ICP

The initial sign of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) includes A. vomiting. B. decreased level of consciousness. C. herniation. D. sore throat.

B. decreased level of consciousness. Rationale:The initial signs of increasing ICP include decreased level of consciousness and focal motor deficits. If ICP is not controlled, the uncus of the temporal lobe may be herniated through the tentorium, causing pressure on the brain stem. Vomiting and sore throat are not initial signs of increasing ICP.

Which interventions are appropriate for a client with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? Select all that apply. A. Maintaining aseptic technique with an intraventricular catheter B. Administering prescribed antipyretics C. Elevating the head of the bed to 90 degrees D. Frequent oral care E. Encouraging deep breathing and coughing every 2 hours

Correct Response: A. Maintaining aseptic technique with an intraventricular catheter, B. Administering prescribed antipyretics, D. Frequent oral care Rationale:Controlling fever is an important intervention for a client with increased ICP because fevers can cause an increase in cerebral metabolism and can lead to cerebral edema. Antipyretics are appropriate to control a fever. It is imperative that the nurse use aseptic technique when caring for the intraventricular catheter because of its risk for infection. Oral care should be provided frequently because the client is likely to be placed on a fluid restriction and will have dry mucous membranes. A nondrying oral rinse may be used. Coughing should be discouraged in a client with increased ICP because it increases intrathoracic pressure, and thus ICP. Unless contraindicated, the head of the bed should be elevated to 30 to 45 degrees and in a neutral position to allow for venous drainage.

The nurse in the neurologic ICU is caring for a client who sustained a severe brain injury. Which nursing measures will the nurse implement to help control intracranial pressure (ICP)? A. Maintain cerebral perfusion pressure from 50 to 70 mm Hg B. Restrain the client, as indicated C. Administer enemas, as needed D. Position the client in the supine position

Correct Response:Maintain cerebral perfusion pressure from 50 to 70 mm Hg Rationale:The nurse should maintain cerebral perfusion pressure from 50 to 70 mm Hg to help control increased ICP. Other measures include elevating the head of the bed as prescribed, maintaining the client's head and neck in neutral alignment (no twisting or flexing the neck), initiating measures to prevent the Valsalva maneuver (e.g., stool softeners), maintaining body temperature within normal limits, administering O2 to maintain PaO2 greater than 90 mm Hg, maintaining fluid balance with normal saline solution, avoiding noxious stimuli (e.g., excessive suctioning, painful procedures), and administering sedation to reduce agitation.

The nurse is educating a group of people newly diagnosed with migraine headaches. What information should the nurse include in the educational session? Select all that apply. A. Maintain a headache diary. B. Keep a food diary. C. Sleep no more than 5 hours at a time. D. Use St. John's Wort. E. Exercise in a dark room.

A. Maintain a headache diary. B. Keep a food diary. Rationale:The clients should be encouraged to keep food and headache diaries to identify triggers and to track frequency and characteristics of the migraines. The clients should maintain a routine sleep pattern and avoid fatigue. Limiting sleep to 5 hours may cause fatigue. The associated symptoms of a migraine are nausea, vomiting, and photophobia. Being in a dark room may ease the photophobia, but exercise may worsen the headache and associated symptoms. Clients who are taking medications specific for migraines should avoid St. John's Wort due to potential drug interactions.

The nurse has documented a client diagnosed with a head injury as having a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 7. This score is generally interpreted as A. most responsive. B. minimally responsive. C. coma. D. least responsive.

C. coma Rationale:The GCS is a tool for assessing a client's response to stimuli. A score of 7 or less is generally interpreted as a coma. The lowest score is 3 (least responsive/deep coma); the highest is 15 (most responsive). A GCS between 3 and 8 is generally accepted as indicating a severe head injury. No category is termed "least" responsive.

An unresponsive patient is brought to the ED by a family member. The family states, "We don't know what happened." Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention? A. Assess pupils. B. Assess Glasgow Coma Scale. C. Assess vital signs. D. Assess for a patent airway.

D. Assess for a patent airway. Rationale:A patient with altered LOC may be unable to protect his or her airway and therefore the priority nursing intervention should be to assess for a patent airway. The nurse should assess pupils, vital signs, and Glasgow Coma Scale, but only after ensuring the patient has a patent airway.

