HY 103 Final- Selesky

Hamilton's "Reports"

-...on the Subject of Manufactures, 1791 -outlined a plan for the federal government to borrow money to pay all of its debts as well as those of the states

Lewis and Clark

-1804-1806 -first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast by the United States -study the area's plants, animal life, and geography -discover how the region could be exploited economically

Wilmot Proviso

-1846 and 1847 -proposal to ban slavery in the territories as a result of the Mexican-American War; failed in the Senate -John Calhoun, southern senator, defeated it twice

Seneca Falls Convention

-1848, NY -an early and influential women's rights convention at which the push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence -leaders: Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton -accomplishment: Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

-1851 -Anthony managed the business affairs of the women's rights movement while Stanton did most of the writing.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

-1858 -series of formal political debates -in a campaign for one of Illinois' two United States Senate seats -Lincoln lost the election -focused on slavery -held in Illinois

DeWitt Clinton

-American politician and naturalist -construction of the Erie Canal -believed that infrastructure improvements could transform American life, drive economic growth, and encourage political participation -he heavily influenced the development of the New York State and the United States

"Trail of Tears"

-Cherokee death march from southern Appalachians to Indian Lands, later known as Oklahoma -15,000 marched, 4,000 died

"Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever"

-Daniel Webster rose in Senate -Jan. 26, 1830 -responding to Hayne, in a debate that initially focused on the efforts to limit federal land sales in the West but soon shift to the larger issue of slavery and the proper role of the federal government

Dred Scott

-Dred Scott Decision -ruled that no person descended from an American slave could ever be a U.S. citizen and that slavery could not legally be excluded from U.S. territories -strengthened Northern slavery opposition; divided the Democratic Party while strengthening the Republican Party; encouraged secessionist elements among Southern supporters of slavery to make bolder demands

Louisiana Purchase 1803

-Jefferson's purchase of new Orleans port -828000 square miles west of the Mississippi river to the Rocky Mountains -doubled territory of the us

Joseph Smith and Brigham Young

-Joseph Smith, Jr.was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement -published the Book of Mormon -Brigham Young (successor) was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States -he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory

Gettysburg Address (November 1863)

-Lincoln 4 months after union victory of civil war "Four score and seven years ago," referring to the American Revolution of 1776 -reiterated principles of human equality

Neutrality

-Neutrality Acts Laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II -sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. -Neutrality Proclamation (1793) Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war

Battle of Antietam (Maryland 1862)

-September 17th -first major battle of civil war to take place on union soil -bloodiest single-day battle in our history -union victory

Emancipation Proclamation

-September 22, 1862 -"fit and necessary war measure" -Lincoln, "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states" are, and henceforward shall be free." -declared the freeing of slaves on January 1, 1863

Freeport Doctrine

-Stephen Douglas -in reconcile of the dred scott ruling -slavery could be excluded from territories by local legislation

"free soil, free labor, free men"

-The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War -book by Eric Foner -causes of the Civil War

Assumption of states debts

-The Washington administration pursued the policy, under Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's leadership -assume the outstanding debt of those states which had not yet repaid their American Revolutionary War bonds and scrip

Winfield Scott

-United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. -"Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army," -conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy -he served as Commanding General of the United States Army for twenty years -A national hero after the Mexican-American War, he served as military governor of Mexico City

Revolution of 1800

-Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams -the election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System

Nat Turner Rebellion

-Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings -Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write

Doctrine of Concurrent Majorities

-a constitutional method of enabling minorities to block the actions of majorities by allowing minority groups veto power over laws -intended to prevent the tyranny of the majority that can otherwise occur in an unlimited democracy

"colonization"

-an ongoing process of control by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components -new world profits

Burned-Over District

-area of western New York -strongly influenced by the revivalist fervor of the second great awakening

"To conquer a peace"

-book by John Edward Weems -represents an attempt to tell the story of that conflict and to depict its color, drama, tragedy, and meaning mainly through the use of ten principal characters who participated in the war and who left behind written accounts

Nicholas Trist

-born into an aristocratic Virginia family in 1800 -grew up in Louisiana, but returned to Virginia as an adult to practice law -married to Thomas Jefferson's granddaughter -during the Mexican-American War, Polk sent Trist to negotiate with their government -chief clerk of the State Department in 1845. -private secretary to Andrew Jackson

Sojourner Truth

-born into slavery -new York state freed her in 1827 -she went cross country speaking about her slave life -adovacate for womans rights

John Quincy Adams

-called for economic growth based on interlocking sectional diversity -forced on foreign and domestic commerce -was one of the most ineffective presidents -was secretary of state to Monroe

Virginia Plan

-called for the legislative branch with two houses within, each state would be represented in proportion to their population -embodied Madison's concept of national government

John Marshall

-chief of justice of the supreme court -founded: constitutional supremecy and American jurisprudence, the authority of the supreme court

"manifest destiny"

-coined by newspaper editor John O'Sullivan -implied that it was a God-given right and inevitability for the U.S. to spread its Protestant religion, capitalist economy, and democratic-republican political system -historical Significance: rationalize American foreign policy, create national unity, and counter criticisms raised by other nations

Bill of Rights

-collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution -written by James Madison -lists specific prohibition on governmental power

Sam Houston

-commander in chief of Texan forces during the Mexican-American war -First president of Texas

Erie Canal

-connected Hudson to lake Erie -363 miles long -reduced travel times from 20 days to 6 days -cut the cost of moving freight

Samuel F. B. Morse

-created the telegraph in 1830's -Morse code named after him -made communication almost instantaneous -triggered many social changes

Monroe Doctrine

-delivered by President James Monroe, foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere and the intention of the U.S. to remain neutral in European Wars

"popular sovereignty"

-doctrine that allowed the residents of U.S. territories - and not Congress - to decide whether or not to accept or reject slavery -crucial element in the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas in 1854 while trying to placate the slave owners of the South

Compromise of 1850

-drafted by Henry Clay -was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September -made Utah and new Mexico territories slave states of popular sovereignty -made California a free state

Martin Van Buren

-elected as 8th president in 1836 -believed that government should not keep its' deposits in state banks and set up an independent treasury -enforced the Indian Removal Act of 1830

Frederick Douglass

-escaped from slavery -speaker/writer against slavery -"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass" -newspaper for blacks known as the north star

Hartford Convention 1815

-event at which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the domination of the Federal Government by Presidents from Virginia. -led to the collapse of the Federalist Party.

