I.C.C. Ch.1 (Why Study Intercultural Communication?), ICC. Chapter 5 (What is Culture Shock?), ICC. Chapter 4 (What Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities?), ICC. Chapter 3 (What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns?), ICC....

culture

________ is a learned meaning system that consists of patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, meanings, and symbols that are passed on from one generation to the next and are shared to varying degrees by interacting members of a community.

single-parent family

a family in which only one parent is present to care for the children

extended family

a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.

affective disorientation dimension of culture scock

anxiety, bewilderment, confusion, disorientation, and perplexity as well as an intense desire to be elsewhere

merger

awareness of crosscutting social identity memberships in selves and recognizing multiple groups as significant others who share some aspects of this complex, social identity self.

cross cultural empathy

being able to participate in another person's experience in your imagination; thinking it intellectually and feeling it emotionally

personal family system

emphasis on personal , individualized meanings, negotiable roles between parents, and children, emphasis on interactive discussions within family

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

co-culture

groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

outgroups

groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

ingroups

groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

pre-encounter stage

high cultural identity salience phase wherein ethnic minority group members self-concepts are influenced by values and norms of the larger culture

"being-in-becoming" solution

living with an emphasis on spiritual renewal and regeneration

"being" solution

living with emotional vitality and being relationally connected with significant others

"doing" solution

means living through action based activities and emphasizing the achievement of concrete outcomes

blended family

merging of different family systems from previous marriages

Subjugation-to-nature or "yielding" value solution

nature is in control

flowing value solution

outlook on life emphasizes spiritual transformation or enlightenment

internalization-commitment stage

phase in which individuals develop a secure racial-ethnic identity that is internally defined and at the same time are able to establish genuine interpersonal contacts with members of the dominant group and other multi- racial groups

Future-oriented time-sense

planning for desirable short to medium term developments and setting out clear objectives to realize them

socioemotional goals

refers to the relational, recreational, and personal development goals during their sojourning experience

cultural identity salience

refers to the strength of affiliation one has with the larger culture

identity

reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization processes

ambivalence stage

sojourners experience grief, nostalgia, and pride, with a mixed sense of relief and sorrow that they are going home

behavioral disorientation dimension or culture shock

the confusion stage in terms of the norms and rules that guide communication appropriateness and effectiveness.

Small power distance cultures

value equality and regard most differences based on status as unjust goes with individualistic cultures

present-oriented time-sense

valuing the here and now, especially the interpersonal relationships that are unfolding currently

humorous stage

Sojourners learn to laugh at their cultural faux pas and start to realize that there are pros and cons in each culture

Large Power Distance Cultures

tend to accept unequal power distributions, hierarchical rights, asymmetrical role relations, and rewards and punishments based on age, rank, status, title, and seniority

unconscious competence stage

the "mindlessly mindful" zen-like stage in which individuals move in and out of spontaneous yet adaptive communication with members of the new culture

behavioral flexibility

the ability to adapt and accommodate one's own behavior to people from other groups

sociocultural adjustment

the ability to fit in and execute appropriate and effective interactions in a new cultural environment

communication competence

the ability to take part in effective communication that is characterized by skills and understandings that enable communicators to exchange messages successfully

Personal expectations

the anticipatory process and predictive outcome of the upcoming situation

ethnic identity

the aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership

Appropriateness

the degree to which your communication matches situational, relational, and cultural expectations regarding how people should communicate

cultural identity

the emotional significance that we attach to our sense of belonging or affiliation with the larger culture

to negotiate shared meaning

the general goal of any intercultural communication encounter. Creating a give and take. Content, relational, and identity level meanings.

interactive situation

the idea that every communication episode occurs in a relational context, a psychological context, and a physical context

values

the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live

dominance

the individual adopts one major social identity (e.g., lawyer) and other social membership categories (e.g., being female and being Latina) are subordinated or embedded underneath the dominant professional role identity category of being a "lawyer."

cognitive disorientation dimension of culture shock

the lack of cultural interpretive competence to explain many of the "bizarre" behaviors that are occurring in their unfamiliar cultural settings

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

internal locus of control

the perception that one controls one's own fate

intercultural adjustment

the short-term and medium-term adaptive process of sojourners in their overseas assignments

intercultural communication

the symbolic exchange process whereby individuals from two or more different cultural communities attempt to negotiate shared meanings in an interactive situation within an embedded societal system

symbolic exchange process

use of symbols. (Cat, letter A) words, alphabet, language

digital aspect

verbal or nonverbal exhange of content in symbolic exhange

fun-loving

"Lee is a fun-loving Asian American instructor of intercultural communication at a U.S. university." From the above description, Lee's personal identity is ________ .