Which positions is used to help reduce intracranial pressure (ICP)? A. Extreme hip flexion, with the hip supported by pillows B. Rotating the neck to the far right with neck support C. Keeping the head flat, avoiding the use of a pillow D. Avoiding flexion of the neck with use of a cervical collar

D. Avoiding flexion of the neck with use of a cervical collar Rationale:Use of a cervical collar promotes venous drainage and prevents jugular vein distortion, which can increase ICP. Slight elevation of the head is maintained to aid in venous drainage unless otherwise prescribed. Extreme rotation of the neck is avoided because compression or distortion of the jugular veins increases ICP. Extreme hip flexion is avoided because this position causes an increase in intra-abdominal pressure and intrathoracic pressure, which can produce a rise in ICP.

Which activity should be avoided in clients with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? A. Position changes B. Minimal environmental stimuli C. Suctioning D. Enemas

D. Enemas Rationale:Enemas should be avoided in clients with increased ICP. The Valsalva maneuver causes increased ICP. Suctioning should not last longer than 15 seconds. Environmental stimuli should be minimal. If monitoring reveals that turning the client increases the ICP, rotating beds, turning sheets, and holding the client's head during turning may minimize the stimuli that cause increased ICP.

You're maintaining an external ventricular drain. The ICP readings should be? A. 5 to 15 mmHg B. 20 to 35 mmHg C. 60 to 100 mmHg D. 5 to 25 mmHg

The answer is A. Normal ICP should be 5 to 15 mmHg.

You're collecting vital signs on a patient with ICP. The patient has a Glascoma Scale rating of 4. How will you assess the patient's temperature? A. Rectal B. Oral C. Axillary

The answer is A. This GCS rating demonstrates the patient is unconscious. If a patient is unconscious the nurse should take the patient's temperature either via the rectal, tympanic, or temporal method. Oral and axillary are not reliable.

The patient's blood pressure is 130/88. What is the patient's mean arterial pressure (MAP)? A. 42 B. 74 C. 102 D. 88

The answer is C. MAP is calculated by taking the DBP (88) and multiplying it by 2. This equals 176. Then take this number and add the SBP (130). This equals 306. Then take this number and divide by 3, which equal 102.

A patient is being treated for increased intracranial pressure. Which activities below should the patient avoid performing? A. Coughing B. Sneezing C. Talking D. Valsalva maneuver E. Vomiting F. Keeping the head of the bed between 30- 35 degrees

The answers are A, B, D, and E. These activities can increase ICP.

Select the main structures below that play a role with altering intracranial pressure: A. Brain B. Neurons C. Cerebrospinal Fluid D. Blood E. Periosteum F. Dura mater

The answers are A, C, and D. Inside the skull are three structures that can alter intracranial pressure. They are the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood

Select all the signs and symptoms that occur with increased ICP: A. Decorticate posturing B. Tachycardia C. Decrease in pulse pressure D. Cheyne-stokes E. Hemiplegia F. Decerebrate posturing

The answers are A, D, E, and F. Option B is wrong because bradycardia (not tachycardia) happens in the late stage along with an INCREASE (not decrease) in pulse pressure.

A client is receiving hypothermic treatment for uncontrolled fever related to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which assessment finding requires immediate intervention? A. Cool, dry skin B. Shivering C. Capillary refill of 2 seconds D. Urine output of 100 mL/hr

B. Shivering Rationale:Shivering can increase intracranial pressure by increasing vasoconstriction and circulating catecholamines. Shivering also increases oxygen consumption. A capillary refill of 2 seconds, urine output of 100mL/hr, and cool, dry skin are expected findings.

The patient has a blood pressure of 130/88 and ICP reading of 12. What is the patient's cerebral perfusion pressure, and how do you interpret this as the nurse? A. 90 mmHg, normal B. 62 mmHg, abnormal C. 36 mmHg, abnormal D. 56 mmHg, normal

The answer is A. CPP is calculated by the following formula: CPP=MAP-ICP. The patient's CPP is 90 and this is normal. A normal CPP is 60-100 mmHg.

Which of the following is contraindicated in a patient with increased ICP? A. Lumbar puncture B. Midline position of the head C. Hyperosmotic diuretics D. Barbiturates medications

The answer is A. LPs are avoided in patients with ICP because they can lead to possible brain herniation.

While positioning a patient in bed with increased ICP, it important to avoid? A. Midline positioning of the head B. Placing the HOB at 30-35 degrees C. Preventing flexion of the neck D. Flexion of the hips

The answer is D. Avoid flexing the hips because this can increase intra-abdominal/thoracic pressure, which will increase ICP.

