I.C.C. Ch.1 (Why Study Intercultural Communication?), ICC. Chapter 5 (What is Culture Shock?), ICC. Chapter 4 (What Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities?), ICC. Chapter 3 (What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns?), ICC....
culture
________ is a learned meaning system that consists of patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, meanings, and symbols that are passed on from one generation to the next and are shared to varying degrees by interacting members of a community.
single-parent family
a family in which only one parent is present to care for the children
extended family
a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.
affective disorientation dimension of culture scock
anxiety, bewilderment, confusion, disorientation, and perplexity as well as an intense desire to be elsewhere
merger
awareness of crosscutting social identity memberships in selves and recognizing multiple groups as significant others who share some aspects of this complex, social identity self.
cross cultural empathy
being able to participate in another person's experience in your imagination; thinking it intellectually and feeling it emotionally
personal family system
emphasis on personal , individualized meanings, negotiable roles between parents, and children, emphasis on interactive discussions within family
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
co-culture
groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives
outgroups
groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity
ingroups
groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
pre-encounter stage
high cultural identity salience phase wherein ethnic minority group members self-concepts are influenced by values and norms of the larger culture
"being-in-becoming" solution
living with an emphasis on spiritual renewal and regeneration
"being" solution
living with emotional vitality and being relationally connected with significant others
"doing" solution
means living through action based activities and emphasizing the achievement of concrete outcomes
blended family
merging of different family systems from previous marriages
Subjugation-to-nature or "yielding" value solution
nature is in control
flowing value solution
outlook on life emphasizes spiritual transformation or enlightenment
internalization-commitment stage
phase in which individuals develop a secure racial-ethnic identity that is internally defined and at the same time are able to establish genuine interpersonal contacts with members of the dominant group and other multi- racial groups
Future-oriented time-sense
planning for desirable short to medium term developments and setting out clear objectives to realize them
socioemotional goals
refers to the relational, recreational, and personal development goals during their sojourning experience
cultural identity salience
refers to the strength of affiliation one has with the larger culture
identity
reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization processes
ambivalence stage
sojourners experience grief, nostalgia, and pride, with a mixed sense of relief and sorrow that they are going home
behavioral disorientation dimension or culture shock
the confusion stage in terms of the norms and rules that guide communication appropriateness and effectiveness.
Small power distance cultures
value equality and regard most differences based on status as unjust goes with individualistic cultures
present-oriented time-sense
valuing the here and now, especially the interpersonal relationships that are unfolding currently
humorous stage
Sojourners learn to laugh at their cultural faux pas and start to realize that there are pros and cons in each culture
Large Power Distance Cultures
tend to accept unequal power distributions, hierarchical rights, asymmetrical role relations, and rewards and punishments based on age, rank, status, title, and seniority
unconscious competence stage
the "mindlessly mindful" zen-like stage in which individuals move in and out of spontaneous yet adaptive communication with members of the new culture
behavioral flexibility
the ability to adapt and accommodate one's own behavior to people from other groups
sociocultural adjustment
the ability to fit in and execute appropriate and effective interactions in a new cultural environment
communication competence
the ability to take part in effective communication that is characterized by skills and understandings that enable communicators to exchange messages successfully
Personal expectations
the anticipatory process and predictive outcome of the upcoming situation
ethnic identity
the aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership
Appropriateness
the degree to which your communication matches situational, relational, and cultural expectations regarding how people should communicate
cultural identity
the emotional significance that we attach to our sense of belonging or affiliation with the larger culture
to negotiate shared meaning
the general goal of any intercultural communication encounter. Creating a give and take. Content, relational, and identity level meanings.
interactive situation
the idea that every communication episode occurs in a relational context, a psychological context, and a physical context
values
the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live
dominance
the individual adopts one major social identity (e.g., lawyer) and other social membership categories (e.g., being female and being Latina) are subordinated or embedded underneath the dominant professional role identity category of being a "lawyer."
cognitive disorientation dimension of culture shock
the lack of cultural interpretive competence to explain many of the "bizarre" behaviors that are occurring in their unfamiliar cultural settings
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that one controls one's own fate
intercultural adjustment
the short-term and medium-term adaptive process of sojourners in their overseas assignments
intercultural communication
the symbolic exchange process whereby individuals from two or more different cultural communities attempt to negotiate shared meanings in an interactive situation within an embedded societal system
symbolic exchange process
use of symbols. (Cat, letter A) words, alphabet, language
digital aspect
verbal or nonverbal exhange of content in symbolic exhange
fun-loving
"Lee is a fun-loving Asian American instructor of intercultural communication at a U.S. university." From the above description, Lee's personal identity is ________ .