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independent self-construal

a self-concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others

Ethnorelative mindset

means to understand a communication behavior from the other person's cultural frame of reference

relational meaning

offers information concerning the state of the relationship between the two communicators

skills

operational abilities to integrate knowledge and a responsive attitude with adaptive intercultural practice

Communication adaptability

refers to our ability to change our interaction behaviors and goals to meet the specific needs of the situation

unconscious incompetence stage

refers to the blissfully ignorant stage in which individuals have neither culture sensitive knowledge nor responsive attitudes to communicate competently with the host members of the new culture

Effectiveness

refers to the degree to which the organization achieves a stated goal

societal system

reflected in the culture of the society: includes social roles, social support, etc. Aspect of the self that focuses on interrelatedness and sense of social integration and social identity.

hostility stage

sojourners experience major emotional upheavals

Reentry culture shock stage

sojourners face an unexpected jolt

in-sync adjustment stage

sojourners feel "at home" and experience identity security and inclusion

resocialization stage

some individuals may quietly assimilate themselves back to their old roles and behaviors without making much of a "wave" or appearing different from the rest of their peers or colleagues.

Inflexible intercultural communication

stresses the continuation of using our own cultural values, judgments, and routines in a rigid manner

enculturation

sustained, primary socialization process of strang- ers in their original home (or natal) culture wherein they have internalized their primary cultural values

Knowledge

systematic, conscious learning of the essential themes and concepts in inter- cultural communication flexibility.

instrumental goals

task-based or business or academic goals that sojourners would like to accomplish during their stay in a foreign country

interdependent

Siv tends to view herself as distinct and unique from others, and she values personal achievement, self-direction, and competition. Siv is operating from a(n) ___________ construal of self.

ethnocentric mindset

Caleb returns from a vacation in Greece and announces that Greeks are unfriendly and cold because they won't strike up conversations with him on the subways as is often done in the United States. What mindset is Caleb using to evaluate Greek behavior?

conscious competence

Carmen takes her intercultural communication class and realizes that she indeed should change some of her intercultural communication behaviors. So she starts to make steps to increase her knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Carmen is in what stage of the staircase model of flexible intercultural communication?

ethnic identity

David is an American citizen. He has never been to Israel. He and his family celebrate their Jewish heritage and roots by involvement in a synagogue, the celebration of holidays and traditions, and learning Hebrew. David's _________________ is Jewish.

past oriented time sense

During a business meeting, group members make decisions based on the company's history and tradition. These members are most likely operating from which temporal value orientation?

norms

Cultural ________ refer to the collective expectations of what constitutes proper or improper behavior in a given interaction scene.

salience

Cultural identity ____________ refers to the strength of affiliation we have with our larger culture.

Cultural Iceberg Model

Cultural levels from top down: 1.Surface (eg pop culture) 2. Intermediate (symbols, meanings, norms) 3. Deep (traditions, beliefs, values) 4. Universal human needs

False

Cultural norms and culturally shared traditions describe the same thing.

traditions

Culturally shared _______ can include myths, legends, ceremonies, and rituals.

beliefs

Culturally shared ________ refers to a set of fundamental assumptions or worldviews that people hold dearly to their hearts without question.

false

Individualism is a cultural pattern common in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South America.

conscious incompetence stage

Individuals have some notion that they behave incompetently; however, they lack the knowledge or skills to operate appropriately in the new cultural setting

false

Individuals who identify strongly with both their ethnic identity and the larger culture are in a marginal identity state.

doing; being

A _______________ value orientation means living with achievement-oriented activities, whereas a _______________ value orientation means living with emotional vitality.

individualistic

A culture that includes broad value tendencies of self-sufficiency and personal autonomy is a description of a(n) ______________ culture.

masculinity

A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

femininity

A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.

