Hydrology Exam 3

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Heated sea water causes

death of species, melting glaciers, seawater expansion, coral bleaching, and sea level rise

ablation > accumulation ELA at higher altitude glacier thins terminus is up valley This indicates...

negative net gain

Which latitude(s) would have brackish water? Select all that are correct. -High latitudes >60° N & S -The equator 0° -The Tropics (~23.5° N & S)

-High latitudes >60° N & S -The equator 0°

Which of the following is NOT a direct use of water? -water used to flush the toilet -water used to water the lawn -water used for drinking and cooking -water used to make electricity

-water used to make electricity

Which correctly reports the average salinity of the world's oceans? Select all that are correct? -35 g/kg -3.5% -35% -35‰

-35 g/kg -3.5% -35‰

Where does Denver's water go after being treated at the wastewater treatment plant? Choose all that could be correct. -Discharged into the Colorado River -Discharged into the South Platte River -To Front Range reservoirs -To the water recycling plant to be treated and reused.

-Discharged into the South Platte River -To the water recycling plant to be treated and reused.

Which is incorrectly matched? -Prior Appropriations Doctrine....beneficial use -Riparian Doctrine....priority system -Prior Appropriations Doctrine....seniority system -Riparian Doctrine....reasonable use

-Riparian Doctrine....priority system

Which of the following is true about the conditions during the last glacial maximum period of the Pleistocene about 12,000-30,000 years ago? -Sea levels were much lower than they are today -Sea levels were much higher than they are today -Lakes dotted the American West and Southwest. -The American West and Southwest was even drier than today with a Sahara-type desert covering the region.

-Sea levels were much lower than they are today -Lakes dotted the American West and Southwest.

Which of the following are true about snow as water resource? Select all that apply. -The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers. -"Snow Courses" are an example of automated snow measurement system -"Snow Pillows" are used to weigh the snowpack and convert that weight to a water equivalent -The U.S. Geological Survey directs the Cooperative Snow Survey Program. -Mountain snowpack provides a majority (50-80%) of the West's water supply in the U.S.

-The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers. -"Snow Pillows" are used to weigh the snowpack and convert that weight to a water equivalent -Mountain snowpack provides a majority (50-80%) of the West's water supply in the U.S.

Which of the following correctly describes the climate period we are currently in? -We are in an interglacial period of an ice age -We are in the glacial period of an ice age -We are in a hot house (greenhouse) period

-We are in an interglacial period of an ice age

Which of the following is true about ocean acidification? Select all that apply? -it is predicted that the ocean's pH could fall below 7.0 this century -agricultural runoff and water pollution is causing much of the ocean acidification problem. -a more acidic ocean will negatively affect organisms with carbonate shells and structures such as shellfish and coral -it is caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans

-a more acidic ocean will negatively affect organisms with carbonate shells and structures such as shellfish and coral -it is caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans

Which is NOT considered a strategy to supply more water to growing populations? -all of these are strategies -conservation -desalination -expanded storage & transport -recycling/reuse

-all of these are strategies

Two things that would increase seawater salinity

-evaporation -freezing of seawater

Which of the following would increase ocean salinity? -freezing of sea ice -groundwater runoff from land -mountain glacier melt and runoff -ocean precipitation

-freezing of sea ice

What is unique about the Quelccaya Ice Cap? Select all that are correct. -it is underlain by a volcano -it is expanding in area -it is in the tropics -it is getting thicker

-it is in the tropics

Which is NOT a likely change in the snowmelt hydrograph due to global warming? -shorter snowmelt period -lower snowmelt peak -later snowmelt peak

-later snowmelt peak

What trends are we seeing in low- and middle-elevation glacial ice across the globe? Select all that apply. -ice gain/accumulation caused by precipitation changes -negative net mass balance -ice loss/ablation caused by temperature changes -positive net mass balance

-negative net mass balance -ice loss/ablation caused by temperature changes

Global shipping causes problems in the ocean due to what 3 things

-oil spills -trash spills - The transportation of invasive species through ballast water

6 types of pollution

-plastic and trash -oil spills -storm runoff -pesticide runoff -sewage disposal -atmospheric deposition

Four things that would increase seawater salinity

-precipitation -river runoff -groundwater flow to ocean -melting of sea ice

Which was NOT one of the four original "beneficial uses" defined by the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation (though now it is considered one). -mining -recreation -municipal/domestic use -agriculture/irrigation -industry