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independent self-construal
a self-concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others
Ethnorelative mindset
means to understand a communication behavior from the other person's cultural frame of reference
relational meaning
offers information concerning the state of the relationship between the two communicators
skills
operational abilities to integrate knowledge and a responsive attitude with adaptive intercultural practice
Communication adaptability
refers to our ability to change our interaction behaviors and goals to meet the specific needs of the situation
unconscious incompetence stage
refers to the blissfully ignorant stage in which individuals have neither culture sensitive knowledge nor responsive attitudes to communicate competently with the host members of the new culture
Effectiveness
refers to the degree to which the organization achieves a stated goal
societal system
reflected in the culture of the society: includes social roles, social support, etc. Aspect of the self that focuses on interrelatedness and sense of social integration and social identity.
hostility stage
sojourners experience major emotional upheavals
Reentry culture shock stage
sojourners face an unexpected jolt
in-sync adjustment stage
sojourners feel "at home" and experience identity security and inclusion
resocialization stage
some individuals may quietly assimilate themselves back to their old roles and behaviors without making much of a "wave" or appearing different from the rest of their peers or colleagues.
Inflexible intercultural communication
stresses the continuation of using our own cultural values, judgments, and routines in a rigid manner
enculturation
sustained, primary socialization process of strang- ers in their original home (or natal) culture wherein they have internalized their primary cultural values
Knowledge
systematic, conscious learning of the essential themes and concepts in inter- cultural communication flexibility.
instrumental goals
task-based or business or academic goals that sojourners would like to accomplish during their stay in a foreign country
interdependent
Siv tends to view herself as distinct and unique from others, and she values personal achievement, self-direction, and competition. Siv is operating from a(n) ___________ construal of self.
ethnocentric mindset
Caleb returns from a vacation in Greece and announces that Greeks are unfriendly and cold because they won't strike up conversations with him on the subways as is often done in the United States. What mindset is Caleb using to evaluate Greek behavior?
conscious competence
Carmen takes her intercultural communication class and realizes that she indeed should change some of her intercultural communication behaviors. So she starts to make steps to increase her knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Carmen is in what stage of the staircase model of flexible intercultural communication?
ethnic identity
David is an American citizen. He has never been to Israel. He and his family celebrate their Jewish heritage and roots by involvement in a synagogue, the celebration of holidays and traditions, and learning Hebrew. David's _________________ is Jewish.
past oriented time sense
During a business meeting, group members make decisions based on the company's history and tradition. These members are most likely operating from which temporal value orientation?
norms
Cultural ________ refer to the collective expectations of what constitutes proper or improper behavior in a given interaction scene.
salience
Cultural identity ____________ refers to the strength of affiliation we have with our larger culture.
Cultural Iceberg Model
Cultural levels from top down: 1.Surface (eg pop culture) 2. Intermediate (symbols, meanings, norms) 3. Deep (traditions, beliefs, values) 4. Universal human needs
False
Cultural norms and culturally shared traditions describe the same thing.
traditions
Culturally shared _______ can include myths, legends, ceremonies, and rituals.
beliefs
Culturally shared ________ refers to a set of fundamental assumptions or worldviews that people hold dearly to their hearts without question.
false
Individualism is a cultural pattern common in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South America.
conscious incompetence stage
Individuals have some notion that they behave incompetently; however, they lack the knowledge or skills to operate appropriately in the new cultural setting
false
Individuals who identify strongly with both their ethnic identity and the larger culture are in a marginal identity state.
doing; being
A _______________ value orientation means living with achievement-oriented activities, whereas a _______________ value orientation means living with emotional vitality.
