controlled, under the authoritarian Tsars Alexander III and Nikolai II?

-The industrial working class grew substantially. -Some former serfs emigrated either abroad or within Russian territory.

Identify two ways in which the rhetoric and ideology of the members of the Committee of Public Safety differed from that of the revolutionaries of 1789.

-The members of the Committee treated the Revolution like an unstoppable historical force. -The members of the Committee described their opponents as morally degenerate ideological "heretics."

What were two results of the Irish famine of the 1840s?

-The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 by the British Parliament. -Enormous numbers of Irish emigrated, mostly to the United States.

What were two reasons why the political compromise proved so difficult for the French revolutionaries?

-There was no tradition of self-government in France. -Counterrevolutionary forces were genuinely threatening.

What were two reasons why it took two years for the National Assembly to write a constitution?

-There were roughly 1,200 deputies, all with a voice in the process. -It had to govern the country in addition to working on the constitution.

Identify two ways in which the nobility in countries such as Britain and France played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution.

-They provided much of the investment capital. -Their control of politics ensured legal support for industrialization.

What were two ways in which leisure activities among the middle class differed from earlier forms of entertainment?

-They worked to mitigate the unruly nature of popular entertainment. -They were often aimed at self-improvement.

Identify the statements that describe the women's march on Versailles during the French Revolution.

-Thousands of women marched on foot to Versailles from Paris to demand bread. -A small delegation met with the king, who promised immediate shipments of grain to the capital in response to their rally.

What were two "cult of domesticity" ideas that dominated opinion about gender at the time?

-Women were held to strict sexual standards but male indiscretions were largely ignored. -Men and women were thought to have completely different social roles

Identify two social and cultural factors that spurred the Industrial Revolution.

-a culture of innovation in engineering -reliable sources of capital for investments

What were two goals of British reformers that came into being with the passage of the 1832 Reform Bill?

-a more fair and equitable electoral map -the expansion of suffrage to men in the middle classes

What are two examples of "utopian" reforms proposed by such thinkers as Henri Saint-Simon and François-Charles Fourier?

-a society led by intellectuals, especially scientists -a society in which people lived together in ideal communities

What were two effects of the expansion of cotton-based clothing production?

-an even heavier dependence on slavery in former colonies -the spread of fashion to non-elite social groups

What were two ways in which the Convention, or the revolutionary government of the republic, responded to and/or mobilized the revolutionary fervor of the Parisian crowds?

-by creating "revolutionary armies" of fanatical urban revolutionaries -by instituting price controls on essential goods

What were the goals of the Piedmontese politician Camillo di Cavour even before he led the Italian unification effort?

-forming a strong alliance with France to back Piedmont's ambitions against Austria -liberal economic reforms, such as the abolishment of craft guilds

What were two intellectual movements that contributed to the establishment of nationalism?

-liberalism -romanticism

Identify the aspects of working-class life in industrial cities that shocked middle-class observers.

-massive overcrowding -lack of sanitation -women and children working outside the home

Identify two examples of innovations that arose from the new religious movements of the time.

-opportunities for women to serve as preachers -support by Catholics for social welfare policies

Identify the extreme political factions of the right and left.

-reactionaries -radicals

What were two aspects of the French Revolution that survived under Napoleon's rule?

-religious toleration -the legal equality of citizens

Identify two territories that Britain gained during its rapid imperial expansion in the 1830s and 1840s.

-the Chinese port of Hong Kong -large territories in both eastern India and the Sindh

Identify two examples of how the great powers of Europe used violence to maintain the authority of conservative monarchs.

-the Russian suppression of Polish independence -the French intervention on behalf of the Spanish king

Identify two grievances expressed in the time leading up to the meeting in June of 1789 by both the public at large and the electors of the representatives of the Estates General.

-the end of tax-exempt status for the nobility -religious toleration

What were two major reforms in Britain that came into being by the late 1840s that were unrelated to voting rights?

-the repeal of the Combination Acts, allowing trade unions to come into existence -the repeal of the Corn Laws that had kept the price of food artificially high

Identify two immediate causes of the French monarchy's financial crisis in the late 1780s.

-the vast debts from supporting the American Revolution -the failure of financial reforms in the 1770s and 1780s

Identify two sources of political conflict in France leading up to the 1830 revolution.

-unpopular kings, including Louis XVIII and Charles X -a small conservative electorate that elected many reactionaries to Parliament

Place in chronological order the three events in Napoleon's Egyptian campaign.

1. French forces defeat the Mameluke army 2. The French discover the Rosetta Stone, allowing for the translation of ancient hieroglyphs 3. The British sink most of the French fleet in a naval battle

Place in chronological order the four events of the early years of the French Republic.