Which is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? A. Slow speech B. Altered respiratory patterns C. Headache D. Irritability B. Altered respiratory patterns Rationale:Altered respiratory patterns are late signs of increased ICP and may indicate pressure or damage to the brainstem. Headache, irritability, and any change in LOC are early signs of increased ICP. Speech changes, such as slowed speech or slurring, are also early signs of increased ICP.

B. Altered respiratory patterns Rationale:Altered respiratory patterns are late signs of increased ICP and may indicate pressure or damage to the brainstem. Headache, irritability, and any change in LOC are early signs of increased ICP. Speech changes, such as slowed speech or slurring, are also early signs of increased ICP.

Which value indicates a normal intracranial pressure (ICP)? A. 17 mm Hg B. 27 mm Hg C. 5 mm Hg D. 20 mm Hg

C. 5 mm Hg Rationale: ICP is usually measured in the lateral ventricles. Pressure measuring 0 to 10 mm Hg is considered normal. The other values are incorrect.

Which is the earliest sign of increasing intracranial pressure? A. Headache B. Posturing C. Change in level of consciousness D. Vomiting

C. Change in level of consciousness Rationale:The earliest sign of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) is a change in level of consciousness. Other manifestations of increasing ICP are vomiting, headache, and posturing.

Which Glasgow Coma Scale score is indicative of a severe head injury? A. 11 B. 7 C. 9 D. 13

B. 7 Rationale:A score between 3 and 8 is generally accepted as indicating a severe head injury.

A client with increased intracranial pressure has a cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of 40 mm Hg. This CPP reading is considered A. within normal limits. B. low. C. high. D. inaccurate.

B. low. Rationale:Normal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is 70 to 100 mm Hg. A CPP of 40 mm Hg is low.

You're providing education to a group of nursing students about ICP. You explain that when cerebral perfusion pressure falls too low the brain is not properly perfused and brain tissue dies. A student asks, "What is a normal cerebral perfusion pressure level?" Your response is: A. 5-15 mmHg B. 60-100 mmHg C. 30-45 mmHg D. >160 mmHg

The answer is B. This is a normal CPP. Option A represents a normal intracranial pressure.

The nurse is taking care of a client with a history of headaches. The nurse takes measures to reduce headaches and administer medications. Which appropriate nursing interventions may be provided by the nurse to such a client? A. Use pressure-relieving pads or a similar type of mattress B. Apply warm or cool cloths to the forehead or back of the neck C. Perform the Heimlich maneuver D. Maintain hydration by drinking eight glasses of fluid a day

B. Apply warm or cool cloths to the forehead or back of the neck Rationale:Applying warm or cool cloths to the forehead or back of the neck and massaging the back relaxes muscles and provides warmth to promote vasodilation. These measures are aimed at reducing the occurrence of headaches in the client. A client with transient ischemic attacks is advised to maintain hydration and drink eight glasses of fluid a day. A Heimlich maneuver is performed to clear the airway if the client cannot speak or breathe after swallowing food. The nurse uses pressure-relieving pads or a similar type of mattress to maintain peripheral circulation in the client's body.

Mannitol will remove water from the brain and place it in the blood to be removed from the body. B. Mannitol will cause water and electrolyte reabsorption in the renal tubules. C. When a patient receives Mannitol the nurse must monitor the patient for both fluid volume overload and depletion. D. Mannitol is not for patients who are experiencing anuria.

The answer is B. All the other options are correct. Mannitol will PREVENT (not cause) water and electrolytes (specifically sodium and chloride) from being reabsorbed....hence it will leave the body as urine.

A nurse is assessing a client with a closed head injury who has received mannitol for manifestations of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which of the following findings indicates that the medication is having a therapeutic effect? A. The client's serum osmolarity is 310 mOsm/L. B. The client's pupils are dilated. C. The client's heart rate is 56/min. D. The client is restless.

A. The client's serum osmolarity is 310 mOsm/L. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used to reduce cerebral edema by drawing water out of the brain tissue. A serum osmolarity of 310 mOsm/L is desired. A decrease in cerebral edema should result in a decrease in ICP. Incorrect Answers: B. Dilated pupils, pinpoint pupils, and asymmetrical pupils are manifestations of increased ICP. C. Bradycardia is a manifestation of increased ICP. D. Restlessness and behavioral changes are manifestations of increased ICP.