individualistic
A culture that includes broad value tendencies of self-sufficiency and personal autonomy is a description of a(n) ______________ culture.
masculinity
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
femininity
A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
Symbol
A(n) _________ is a sign, artifact, word(s), gesture, or nonverbal behavior that stands for or reflects something meaningful.
collectivistic
A(n) ___________ culture emphasizes the we-identity over the I-identity.
independent; interdependent
Daphne believes that she is a unique entity and views herself as unique from others. Devin views himself as a "connected self" and places high importance on fitting in with others and acting in a proper manner. Daphne has a(n) ____________ construal of self, and Devin has a(n) ____________ construal of self.
identity meaning
"Who am I and who are you in this interaction episode?"
marginal
According to the cultural-ethnic identity typological model, an individual who doesn't identify with his/her own ethnic group and also doesn't identify with larger society is in which state of identity?
lower; more
According to the text, heterogeneous small groups have a ______ probability of groupthink and _______ creative problem-solving solutions than homogeneous small groups.
honeymoon
Although Aaron feels a little bewildered and lonely at times, he is very excited and curious about the new culture in which he is has just begun a temporary work assignment. He is in the _______________ stage of adjustment, according to the revised W-shape adjustment model.
ethnorelative
An ______________ mindset means understanding a communication behavior from the other person's cultural frame of reference.
False
An ethnocentric mindset means understanding a communication behavior from the other person's cultural frame of reference.
instrumental
As a sojourner sent by her company, Robin would like to establish a well-run branch in a foreign company. This goal is called a(n) ___________ goal.
hostility
Effia feels like nothing is working out smoothly in her overseas work assignment. She had just been feeling like this new culture was exciting and refreshing, but now feels like she wants to return home. According to the revised W-shape adjustment model, which stage is Effia experiencing?
alienator
Ever since Effia returned home from her overseas work assignment, she has felt like she does not fit in. She decides to ask for another overseas assignment, where she feels like she is more alive than at home. According to the revised W-shape adjustment model, Effia is a(n) ______________.
unconscious incompetence stage
In the staircase model of intercultural communication, the "blissfully ignorant" stage at which individuals have no culture-sensitive knowledge to communicate competently with the host members of the new culture is the
unconscious competence
In the staircase model of intercultural communication, the stage at which an individual is "mindlessly mindful" and can code-switch effortlessly between the two different intercultural communication systems is the ____________ stage.
conscious incompetence
In the staircase model of intercultural communication, the stage at which individuals have some notion that they behave incompetently but lack the knowledge or skills to operate adaptively in the new culture is the________________ stage.
ethnic; national
Johanna is Asian American and views her ______ identity as having its heritage or roots in Asia and her _________ identity as a U.S. citizen.
assimilated identity
Khalid is African American; he identifies strongly with the larger U.S. culture and identifies weakly with his ethnic heritage, traditions, and values. In the ethnic-cultural identity typological model, James is practicing which of the four options?
reentry culture shock
Mai studied abroad for a semester and returned home excited to tell her family and friends all about her experiences. Mai experienced a sharp sense of letdown as her family and friends quickly lost interest in her stories. Mai is experiencing which stage of the intercultural adjustment model?
encounter
Mariko experiences a sudden "racially shattering" experience for the first time in her class—when her classmate tells her to "go back to where you belong." She is likely at which identity stage of the racial-ethnic identity development model?
controlling their environment
Mayor Denton's reaction to a flood in her small town in Georgia is to call for a town meeting in which she assigns various townspeople to jobs such as reinforcing the dam and cleaning up the debris. What destiny value orientation is Mayor Denton endorsing?
behavioral
Mieko has traveled to France for her study-abroad opportunity. She tries to figure out how to appropriately ask for help and how to invite her new acquaintance to study with her. In the ABC's of culture shock, Mieko is experiencing the ____________ dimension of disorientation.