1. Louis XVI is executed 2. Counterrevolutionary insurrections break out 3. The Convention orders a "mass levy," the conscription for the army of all unmarried young men 4. The Committee of Public Safety takes over as the practical decision making body of the revolutionary state

Louis had been held under arrest since the birth of the republic in ____. Under pressure from the Parisian _____ who demanded fanatical dedication to the Revolution, the revolutionary government found the king guilty of ______. He was executed using the _______, the infamous revolutionary beheading device.

1972; workers; treason; guillotine

What was the most significant expression of the moral critiques of imperialism that had developed alongside imperialism itself?

Britain's abolition of the slave trade and, eventually, of slavery itself

Revolutionaries rose up against the reactionary King _________ in July of 1830. The leaders of the revolt gave the crown to the deposed monarch's _______, much to the disappointment of more radical insurgents. The ensuing July Monarchy was more ______ than its predecessor, expanding the electorate and acknowledging the sovereignty of the people. It was a far cry, however, from the aspirations of many reformers.

Charles X; cousin; liberal

What essential natural resource made the Industrial Revolution possible?

Coal

Napoleon returned from his campaign in _____ and joined in a conspiracy with the hero of the early revolution, ______, to overthrow the Directory. The coup occurred on the ninth of November, but the deputies resisted at first. Napoleon was forced to send in his soldiers, who ______ the deputies who resisted.

Egypt; Emmanuel Sieyes; removed

T/F After vacillating on the issue for a time, Louis XVI ordered that the Estates General vote by a simple majority rather than by estate.

False

T/F Napoleon disliked the limelight and avoided being mentioned in the press.

False

T/F The Decembrist movement led to the only liberal reforms of the Russian state in the entire nineteenth century.

False

T/F The middle class, or bourgeoisie, did not actually play a significant role in nineteenth-century Europe.

False

T/F The revolt against Robespierre and his allies within the Convention happened after the Terror had run its course and Robespierre had moderated his fanaticism.

False

The center of "enlightened" religious reform in Europe was _____, where branches of both Judaism and Protestant Christianity saw significant reforms. In Christianity, reformers distanced themselves from belief in the _____ of the Bible. In Judaism, a number of reforms emerged, including dropping the use of ____ in most services.

Germany; literal truth; Hebrew

The only country to become predominantly urban during this period was ____. Most places remained heavily _______. Furthermore, most industrial workers did not work in _______, but instead in _______.

Great Britain; agricultural; factories; small workshops

The below photograph shows workers at the Krupp Steel Works in Germany. What shift in industrial society did the Krupp Steel Works exemplify?

Most workers now worked in a mature factory system, often on a huge scale.

After the radical revolutionary leader ______ was overthrown and beheaded, a group of relatively conservative leaders known as the _______ took over. They destroyed the remnants of the urban worker _______ movement that had radicalized the Revolution before and made voting rights dependent on ________.

Robespierre; Thermidorians; sans-culottes; property ownership

Led by a ______ prince, Greek rebels launched a war for independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821. The Turks launched reprisals, including massacres and the execution of the _____. The European powers came to support the _______ side, especially Russia, which had designs on all of the Ottomans' European possessions. In the end, the Ottomans granted Greece _______.

Russian; patriarch of the Orthodox church; Greek; independence

Some novelists such as the Scottish writer _______ set their work in the past, in his case the Middle Ages. Simultaneously, interest in history itself grew, as demonstrated by the creation of museums and _______. In philosophy, the German thinker _______ postulated that the human spirit had grown and changed over time as part of history.

Sir Walter Scott; official state archives; Hegel

What was the single most important, widespread, and profitable industry associated with the Industrial Revolution during the period?

Textiles

Identify the reason why the Dutch Patriot Revolt, and the Prussian invasion of the Netherlands that happened because of it, was significant as a cause of the French Revolution.

The French monarchy's inability to intervene in the Patriot Revolt led to humiliation and a loss of prestige.

The image below depicts the great religious festival overseen by Robespierre at the height of the Committee of Public Safety's power and after the Terror had already done most of its work. What was that festival?

The dedication of the "cult of the supreme being" invented by Robespierre

What was the Third Estate that played an enormous role in bringing about the French Revolution?

The social class consisting of everyone who was not a noble or member of the church

What was the immediate cause of the explosion of revolutionary violence and the rise of a fervent revolutionary patriotism in 1792?

The successful invasion of Prussia in eastern France in the name of ending the Revolution

Louis XVI did attempt financial reforms before the Revolution. Why were the reforms unsuccessful?

They threatened the interests of powerful social groups

T/F Crop yields increased significantly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, creating a food surplus that kept the industrial workforce fed.

True

T/F During the process of industrialization, the wages of factory workers rose faster than those of agricultural workers.

True

T/F Napoleon Bonaparte made a name for himself by ruthlessly suppressing a royalist uprising against the Directory, which was the new revolutionary government, in 1795.