What assessment finding requires immediate intervention if found while a patient is receiving Mannitol? A. An ICP of 10 mmHg B. Crackles throughout lung fields C. BP 110/72 D. Patient complains of dry mouth and thirst

The answer is B. Mannitol can cause fluid volume overload that leads to heart failure and pulmonary edema. Crackles in the lung fields represent pulmonary edema and requires immediate intervention. Option A is a normal ICP reading and shows the mannitol is being effective. BP is within normal limits, and dry mouth/thirst will occur with this medication because remember we are trying to dehydrate the brain to keep edema and intracranial pressure decreased.

Which is the priority nursing diagnosis when caring for a client with increased ICP who has an intraventricular catheter? A. Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion B. Risk for infection C. Risk for injury D. Fluid volume deficit

A. Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion Rationale:The brain must be adequately perfused to maintain function and prevent long-term disability due to lack of oxygenation. The client is at risk for injury, fluid volume deficit due to a possible fluid restriction to maintain normovolemia, and infection due to the placement of the intraventricular catheter, but these are not the priority.

The nurse is caring for a client with a ventriculostomy. Which assessment finding demonstrates effectiveness of the ventriculostomy? A. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is equal to the intracranial pressure (ICP). B. Increased ICP is 12 mm Hg. C. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is 21 mm Hg. D. The pupils are dilated and fixed.

B Increased ICP is 12 mm Hg. Rationale:A ventriculostomy is used to continuously measure ICP and allows cerebral spinal fluid to drain, especially during a period of increased ICP. The normal ICP is 0 to 15 mm Hg, so ICP measured at 12 mm Hg would demonstrate the effectiveness of the ventriculostomy. Dilated and fixed pupils are not a normal assessment finding and would not indicate an improvement in the neurologic system. Cerebral circulation ceases if the ICP is equal to the MAP. Normal CPP is 70 to 100. A CPP reading less than 50 is consistent with irreversible neurologic damage.

External ventricular drains monitor ICP and are inserted where? A. Subarachnoid space B. Lateral Ventricle C. Epidural space D. Right Ventricle

The answer is B. External ventricular drains (also called ventriculostomy) are inserted in the lateral ventricle.

A patient with increased ICP has the following vital signs: blood pressure 99/60, HR 65, Temperature 101.6 'F, respirations 14, oxygen saturation of 95%. ICP reading is 21 mmHg. Based on these findings you would? A. Administered PRN dose of a vasopressor B. Administer 2 L of oxygen C. Remove extra blankets and give the patient a cool bath D. Perform suctioning

The answer is C. It is important to monitor the patient for hyperthermia (a fever). A fever increases ICP and cerebral blood volume, and metabolic needs of the patient. The nurse can administer antipyretics per MD order, remove extra blankets, decrease room temperature, give a cool bath or use a cooling system. Remember it is important to prevent shivering (this also increases metabolic needs and ICP).

A patient is experiencing hyperventilation and has a PaCO2 level of 52. The patient has an ICP of 20 mmHg. As the nurse you know that the PaCO2 level will? A. cause vasoconstriction and decrease the ICP B. promote diuresis and decrease the ICP C. cause vasodilation and increase the ICP D. cause vasodilation and decrease the ICP

The answer is C. An elevated carbon dioxide level (52 is high...normal 35-45) in the blood will cause vasodilation (NOT constriction), which will increase ICP (normal ICP 5 to 15 mmHg). Therefore, many patients with severe ICP may need to be mechanical ventilated so PaCO2 levels can be lowered (30-35), which will lead to vasoconstriction and decrease ICP (with constriction there is less blood volume and flow going to the brain and this helps decrease pressure)....remember Monro-Kellie hypothesis.

Which term refers to the shifting of brain tissue from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure? A. Monro-Kellie hypothesis B. Cushing response C. Herniation D. Autoregulation

C. Herniation Rationale:With a herniation, the herniated tissue exerts pressure on the brain area into which it has shifted, which interferes with the blood supply in that area. Cessation of cerebral blood flow results in cerebral ischemia, infarction, and brain death. Autoregulation is an ability of cerebral blood vessels to dilate or constrict to maintain stable cerebral blood flow despite changes in systemic arterial blood pressure. Cushing response is the brain's attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcome the increased ICP. The Monro-Kellie hypothesis is a theory that states that because of limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the cranial contents causes a change in the volume of the others.