Intersectionality
Overlapping of social categories such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group. Creates interdependent systems of discrimination/disadvantage
Vertical self-construal
Prefer formal-asymmetrical interactions with due respect to people's position, titles, life experiences, and age
Horizontal self-construal
Prefer informal-symmetrical interactions regardless of people's position, status, rank, or age
false
Resocialized returnees are highly aware of changes in themselves and try to integrate new values and skills they have learned overseas to their home cultures.
ethnocentrism
Seeing our own culture as the center of the universe and seeing other cultures as insignificant or even inferior is the definition of
false
Studying abroad and visiting ethnic neighborhoods are not ways of increasing our knowledge in intercultural communication flexibility.
true
T/F Culture shock can have both positive and negative implications.
False
T/F Social identity can include information such as a person's unique characteristic of being very sociable.
True
T/F The United States is increasing in both ethnic and racial diversity.
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Acculturation
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
karma
The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.
acculturation
The degree of identity change that occurs when individuals move from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one describes what process?
cultural distance
The difference between two cultures along identifiable dimensions such as individualism.
transactional
The simultaneous encoding and decoding process during communication
immersion/emersion stage
The stage or status in which one involves oneself completely within one's cultural group to the exclusion of the majority group. One emerges from this stage because one cannot meet all of one's needs if society is truly dominated by the majority group
flexible intercultural communication
The staircase model of intercultural communication depicts stages of:
encounter stage of minority identity development
This stage or status in which one is confronted with the realities of racism or other forms of the devaluation of one's cultural group
A sense of identity loss
Which of the following is involved in culture shock? Enculturation, A sense of identity stability, Individualism
The US Latino/a population
Which population is projected to more than double by the year 2050?
uncertainty avoidance
_________ refers to the extent to which members of a culture do not mind conflicts or uncertain situations and the extent to which they try to avoid those uncertain situations.
power distance
__________ refers to the extent to which individuals subscribe to the ideology of equal power distributions and the extent to which members adhere to unequal power distributions.
flexible
___________ intercultural communication emphasizes the importance of integrating knowledge and an open-minded attitude and putting them into adaptive and creative practice in everyday communication.
culture shock
______________ refers to a stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one.
interdependent self-construal
a self-concept that emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups
Individualism
a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
culture shock
a stress reaction involving difficulties coping with the requirements of life in a new country
honeymoon stage of culture shock
a. new arrivals are fascinated by local sights, pleasant hospitality, and interesting habits
A, B, Cs of culture shock
affectively, behaviorally, cognitively
ethnocentric mindset
means staying stuck with our own cultural worldviews and using our own cultural values as the baseline standards to evaluate the other person's cultural behavior
attitude
cognitive and affective layers (head and heart)
traditional family
consists of a husband-wife, father-mother pair with a child or children, a father working outside the home, and a homemaker-mother
weak uncertainty avoidance
cultures encourage risk-taking and conflict approaching modes
strong uncertainty avoidance
cultures prefer clear procedures and conflict-avoidance behaviors
analog aspect
emotional or relational nonverbal communication
Positional family system
emphasizes communal meanings, ascribed roles and statuses between parents and child, and family rule conformity
Flexible intercultural communication
emphasizes the importance of integrating knowledge and an open-minded attitude and putting them into adaptive and creative practice in everyday communication
Three Criteria: Appropriateness, Effectiveness, and Adaptability
evaluative yardsticks of whether an intercultural communicator has been perceived as behaving flex- ibly or inflexibly
psychological adjustment
feelings of well- being and satisfaction during cross-cultural transitions
cultural communities
group of interacting individuals within a bounded unit who uphold a set of shared traditions and way of life
past-oriented time sense
honoring historic and ancestral ties plus respecting the wisdom of the elders
compartmentalization
how one social identity category serves as the primary basis of identification in a particular setting (e.g., the importance of the lawyer category in the law firm) and a gear shift occurs to another primary identity persona in a different context (e.g., being a good Latina mom at home).
personal identities
include any unique attributes that we associate with our individuated self in comparison with those of others
social identities
include cultural or ethnic membership, gender, sexual orientation, social class, religious affiliation, age, disability, or professional identity
conscious competence stage
individuals are actively pursuing new intercultural knowledge to improve their communication competencies
ICC process
interdependent, simultanteous encoding and decoding (transactional), irreversible the transactional nature and the irreverible nature of communication
Motivational orientation
involves the person's willingness or desire to enter into a new culture