"mill girls"

-female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States -initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of propertied New England farmers -between the ages of 15 and 30

Fort Sumter

-first battle of the civil war -federal fort in Charleston harbor was bombarded by confederates -later captured on april 14th 1861 after 2 days of shelling

Battle of Bull Run (Virginia 1861)

-first major battle of the Civil War, also first land engagement -union troops retreated

Fugitive Slave Act

-gave federal gov authority in cases involving runaway slaves -required all captured runaway slaves to be returned to their masters

U.S. Grant

-general in chief of union army -Lee surrendered to Grant at appotomax courthouse on April 9, 1865 -elected president in 1868

Bank of the United States

-institution proposed by Alexander Hamilton, opened in 1791 -make uniform currency, business loans and collect taxes -in order to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the U.S. government under the newly enacted Constitution -highlighted the growing political rivalry between Hamilton (Federalist) and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) and the debate concerning the scope of the federal government

Eli Whitney

-inventor of the cotton gin -allowed the operator to gin 50 times more cotton than someone doing it by hand

Cyrus McCormick

-inventor of the the mechanical reaper -founder of the International Harvester Company -cropping up to 12 acres a day with two workers -helped reduced the number of farm workers

Battle of New Orleans January 1815

-led by Andrew Jackson -defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans -widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war -Jackson emerged as a war hero

Kansas-Nebraksa Act

-led to the formation of the republican party -settlers in newly organized territories north of missiouri border to decide slavery issue for themselves

Thirteenth Amendment

-one of the Reconstruction Amendments -outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime

Anti-Federalists

-opponents of the new constitution -favored a decentralized federal system -leaders: Patrick Henry, John Hancock, George Mason -backcountry and agricultural areas and debtors -opposed a central government that did not guarantee protection of individual rights

Thomas Jefferson

-plantation owner -author of declaration of independence -president that purchased the Louisiana territory

James Monroe

-president of US, won 1816 election -successor to Jefferson, studied law with him -fought with Washington -was a Virginian plantation owner

James K. Polk

-president who's chief concern was the expansion of the U.S. -declared war on Mexico, which gave the U.S. control of Mexico above the Rio Grande and gave us New Mexico and California

"anaconda strategy"

-pressure on Richmond -blockading confederate ports because of the unions stronger navy -dividing the south by invading the major waterways

American System

-program of internal improvements and protective tariffs -promoted by henry clay -proposals formed the whig ideology

William Lloyd Garrison

-prominent white abolitionist -founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society -started the anti-slavery newspaper known as the LIBERATOR -wanted to free the slaves and offer them equal social and legal rights

New Jersey Plan

-proposal at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population -called for strengthening the Articles of Confederation rather than totally changing the government

Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise)

-proposed by Henry clay -made slavery legal in Missouri but prohibited it in the remainder of the Louisiana territory

Daniel Webster

-representative in Senate from new Hampshire -led the New federalists in opposition of moving the national bank from Boston to Philadelphia

Zachary Taylor

-scored two quick victories in the Mexican American war -gained popularity in American because of it -polk chose him as commander in charge of the war but not the campaign to capture Mexico -used his popularity to become 12th president of U.S. -a member of the whig party.

Alexander Hamilton

-secretary of the treasury 1789-1795 -congressman from NY and former aide to General Washington -wrote most of the Federalist Papers

Stephen A. Douglas

-senator from Illinois -author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act -led to violence between slave/antislave people in Kansas -damaged the whig party

Federalist Papers

-series of 85 essays defended the principle of a supreme national authority -by James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton supporting the ratification of the Constitution -reassuring doubters that the people and states had no need to fear tyranny in the new government

Henry Clay

-speaker of the house in the 1820's -promoted economic nationalism, market revolution, and rapid development of the west -formulated the second Missouri compromise

Federalists

-supporters of the proposed constitution -leaders: Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin -coastal and urban areas and the upper class -favored a strong central government to maintain peace and stability

"peculiar institution"

-term used to describe slavery in the us since it violated the declaration of independence and principle of individual freedom -John C. Calhoun, most notably in his Speech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions

"corrupt bargain"

-the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824

James Madison

-the most acute political mind and finest politician -no reform could prove effective if it left the central government dependent on the states -"Father of the Constitution" -Elected President in 1808 -Came up with the building blocks of our modern constitution

Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee 1862)

-union victory -battle on the Tennessee river -surprise attack by Grant -confederate retreated

Mormons

-upstate New York during the 1820s

Francis Key Scott

-war of 1812 -wrote the stars bangled banner while watching the british bombard Fort McHenry

John C. Calhoun

-was a statesmen -introduced the national bank bill, pushed it through, justifying its constitutionality by citing the congressional power to regulate currency

Peggy Eaton

-wife of john eaton -first husband committed sucicide after learning she had an affair with john eaton -resulted in the "eaton affair"