A nurse is caring for a client who has a closed traumatic brain injury and is experiencing increased intracranial pressure (ICP). This increase in ICP is due to which of the following? A. Decreased cerebral perfusion B. Leakage of cerebral spinal fluid C. Rigid skull containing cranial contents D. Brain herniated into the brainstem

C. Rigid skull containing cranial contents The nurse should identify that the client's rigid skull prevents expansion. An increase in edema and bleeding from the head injury against the rigid skull results in an increase in ICP. Incorrect Answers: A. A decrease in cerebral perfusion is a result of increasing ICP, not the cause. This leads to brain tissue ischemia and edema, which can cause death if untreated. B. The leakage of cerebral spinal fluid occurs with a basilar skull fracture, which is an open traumatic injury rather than a closed traumatic injury. D. Brain herniation can occur as a result of untreated increased intracranial pressure and can lead to death. It is not a cause of increased intracranial pressure.

A nurse is assessing a client who has increased intracranial pressure and has received intravenous mannitol. Which of the following findings indicates a therapeutic effect of this medication? A. Decreased Blood Glucose B. Decreased bronchospasms C. Increased Urine output D. Increased temperature

C. Increased Urine output Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used to reduce intracranial pressure by mobilizing intracranial fluid and inhibiting the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys. Increased urine output and decreased intracranial pressure are therapeutic effects of this medication. Incorrect answers A. A decrease in blood glucose is not a therapeutic effect of mannitol. The nurse should monitor the client for hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. B. A decrease in bronchospasms is not a therapeutic effect of mannitol. The nurse should monitor the client for pulmonary edema. D. An increase in temperature is not a therapeutic effect of mannitol. The nurse should monitor the client for renal failure.

Which patient below is at MOST risk for increased intracranial pressure? A. A patient who is experiencing severe hypotension. B. A patient who is admitted with a traumatic brain injury. C. A patient who recently experienced a myocardial infarction. D. A patient post-op from eye surgery.

The answer is B. Remember head trauma, cerebral hemorrhage, hematoma, hydrocephalus, tumor, encephalitis etc. can all increase ICP.

Which patient below with ICP is experiencing Cushing's Triad? A patient with the following: A. BP 150/112, HR 110, RR 8 B. BP 90/60, HR 80, RR 22 C. BP 200/60, HR 50, RR 8 D. BP 80/40, HR 49, RR 12

The answer is C. These vital signs represent Cushing's triad. There is an increase in the systolic pressure, widening pulse pressure of 140 (200-60=140), bradycardia, and bradypnea.

During the assessment of a patient with increased ICP, you note that the patient's arms are extended straight out and toes pointed downward. You will document this as: A. Decorticate posturing B. Decerebrate posturing C. Flaccid posturing

The answer is B.

During the eye assessment of a patient with increased ICP, you need to assess the oculocephalic reflex. If the patient has brain stem damage what response will you find? A. The eyes will roll down as the head is moved side to side. B. The eyes will move in the opposite direction as the head is moved side to side. C. The eyes will roll back as the head is moved side to side. D. The eyes will be in a fixed mid-line position as the head is moved side to side.

The answer is D. This is known as a negative doll's eye and represents brain stem damage. It is a very bad sign.

Which method is used to help reduce intracranial pressure? A. Keeping the head of bed flat B. Extreme hip flexion, with the hip supported by pillows C. Using a cervical collar D. Rotating the neck to the far right with neck support

C. Using a cervical collar Rationale:Use of a cervical collar promotes venous drainage and prevents jugular vein distortion, which can increase ICP. Slight elevation of the head is maintained to aid in venous drainage unless otherwise prescribed. Extreme rotation of the neck is avoided because compression or distortion of the jugular veins increases ICP. Extreme hip flexion is avoided because this position causes an increase in intra-abdominal pressure and intrathoracic pressure, which can produce a rise in ICP.

An osmotic diuretic such as mannitol is given to the client with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) to A. control shivering. B. reduce cellular metabolic demand. C. control fever. D. dehydrate the brain and reduce cerebral edema.

D. dehydrate the brain and reduce cerebral edema. Rationale:Osmotic diuretics draw water across intact membranes, thereby reducing the volume of brain and extracellular fluid. Antipyretics and a cooling blanket are used to control fever in the client with increased ICP. Chlorpromazine may be prescribed to control shivering in the client with increased ICP. Medications such as barbiturates are given to the client with increased ICP to reduce cellular metabolic demands.