-recreation

Which of the following might indicate that a glacier is experiencing a positive mass balance? -the ELA moves up (higher) in elevation -the glacier retreats -the ELA moves down (lower) in elevation -the glacier thins -the glacier thickens -the glacier advances

-the ELA moves down (lower) in elevation -the glacier thickens -the glacier advances

Which of the following would cause sea level rise? Select all that are correct. -warm water expansion -mountain/alpine glaciers melting -sea ice melting -ice sheets melting

-warm water expansion -mountain/alpine glaciers melting -ice sheets melting

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the flooding that occurred from Lake Missoula? -witness accounts -giant (10 ft) ripple marks made of gravels -Dry Falls--the largest waterfall in the world, though it is presently dry -Huge braided channel tracks called scablands

-witness accounts

How much of the total catch is by-catch

1/4

How much of Earth's population relies on glacier water

1/6th

Colorado has how many named glaciers

14

Our current ice age is the longest ever, how many years ago did it begin

2.58 million years ago

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. Firn

20-30%air 70-80% SWE

How many Ice ages in earth history

4

If the snowpack in a location is measured to be 10 m deep and has a density of 40% at the time of melt (snow density of 400g/1000cm3 as compared to water's density of 1000g/1000cm3), how much water equivalent would you expect once it has all melted?

4m

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. Snow after Settling

60% air 40% SWE

of the 14 named Colorado glaciers, how many are bigger than 0.1 km2

7

How much of earths surface is covered by ocean

71%

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. Freshly Fallen Snow

95% air 5% SWE

How much of earth's water is located in the ocean

97.2%

What formed Lake Missoula?

An ice dam from the Purcell lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet

The salinity of seawater by latitude N: Tropic: Equator: Tropic: S:

Brackish Brine Brackish Brine Brackish

Formula for carbonic acid

CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3

Pluvial lakes

Caused by wetter climate conditions

Water as property, water can be stored or moved, can buy and sell water, beneficial use, priority system

Doctrine of prior appropriation

Water laws in dry mountain states

Doctrine of prior appropriation

True or False Ocean acidification is primarily due to acid rain caused by NOx emissions and SO4 emissions from industry.

False ocean acidification is primarily caused by the dissolution of CO2 as carbonic acid

What is the name of our current interglacial period

Holocene

What are the 3 continental glacier types from largest to smallest

Ice Sheet, Ice Cap, Ice Field

What is the difference between ice cap and ice field

Ice cap fully covers mountains like a dome

The graph of salinity by latitude looks like

M

What are the five main Gyres

North Atlantic (gulf stream), North Pacific (great pacific garbage patch), Indian, South Pacific, South Atlantic

What 3 things are likely to occur to snow due to climate change

decreased snow pack/more precipitation as rain earlier snowmelt and runoff more dust on snow

Name 4 oceans largest to smallest

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic

What is the name of the ice age we are currently in

Pleistocene

What are the two types of paleo lakes

Pluvial lakes and glacial lakes

Land ownership system, reasonable use of water, no priority

Riparian Doctrine

Water laws in humid, eastern states

Riparian Doctrine

How is water measured as a resource

SWE (snow water equivalent)

What are the three ways to measure snow

Satellite Manual measurements along "snow course" Automatic Snotel Station

4 pieces of evidence that lake Missoula caused floods

Scablands deposition of large rounded rocks giant current ripple deposits layered flood sediments

Denver gets most of its water from the _______ ________ watershed

South Platte

lake Missoula caused multiple floods because

The lake would become too deep and the dam would break causing a large flood, then the glacier would move in more and provide a new ice wall until the lake would become too strong again

Two forms of desalination

Thermal distillation and reverse osmosis

What is responsible for deep water circulation in earth's oceans

Thermohaline conveyer belt

True or False Chloride is more abundant than sodium in seawater

True

True or False Ice Ages (glacial ages) include periods of cold temperatures when glaciers advance as well as periods of warmer temperature when glaciers retreat.

True

True or False : Instream use would be considered a non-consumptive use of water

True

True or False: The conversion from snow to glacial ice can take as long as 1000 years or as short as several years.

