IAAP CPACC Certification: Accessibility and Universal Design

Which accessibility design feature should be visible to sighted keyboard users when the item receives keyboard focus?

"Skip navigation" links

What should you use to indicate the name, role, and value of interactive components?

ARIA; properties need to be updated dynamically using JavaScript

True or False: by default, screen readers start reading a page at the beginning of the main content

False

True or False: generally, it is a good idea to design a completely new and different way of interacting with web components.

False

True or False: making sure that web content is robust means making sure that content is written in a manner that is easy to comprehend.

False

You can accomplish near-universal operability of your web content by making it _________ __________.

Keyboard accessible (but don't ignore mouse users)

What is the biggest and most important benefit of accessibility?

It improves people's lives, and makes life easier for people with disabilities

What is the benefit of Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA)?

Its markup can be inserted in HTML to announce things like when a tab is selected or a checkbox is checked; makes it possible for JavaScript to be accessible

Alerting users to session timeouts utilizes which principle?

Operable

Allowing users to extend a time limit on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Operable

Ensuring that interaction with web content does not depend on using specific input devices is an application of which principle?

Operable

Functionality on a web page that is both mouse and keyboard accessible is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Operable

Link text that communicates the purpose and destination of the link is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Operable

How does someone perceive web content via touch?

Screen readers can convert digital text, including audio transcripts, into Braille

What is the definition of perceptible universal design?

Should be communicated effectively and be perceivable to everyone; sensory abilities should not hinder from receiving information

What is the definition of simple and intuitive universal design?

Should be easy to understand; background, language, or experience should not hinder understanding

What is the definition of equitable universal design?

Should be useful and marketable to everyone, regardless of abilities; everyone should be able to use it in the same or equivalent manner

What is the definition of flexible universal design?

Should provide people with a variety of options for use and adaptable to preferences and ability

What is the definition of size and space for approach and use universal design?

Should provide sufficient space so anyone can use the design regardless of build or abilities

What is the definition of tolerance for error universal design?

Should reduce the chances of accidents or hazards from occurring; should anticipate unintentional actions during use

What is the definition of low physical effort universal design?

Should require little to no physical effort to use

How does someone perceive web content via sight?

They look at it and the brain translates the visual stimulus into meaningful information; works well for those with good vision but not so well for those who do not

Identifying the primary language of a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Understandable

What is one of the best ways to increase the likelihood of robust markup and code across user agents?

Using standard markup and validating the content using the appropriate validators

Hearing train arrival announcements can be a challenge for people with disabilities. What are potential solutions? (2)

1. A speaker system to announce the same information 2. Mobile devices could receive real-time updates and announce these updates aloud

What are the benefits of accessibility for people without disabilities? (3)

1. Accessible designs improve access for all 2. There is less burden on family members and helpers 3. There is an opportunity to befriend more people with disabilities

What are examples of how the principle of perceptible information could be demonstrated in an accessible transportation system? (5)

1. Audible and visual arrival announcements 2. Alerts on mobile devices about information and announcements 3. High contrast colors on doors 4. Tactile route maps and guides and enlarged maps and guides 5. Detectable warnings and lights along platform edges

How does someone make an accessible sidewalk? (6)

1. Broad enough 2. Flat enough 3. Has no obstacles 4. Has clear, predictable boundaries 5. Has curb cuts 6. Is relatively straight

Train platforms can be dangerous for people with disabilities. What are the potential solutions? (1)

1. Bumped tiles at the edge

What are examples of how the principle of perceptible information could be demonstrated in an accessible multi-level building? (2)

1. Buttons on elevators that are tactile or have Braille 2. Visual and audio feedback which announces each floor

What are examples of how the principle of perceptible information could be demonstrated in an accessible sidewalk? (1)

1. Detectable warnings built into curb cuts warn people who are blind that they are approaching a street

What are examples of how the principle of perceptible information could be demonstrated in an accessible doorway? (2)

1. Doorbells that have lights as well as audio cues 2. Doorbells that can send a notification or signal to a mobile device

What are examples of how the principle of low physical effort could be demonstrated in an accessible doorway? (2)

1. Doors have lever handles 2. Doors are automatic with sensors and a flat entryway

How does someone make a multi-level building accessible?