A patient has a ventriculostomy. Which finding would you immediately report to the doctor? A. Temperature 98.4 'F B. CPP 70 mmHg C. ICP 24 mmHg D. PaCO2 35

The answer is C. A ventriculostomy is a catheter inserted in the area of the lateral ventricle to assess ICP. It will help drain CSF during increase pressure readings and measure ICP. The nurse must monitor for ICP levels greater than 20 mmHg and report it to the doctor.

A patient who experienced a cerebral hemorrhage is at risk for developing increased ICP. Which sign and symptom below is the EARLIEST indicator the patient is having this complication? A. Bradycardia B. Decerebrate posturing C. Restlessness D. Unequal pupil size

The answer is C. Mental status changes are the earliest indicator a patient is experiencing increased ICP. All the other signs and symptoms listed happen later.

The Monro-Kellie hypothesis explains the compensatory relationship among the structures in the skull that play a role with intracranial pressure. Which of the following are NOT compensatory mechanisms performed by the body to decrease intracranial pressure naturally? Select all that apply: A. Shifting cerebrospinal fluid to other areas of the brain and spinal cord B. Vasodilation of cerebral vessels C. Decreasing cerebrospinal fluid production D. Leaking proteins into the brain barrier

The answers are B and D. These are NOT compensatory mechanisms, but actions that will actually increase intracranial pressure. Vasoconstriction (not dilation) decreases blood flow and helps lower ICP. Leaking of protein actually leads to more swelling of the brain tissue. Remember water is attracted to protein (oncotic pressure).

The nurse is caring for a client who was involved in a motorcycle accident 7 days ago. Since admission the client has been unresponsive to painful stimuli. The client had a ventriculostomy placed upon admission to the ICU. The current assessment findings include ICP of 14 with good waveforms, pulse 92, respirations per ventilator, temperature 102.7°F (rectal), urine output 320 mL in 4 hours, pupils pinpoint and briskly reactive, and hot, dry skin. Which is the priority nursing action? A. Administer acetaminophen per orders. B. Assess for signs and symptoms of infection. C. Inspect the ICP monitor to ensure it is working properly. D. Provide ventriculostomy care.

A. Administer acetaminophen per orders. Rationale:The nurse needs to control the fever by administering the ordered acetaminophen as the priority action. An increase in the client's temperature can lead to increased cerebral metabolic demands and poor outcomes if not properly treated. The nurse should always inspect the equipment to ensure that it is working properly, but this is not the priority because there is no indication of equipment failure. The nurse should provide ventriculostomy care, but this is not the priority as there is an elevated temperature. Because the client has an elevated temperature, the nurse should assess for signs and symptoms of infection, but only after treating the elevated temperature.

A client is treated for increased intracranial pressure (ICP). It is important for the client to avoid hypothermia because A. shivering in hypothermia can increase ICP. B. hypothermia is indicative of malaria. C. hypothermia can cause death. D. hypothermia is indicative of severe meningitis.

A. shivering in hypothermia can increase ICP. Rationale:The nurse should avoid hypothermia in a client with increased ICP because hypothermia causes shivering. Shivering, in turn, can increase intracranial pressure. Hypothermia in a client with ICP does not indicate malaria or meningitis and is not likely to cause death.

The Monro-Kellie hypothesis explains A. the dynamic equilibrium of cranial contents. B. the brain's attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcome the increased intracranial pressure. C. nonresponse of the brain to the environment. D. why the client is awake but lacks consciousness, without cognitive or affective mental function.

A. the dynamic equilibrium of cranial contents. Rationale:The hypothesis states that because of the limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the cranial contents (brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid) causes a change in the volume of the others. Akinetic mutism is the phrase used to refer to unresponsiveness to the environment. The Cushing response is the phrase used to refer to the brain's attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcome the increased intracranial pressure. Persistent vegetative state is the phrase used to describe a condition in which the client is wakeful but devoid of conscious content, without cognitive or affective mental function.

Which finding indicates increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) in the client who has sustained a head injury? A. Increased respirations B. Widened pulse pressure C. Increased pulse D. Decreased body temperature

B. Widened pulse pressure Rationale:Signs of increasing ICP include slowing of the heart rate (bradycardia), increasing systolic blood pressure, and widening pulse pressure (Cushing reflex). As brain compression increases, respirations decrease or become erratic, blood pressure may decrease, and the pulse slows further. This is an ominous development, as is a rapid fluctuation of vital signs. Temperature is maintained at less than 38°C (100.4°F). Tachycardia and arterial hypotension may indicate that bleeding is occurring elsewhere in the body.