Symbol

A(n) _________ is a sign, artifact, word(s), gesture, or nonverbal behavior that stands for or reflects something meaningful.

collectivistic

A(n) ___________ culture emphasizes the we-identity over the I-identity.

independent; interdependent

Daphne believes that she is a unique entity and views herself as unique from others. Devin views himself as a "connected self" and places high importance on fitting in with others and acting in a proper manner. Daphne has a(n) ____________ construal of self, and Devin has a(n) ____________ construal of self.

identity meaning

"Who am I and who are you in this interaction episode?"

marginal

According to the cultural-ethnic identity typological model, an individual who doesn't identify with his/her own ethnic group and also doesn't identify with larger society is in which state of identity?

lower; more

According to the text, heterogeneous small groups have a ______ probability of groupthink and _______ creative problem-solving solutions than homogeneous small groups.

honeymoon

Although Aaron feels a little bewildered and lonely at times, he is very excited and curious about the new culture in which he is has just begun a temporary work assignment. He is in the _______________ stage of adjustment, according to the revised W-shape adjustment model.

ethnorelative

An ______________ mindset means understanding a communication behavior from the other person's cultural frame of reference.

False

An ethnocentric mindset means understanding a communication behavior from the other person's cultural frame of reference.

instrumental

As a sojourner sent by her company, Robin would like to establish a well-run branch in a foreign company. This goal is called a(n) ___________ goal.

hostility

Effia feels like nothing is working out smoothly in her overseas work assignment. She had just been feeling like this new culture was exciting and refreshing, but now feels like she wants to return home. According to the revised W-shape adjustment model, which stage is Effia experiencing?

alienator

Ever since Effia returned home from her overseas work assignment, she has felt like she does not fit in. She decides to ask for another overseas assignment, where she feels like she is more alive than at home. According to the revised W-shape adjustment model, Effia is a(n) ______________.

unconscious incompetence stage

In the staircase model of intercultural communication, the "blissfully ignorant" stage at which individuals have no culture-sensitive knowledge to communicate competently with the host members of the new culture is the

unconscious competence

In the staircase model of intercultural communication, the stage at which an individual is "mindlessly mindful" and can code-switch effortlessly between the two different intercultural communication systems is the ____________ stage.

conscious incompetence

In the staircase model of intercultural communication, the stage at which individuals have some notion that they behave incompetently but lack the knowledge or skills to operate adaptively in the new culture is the________________ stage.

ethnic; national

Johanna is Asian American and views her ______ identity as having its heritage or roots in Asia and her _________ identity as a U.S. citizen.

assimilated identity

Khalid is African American; he identifies strongly with the larger U.S. culture and identifies weakly with his ethnic heritage, traditions, and values. In the ethnic-cultural identity typological model, James is practicing which of the four options?

reentry culture shock

Mai studied abroad for a semester and returned home excited to tell her family and friends all about her experiences. Mai experienced a sharp sense of letdown as her family and friends quickly lost interest in her stories. Mai is experiencing which stage of the intercultural adjustment model?

encounter

Mariko experiences a sudden "racially shattering" experience for the first time in her class—when her classmate tells her to "go back to where you belong." She is likely at which identity stage of the racial-ethnic identity development model?

controlling their environment

Mayor Denton's reaction to a flood in her small town in Georgia is to call for a town meeting in which she assigns various townspeople to jobs such as reinforcing the dam and cleaning up the debris. What destiny value orientation is Mayor Denton endorsing?

behavioral

Mieko has traveled to France for her study-abroad opportunity. She tries to figure out how to appropriately ask for help and how to invite her new acquaintance to study with her. In the ABC's of culture shock, Mieko is experiencing the ____________ dimension of disorientation.