True

tidewater glacier

a glacier that ends in the sea

piedmont glacier

a large, fan-shaped glacier that forms when one or more valley glaciers flow into a wide lowland area

Zone that melts during summer and freezes during winter

ablation

What indicates a negative net gain

ablation > accumulation ELA at higher altitude glacier thins terminus is up valley

Slowing down the thermohaline conveyer belt would cause

abrupt global cooling

zone that survives summer

accumulation

What indicates a positive net gain

accumulation > ablation ELA at lower elevation glacier thickens terminus moves forward

What is the primary use of water in the world

agriculture

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. cirque Glacier

alpine/mountain

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. piedmont glacier

alpine/mountain

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. tidewater glacier

alpine/mountain

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. valley glacier

alpine/mountain

What is the CFS (centralized forecasting system)

amount of water percent of average helps plan ahead for reservoir storage

Ships take on _______________ water, which often unintentionally transports species that can become invasive in the locations they are discharged.

ballast

The term ____________ applies to water that is less than 35‰ (parts per thousand) salts such as the Gulf of Bothnia between Sweden and Finland that has heavy freshwater runoff and a salinity of about 10‰.

brackish

What salinity of water is more dense

brine

The upper part of the glacier

brittle zone

Where in the glacier is the least friction and fastest movement

brittle zone

What causes ocean acidification

carbon dioxide and water makes carbonic acid

cirque glacier

circular or bowl-shaped recess of a mountain

Which of the following would likely be the densest ocean water that is likely to sink and help propel the global thermohaline circulation in the ocean?

cold brine

What temperature of water is more dense

cold water

Would Denver's trans-basin water diversions be considered consumptive or non-consumptive?

consumptive

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. ice cap

continental

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. ice field

continental

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. ice sheet

continental

vertical crack in brittle zone

crevasse

The accumulation zone on a glacier ends at the _______ line that marks the elevation above which the winter snow and ice remained intact throughout the summer melting season, but below which melting occurs.

equilibrium

ELA

equilibrium line altitude

What causes a dead zone

excess nutrients in the water from runoff cause an algae bloom, the algae die and use up oxygen as they decompose, this causes a hypoxic zone void of oxygen

True or False? The model data shown in class indicates that Colorado's precipitation is going to decrease significantly in the future.

false

valley glacier

glaciers that form in valleys in high, mountainous areas, river of ice

Eutrophication leads to _______________ that can kill ocean species and create dead zones.

hypoxia

Glacial Lakes

ice dams block rivers

What was recently added to Colorado's list of beneficial uses of water

instream environmental flow, in channel recreational flow

the south platte river is naturally a ______ river

intermittent

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. Glacial Ice

less than 20% air more than 80% SWE

more dust on snow events will lead to

lowered reflectiveness of snow and more rapid melt

How do you calculate snow density

mass (snow)/ Volume (snow) vs 1000g/1000cm3

Ice ages are caused by

minor changes in Earth's rotation and orbit.

rock glacier

mountain glacier and has active flow; usually includes rocks and fine material

Most Colorado's precipitation falls

on the west side of the continental divide

the south platte river is now ______ due to added treated water

perennial

Two qualities of a glacier

permanent flowing

Hot house period is a time with no

permanent ice on earth

The flowing part of the glacier

plastic zone

The greatest threat to ocean ecosystems is

pollution

accumulation > ablation ELA at lower elevation glacier thickens terminus moves forward This indicates...

positive net gain

Two concerns for the future of water

quantity and quality

How do you calculate SWE

snow depth x Density

2 pieces of evidence that lake Missoula existed

strandlines fine grained lake sediment

What are Gyres

surface currents created by wind and coriolis

Thermohaline currents are driven by ________ and _________

temperature and salinity

The eastern slope in Colorado is 80% of ____

the population

In the United States, which use withdraws the most water?

thermoelectric power generation

Moving water from the west side of the continental divide to the east side is

trans-basin diversion

In ______ regions glaciers are a more stable water supply than just precipitation

tropical

True or False? The model data shown in class indicates that Colorado's temperature is going to increase in the future.

true

Water that is used incorporated into or used to produce food and goods is also known as ___________ water

virtual

The western slope in Colorado receives 80% of ____

water

The ocean is a source of

water (desalination), minerals, products, and food

Non-consumptive use

water is returned to where it came from

Consumptive use

water not returned to its original source (evaporated, transpired, moved)

Can glacial outbursts floods occur today?

yes


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