1. Elevators 2. Buttons in the elevators that are tactile or have Braille 3. Visual and audio feedback that announces each floor level

What are examples of how the principle of equitable use could be demonstrated in an accessible multi-level building? (1)

1. Elevators provided for access to multiple levels, which can be used by a wide variety of people

How does someone make an accessible entrance? (2)

1. Eliminating steps 2. Ramps

What are the principles of universal design? (7)

1. Equitable use 2. Flexibility in use 3. Simple and intuitive use 4. Perceptible information 5. Tolerance for error 6. Low physical effort 7. Size and space for approach and use

How does someone make buying groceries accessible? (1)

1. For most, this is a difficult process. But, being able to buy the items online and have them delivered has increased independence for people with disabilities

What are examples of how the principle of low physical effort could be demonstrated in an accessible bathroom? (1)

1. Hands-free faucets, automatic flushing, and handles for support are provided

What are examples of how the principle of flexibility in use could be demonstrated in an accessible taxi? (2)

1. Having a ramp for wheelchair access 2. Credit card or cash payment options

Turnstiles or gates can be a challenge for people with disabilities. What are potential solutions? (1)

1. Having at least one wider gate or turnstile

Buying a ticket or farecard can be a challenge for people with disabilities. What are potential solutions? (2)

1. Having someone help 2. Buying a ticket or farecard online (if the website is accessible)

What are the benefits of accessibility for businesses? (6)

1. Improves public perception 2. Increases compatibility for web-enabled devices 3. Improves Search Engine Optimization 4. Increases your customer base 5. Increases your eligibility for funding 6. Helps you avoid lawsuits

How does someone make taxis accessible? (2)

1. Including a ramp 2. Including a touchscreen with visually-impaired access to check the fare and pay

What are examples of how the principle of low physical effort could be demonstrated in an accessible drinking fountain? (1)

1. Including auto-detecting features

How does someone make emergencies accessible? (2)

1. Including visual cues with auditory alarms 2. Notifications or alerts for mobile devices connected to the alarms

What are examples of how the principle of low physical effort could be demonstrated in an accessible sidewalk? (1)

1. It is smooth and absent of bumps and cracks

What are examples of how the principle of equitable use could be demonstrated in an accessible sidewalk? (2)

1. It is wheelchair accessible 2. It has curb cuts to orient people who are blind, assist people with motor disabilities, and people who walk with objects like carts or strollers

What are examples of how the principle of perceptible information could be demonstrated in an accessible bathroom? (1)

1. Labels are both visual and tactile

How does someone make doorways accessible? (6)

1. Lever doorknob 2. Push button 3. Automatic door with sensor 4. Eliminating thresholds 5. Getting rid of doorbells 6. Hooking a doorbell to a light or mobile device instead of a chime

How does someone make bathrooms accessible? (5)

1. Lots of room and bars on the wall for stability 2. Wheelchair access underneath the sink 3. Hands-free faucet 4. Provide unisex bathrooms 5. Use Braille on the bathroom signs

What are the components of the operable web accessibility principle? (4)

1. Navigating *into* web components 2. Using features *within* them 3. Navigating *through* them 4. Navigating *out* of them

What are the main web accessibility principles? (4)

1. Perceivable 2. Operable 3. Understandable 4. Robust

What are examples of how the principle of flexibility in use could be demonstrated in an accessible drinking fountain? (1)

1. Placed at varying heights to accommodate different users

How can you provide assistance with error prevention and correction? (2)

1. Provide instructions, hints, and contextual help when asking for user input and if the field has any special constraints 2. Provide feedback with confirmation and error messages, available to both sighted and non-sighted users

How does someone make drinking fountains accessible? (3)

1. Putting them at different heights 2. Including large push buttons on the front 3. Having room beneath them to maneuver a wheelchair

What are examples of how the principle of equitable use could be demonstrated in an accessible grocery store? (1)

1. Shelves, product markers, information and prices can be exposed to portable devices 2. Orientation and guidance can be provided to help everyone find items

What are examples of how the principle of perceptible information could be demonstrated in an accessible emergency? (1)

1. Smoke detectors and other alarm systems with flashing lights and audio sounds

How would you go about making content and interfaces understandable? (4)

1. Specify the language of the document and of specific phrases, if the language is different 2. Simplify the reading or vocabulary level 3. Avoid terminology or unfamiliar or complex concepts 4. Provide supplemental formats to increase understanding

What are examples of how the principle of size and space for approach and use could be demonstrated in an accessible bathroom? (1)

1. Sufficient space for body and assistive technologies is provided

Reading route maps and guides can be a challenge for people with disabilities. What are potential solutions? (2)

1. Tactile maps 2. Accessible, online access to routes and information

What are examples of how the principle of size and space for approach and use could be demonstrated in an accessible sidewalk? (1)

1. The width allows for use of assistive technologies such as wheelchairs

What are examples of how the principle of perceptible information could be demonstrated in an accessible taxi? (1)

