HY 103 Exam 1

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Henry hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland.

John smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, fought in Spanish and turks

Pedro Menendez de Aviles

Founded St. Augustine

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Powhatan (Wahunsenacawh)

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Jamestown

Virginia company, 1st permeant English colony in North America, founded for the purpose of finding gold, gold was never found, however because successful because or cash crops like tobacco

hernán cortés

a brash and determined spanish adventurer, crossed the Hispaniola to mainland mexico with 600 men, 17 horses and 10 canons, within 3 years cortez has taken captive the Aztecs emperor Montezuma, conquered the rich Aztec empire and found mexico city as the capital of new spain

Franciscan Order

a group of Catholic priests who took a vow of poverty, chastity, and obedience and worked with the poor and lower classes, lived in Florida

sir Walter Raleigh

adventurer and writer

montezuma

aztecs emperor

English Civil War

between parliament and Stuart monarchs England's debate over freedom and to what degree the church should distance itself from catholicism, victors establish a common wealth and free ruled by Cromwell

sir Francis drake

circumnavigated the globe, helped defeat Spanish Armada

Phillip 2nd (spain)

commerce raiding, launches armada against England for trade

the "black Spanish" myth

created about Spain being cruel people, created from las cases, imagine of Spain is brutal

Pieter Stuyvesant

director general of new Netherlands, sailed to new Amsterdam, tried to change an old problem but was shot down

Christopher Columbus

first to travel/navigate and find the world from italy but spain funded his expedition, 3 step plan (quicker communication between spain and other countries (asia), concert chinese to christianity, use chinese to reconquer jerusalem

canary islands

founded by portuguese

guanche

indigenous people on the canary islands, seen as inferior to portuguese, forced to work in sugar fields, died off

Navigation Acts

intended to forcibly take control over world trade from the dutch required valuable good to be shipped and traded in English government to collet revenues and allow English merchant, manufactures, ship builders, and sailors to benefit from trade

encomienda

labor system in spain and it's empire, rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups or subjects

Jacques cartier

lead voyage to new world to find gold and found new route to Asia instead, exploration of the st.lawrence river

Jesuit Order

popes foot soldiers, accept orders anywhere in the world, well adapted to torture

Nixtamalization

process for the preparation of maze (corn) of other grain

Elizabeth 1

queen at the time, Phillip the 2nd was married to her half sister mary

the "price revolution"

series of economic events, high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe

West India Company

seventeenth-century Dutch trading company formed to compete with Spain in North and South America; the company established trading posts in Africa, the Caribbean, Brazil, and North America, including New Amsterdam, which later became New York; it was also involved in the slave trade

bartolomé de las casas

spanish historian, dominion missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous people by europeans in the americas and to call the abomination of slavery

reconquista

the effort by christian leaders to drive the muslims out of spain

the "columbian exchange"

the exchange of plants and animals as well as people and their diseases, Indians took horses which changed their way of life and made them more productive hunters, disease killed majority of the population

"luis de velasco"

was the 2nd ruler of new Spain, devoted and loyal, public servant, consolidated Spanish control over new Spain, ended Indian slavery