Intersectionality

Overlapping of social categories such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group. Creates interdependent systems of discrimination/disadvantage

Vertical self-construal

Prefer formal-asymmetrical interactions with due respect to people's position, titles, life experiences, and age

Horizontal self-construal

Prefer informal-symmetrical interactions regardless of people's position, status, rank, or age

false

Resocialized returnees are highly aware of changes in themselves and try to integrate new values and skills they have learned overseas to their home cultures.

ethnocentrism

Seeing our own culture as the center of the universe and seeing other cultures as insignificant or even inferior is the definition of

false

Studying abroad and visiting ethnic neighborhoods are not ways of increasing our knowledge in intercultural communication flexibility.

true

T/F Culture shock can have both positive and negative implications.

False

T/F Social identity can include information such as a person's unique characteristic of being very sociable.

True

T/F The United States is increasing in both ethnic and racial diversity.

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Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

karma

The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.

acculturation

The degree of identity change that occurs when individuals move from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one describes what process?

cultural distance

The difference between two cultures along identifiable dimensions such as individualism.

transactional

The simultaneous encoding and decoding process during communication

immersion/emersion stage

The stage or status in which one involves oneself completely within one's cultural group to the exclusion of the majority group. One emerges from this stage because one cannot meet all of one's needs if society is truly dominated by the majority group

flexible intercultural communication

The staircase model of intercultural communication depicts stages of:

encounter stage of minority identity development

This stage or status in which one is confronted with the realities of racism or other forms of the devaluation of one's cultural group

A sense of identity loss

Which of the following is involved in culture shock? Enculturation, A sense of identity stability, Individualism

The US Latino/a population

Which population is projected to more than double by the year 2050?

uncertainty avoidance

_________ refers to the extent to which members of a culture do not mind conflicts or uncertain situations and the extent to which they try to avoid those uncertain situations.

power distance

__________ refers to the extent to which individuals subscribe to the ideology of equal power distributions and the extent to which members adhere to unequal power distributions.

flexible

___________ intercultural communication emphasizes the importance of integrating knowledge and an open-minded attitude and putting them into adaptive and creative practice in everyday communication.

culture shock

______________ refers to a stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one.

interdependent self-construal

a self-concept that emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups

Individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

culture shock

a stress reaction involving difficulties coping with the requirements of life in a new country

honeymoon stage of culture shock

a. new arrivals are fascinated by local sights, pleasant hospitality, and interesting habits

A, B, Cs of culture shock

affectively, behaviorally, cognitively

ethnocentric mindset

means staying stuck with our own cultural worldviews and using our own cultural values as the baseline standards to evaluate the other person's cultural behavior

attitude

cognitive and affective layers (head and heart)

traditional family

consists of a husband-wife, father-mother pair with a child or children, a father working outside the home, and a homemaker-mother

weak uncertainty avoidance

cultures encourage risk-taking and conflict approaching modes

strong uncertainty avoidance

cultures prefer clear procedures and conflict-avoidance behaviors

analog aspect

emotional or relational nonverbal communication

Positional family system

emphasizes communal meanings, ascribed roles and statuses between parents and child, and family rule conformity

Flexible intercultural communication

emphasizes the importance of integrating knowledge and an open-minded attitude and putting them into adaptive and creative practice in everyday communication

Three Criteria: Appropriateness, Effectiveness, and Adaptability

evaluative yardsticks of whether an intercultural communicator has been perceived as behaving flex- ibly or inflexibly

psychological adjustment

feelings of well- being and satisfaction during cross-cultural transitions

cultural communities

group of interacting individuals within a bounded unit who uphold a set of shared traditions and way of life

past-oriented time sense

honoring historic and ancestral ties plus respecting the wisdom of the elders

compartmentalization

how one social identity category serves as the primary basis of identification in a particular setting (e.g., the importance of the lawyer category in the law firm) and a gear shift occurs to another primary identity persona in a different context (e.g., being a good Latina mom at home).

personal identities

include any unique attributes that we associate with our individuated self in comparison with those of others

social identities

include cultural or ethnic membership, gender, sexual orientation, social class, religious affiliation, age, disability, or professional identity

conscious competence stage

individuals are actively pursuing new intercultural knowledge to improve their communication competencies

ICC process

interdependent, simultanteous encoding and decoding (transactional), irreversible the transactional nature and the irreverible nature of communication

Motivational orientation

involves the person's willingness or desire to enter into a new culture