True

T/F Nationalism in its modern sense began in earnest with the French Revolution.

True

T/F Powerful and supposedly morally corrupt women were a favorite target of scandalous attacks in illegal publications.

True

T/F Radical Parisian workers attacked the guards of the royal family in 1792, demanding the establishment of a republic.

True

T/F The National Assembly seized Church lands and attempted to make priests elected officials working for the state.

True

T/F The new Christian movements of the period generally happened outside of the auspices of the official churches of each country.

True

Identify the major reason why socialists such as Karl Marx concluded that liberal reform over time could not work, and thus revolutionary change was necessary.

because governments at the time were harshly repressive and resistant to reform

A more rigorously scientific approach to medicine undermined traditional and useless medical practices such as ______. This new outlook led some reformers to refer to social phenomena such as poverty and ______ as things that might be "treated" through _____. Two examples were workhouses for the poor and new _____ for criminals.

bleeding; crime; discipline; prisons

The three estates convened in May of 1789 knowing that they would vote ______ rather than ______. The representatives of the Third Estate broke from the other two in June, declaring themselves to be the _____ of France itself. On June 20, they took the famous _______, declaring that they would draft a constitution for France.

by estate; by majority; National Assembly; Tennis Court Oath

The below painting depicts the Duc d'Orléans visiting patients at the major hospital of Paris during an infamous 1832 epidemic. What was the disease associated with unsanitary conditions in cities that proved the most deadly at the time?

cholera

Great Britain was ideally suited to lead the Industrial Revolution. Its veins of _______ were easily accessible. It had a highly ______ culture of engineering. It had financial institutions such as _____ to support new industries. Thanks to the _______, British agriculture was efficient. Finally, the British state _______ industry in law and military force.

coal; innovative; stock exchanges; enclosure movement; supported

An organized feminist movement _____ in the mid-nineteenth century. Law codes based on the _____ strictly limited women's rights. Marriage standards had changed, with arranged marriages becoming ________ but marriages were still expected to occur within defined social classes.

did not exist; Napoleonic Code; increasingly rare

Louis XVI summoned and then dismissed no fewer than three ______ in the 1770s and 1780s as he tried to enact reforms. The most radical proposal was to eliminate the tax on _______, paid exclusively by the _________, and instead create a tax that affected all landowners regardless of social class. The ________ and the regional parlements rejected the idea completely.

finance ministers; land; Third Estate; nobility

The Assembly abolished the ______ and brought about complete ______. Free _______ in the colonies were granted citizenship, but _______ were still barred from the right to vote.

guilds; religious toleration; blacks; women

What brilliant military campaign by Napoleon saw him rise to prominence as a leading general of the Directory's armies?

his invasion of northern Italy where he defeated both Austria's allies and Austrian forces themselves

Analyze the painting below, The Raft of the Medusa, by the French romantic painter Théodore Géricault. What aspect of this painting makes it quintessentially romantic?

its emotionally charged subject

Tocqueville was part of an old noble family and he _____ the end of the old political regime. He traveled to the United States and returned to describe the young nation's ______ in his Democracy in America. At the same time, he warned about the threat of ______ by modern governments.

lamented; modernity; repression

The social class that benefited the most from education was the _____, since education could lead to social advancement. Free public schooling was _____, and the vast majority of students were _____. But at the time, even a basic education was sufficient to work in most professional jobs because most of the population was ______.

middle class; rare; male; illiterate

Led by the Genoese lawyer Mazzini, the Young Italy movement sought the ______ creation of a united Italy free of foreign control. In Germany, _____, became attracted to nationalism as well, but faced state oppression. By 1835, most German states were under the sway of one of the two major German powers: Austria and ______.

peaceful; liberals; Prussia

What was the most common source of employment and wealth for members of the middle class?

professional fields such as law, medicine, and teaching

The Enlightenment had undermined _______ in France, which made the person of the king seem less sacred to many. Simultaneously, many people came to believe that public figures should be judged according to their _______, not just their power. That being noted, very few believed in the possibility of _____ in France.

religious belief; virtue; democracy

Analyze the painting below by British artist J. M. W. Turner. The painting depicts one of the greatest transportation innovations of the Industrial Revolution. What was the innovation?

steamships

Identify the single most important and widespread moral reform movement in Britain in the mid-nineteenth century.

temperance: the anti-alcohol movement

What was the most significant reason why Europe remained at peace for four decades following the Congress of Vienna?

the balance of power actively maintained by the most powerful states

What was one of the truly radical ideas of the "utopian" reformers François-Charles Fourier and Flora Tristan?

the equality of men and women

What was one way in which nationalist aspirations expressed themselves in the Czech lands in the first decades of the nineteenth century?

the growth of Czech-language scholarship and publishing

Who were the sans-culottes?

the radical artisans and workers of Paris during the Revolution