1. Touchscreens for people who are blind to access information

What are examples of how the principle of tolerance for error could be demonstrated in an accessible taxi? (1)

1. Touchscreens which have larger clickable areas and fonts to prevent mistakes, communicate mistakes, and help users recover from those mistakes

What are examples of how the principle of size and space for approach and use could be demonstrated in an accessible transportation system? (1)

1. Turnstile and gates are wide enough for various people, including those in wheelchairs, to use

What are examples of how the principle of equitable use could be demonstrated in an accessible emergency? (1)

1. Usable and accessible emergency exit routes

How can you script for device independence? (3)

1. Use device-independent event handlers, such as onfocus, onblur and onselect, rather than device-specific event handlers such as onmouseover, onmouseout and ondblclick 2. If you need to use a device-specific event handler, include a redundant keyboard-specific event handler as well 3. Test the content in multiple ways and on touch screens

What are examples of how the principle of equitable use could be demonstrated in an accessible entrance? (2)

1. Using the same entrance to the building for all people 2. Having ramps built into the stairs, and not separate

Seeing train doors can be a challenge for people with disabilities. What are potential solutions? (2)

1. Waiting until the doors open and following other people to the open door 2. Designing the doors to be obviously different

What can you use to make dynamic interactions accessible using digital text?

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA)

How do you make an image accessible?

Add short, meaningful alternative text to all images as a replacement for people who can't see it

How do you make tables accessible?

Associate data cells with header cells to allow users to navigate effectively

How do headings improve accessibility?

By creating a properly-structured outline of a page to organize content and improve navigation

How do you make forms accessible?

By labeling all form elements and associating that label with the form element in the markup

How do you make dynamic JavaScript accessible?

By marking up the name, role, state and properties of elements with ARIA (and changing them dynamically, if needed) and by controlling keyboard focus

How does making content keyboard accessible improve accessibility?

By not assuming everyone uses a mouse, making sure that the tab order is logical and that the focus indicator is visible to sighted users

How do you make a PDF document accessible?

By tagging it and editing it for reading order, tab order, and other semantic and structural markup

Web sites with multiple pages or views should maintain a __________ ____ and ____ across the pages or views.

Consistent look, feel

How do you make color accessible?

Don't rely on color alone to convey meaning; always supplement color coded information with text explanations

How do you make contract accessible?

Ensure the contrast of the text against the background is sufficient to allow the text to be ready easily

How do you make links accessible?

Ensure the link text clearly explains the destination or purpose of the link; don't use "click here"

What is the definition of the robust web accessibility principle?

Ensuring compatibility with a broad range of user agents, including assistive technologies

What is the definition of the understandable web accessibility principle?

Making content and interfaces people can comprehend

What is the definition of the operable web accessibility principle?

Making the input methods of web content functionality available to a wide range of input devices, including: mouse or touch pad, keyboard, touchscreen, voice recognition software, and other specialized input devices

_______ ___ ___ can be a challenge for people with disabilities, especially with older subway and train systems.

Minding the gap

Why is the perceivable web accessibility principle important?

People can't access content unless they know it's there and making sure users know what's on the web page means you know they are able to access it

A pop warning on a web site that states to all users: "your session is about to expire. Would you like to continue?" is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Perceivable

An audio description track for a video tour of a facility is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Perceivable

High contrast between text elements and the background on a web page is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Perceivable

Important information that is communicated using both color and text is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Perceivable

Which principle of web accessibility focuses on presenting information that can be accessed through multiple biological senses?

Perceivable

When you create dynamic interactions, pay close attention to the location of the ____________ _____.

Programmatic focus

How do you make video and audio accessible?

Provide synchronized captions for the deaf, synchronized audio descriptions for the blind, and a text transcript for those who are both deaf and blind

An item that communicates to a screen reader that it is expanded or collapsed is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Robust

How does someone perceive web content via sound?

Screen reader software can convert digital text into synthesized speech; it is a fundamentally different experience to access the web in this way, but not necessarily bad

What is the definition of the perceivable web accessibility principle?

The ability to perceive web content through at least one of your biological senses, with the focus being on sight, sound, and touch

What is the goal of the operable web accessibility principle?

To allow all features to work, no matter what input device a person is using

Ensuring that navigation features like a menu are consistent across the entire website is an example of which web accessibility principle?

Understandable

With Flash objects, what is the keyboard trap?

Users are able to navigate into, within, and through a Flash object using a keyboard, but are unable to navigate out of them

When are session timeouts allowable?

When the user is given sufficient warning and is able to navigate into, within, through and out of the notification