ILTS Elementary Education (305-Content Test)
Horizontal Hyperbola Equation
(x-h)^2/a^2 - (y-k)^2/b^2 = 1
When do you use Quotation Marks?
-Close off a persons spoken or written words -Titles and short works -Highlight irony -Inside for periods and commas -Outside for colons and semicolons
Basic Effects of Writing Style
-Communicate meaning -Authors attitude -Express feelings
Abundant Elements
-Hydrogen -Helium
Types of Simple Machines
-Inclined Plane -Lever -Wheel -Axle -Pulley
Cylinder Surface Area
2πr^2 + 2πrh
Quadrilateral
A closed 2 dimensional geometric figure that has 4 straight sides
Alcoholism
A disease that is influenced by continued drinking
Collodial Suspension
A mixture of large particles
Identity
A term whose value or determine is equal to one
Point of View
A text perspective from which a passage is told
Hegel's Theory of Tragedy
A tragedy must involve some circumstance in which 2 values or right are fatally at odds with one another and conflict directly
Intransitive Verbs
A verb that does not point to a receiver of an action
Action Verbs
A verb that shows what subject is doing in a sentence
Transitive Verbs
A verb whose action points to a receiver
Indirect Objects
A word or group of words that show how an action had an influence on someone or something
Prepositions
A word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and another word in the sentence
Adjectives
A word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun
Adverbs
A word that is used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Reading Literacy
Ability to read
Inscribed Angle
An angle whose vertex lies on a circle and whose legs contain chords of that circle
Sample Size
An appropriate number of elements in the sample
Decolonization
Began in the Americas and ended as late as 1960 in many African countires
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Cytoplasm
Fluid in the cell
Jovian Planets
Huge and gaseous planets (Jupiter, Saurn, Uranus, and Neptune)
Prism Surface Area
LA+2B
Pyramid or Cone Surface Area
LA+B
Air Masses
Large volumes of air
Element
Matter with one partical type of atom
Atom
One of thr most basic units of matter
Line Graphs
One or more lines of varying styles to show the different values for a set of data
Unbalanced Equations
One that does not follow the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter can only be changed
Tan
Opposite side/Adjacent side
Opinion
Personal thoughts or feelings which may not be alterable by research or evidence
Chemical Reactions
Reaactions that can be quick or slow
Define Words with Descriptions
Readers will look at the descriptive words in the context to define a word
Afferent Neurons
Recieve sensory information and transmit it back to the ccentral system
Epic Poems
Recount heroic deeds and adventures, using stylized language and combining dramatic and lyrical conventions
Process Paragraph
Related to time order
Sun
Represents 99.85% of all matter
Public Opinion
Represents the collective attitudes of individual memebrs of the adult population in the US
Listening Activities
Requires the listener to obtain information and the immediately do something with that information
Outlining
Reveals the structure of the passage and will lead to solid conclusions
Trace Feature on Calculator
Rewrite each equation, isolating the y variable on one side of the equal sign
Relative Frequency Table
Shows the proportions of each unique value compared to the entire set
Double Inequalities
Situations where two inequality statements apply to the same variable expression
Civil War Era
Slaavery became an issue with the states and Confederacy was formed, from 1850-1865
Prior Knowledge
Something from a students long term memory
Basic Science
Spurred on by scientific inquiry, the human need to explain the observed physical world
Spurious Solution
Squaring both sides of an equation as a step in solving it or under certain other operations on the equation
Drawing Conclusions
Statements implied from written information or from the passage directly
Declarative Sentences
States a fact and ends with a period
Cognitive Theory Approach
States that children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language
Hypothetico-Deductive Process
States that to have an idea and then formulate a hypothesis are essentially creative process, driven by eons of human experience
Sampling Distribution
Statistical values calculated from various samples of the same size
Treaty of Paris
Stopped the French and Indian War
Ballards
Structured with rhyme and meter to focus on subjects such as love, death, and religious topics
Roots
Structures designed to pull water and minerals from soil or water
Ethology
Study of animal behavior
Zoology
Study of animals
Ecology
Study of the relationship of living organisms to their environments
Cycads
Sturdy plants with bug, waxy fronds that make them lool like ferns or palms
Compounds
Substances containing 2 or more elements
Elements
Substances that consist of only one type of atom
Matter
Substances that have mass and occupy space
Percentiles
Tells what percentage of the data in the set falls below a specific point
Like Terms
Terms in an equation that have the same variable, regardless of whether or not they have the same coefficient
Rensissance
The French word for rebirth
Phonological Awareness
The ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken language
Literacy
The ability to read and write
Present Verbs
The action happens at the current time
Future Verbs
The action is going to happen later
Present Perfect Verbs
The action started in the past and continues into the present
Cartography
The art and science of mapmaking
Numbers
The basic building blocks of mathematics
Unit System
The basis of quantitative measurements
Physical Fitness
The bodys ability to perform all of its tasks and still have energy for an emergency
Law of Superposition
The bottom layer of a series of sedimentary layers is the oldest
Denominator
The bottom number in a fraction
Inferential Statistics
The branch of statistics that uses samples to make predications about an entire population
Energy
The capacity to do work
Objective Nouns and Pronouns
The case for nouns and pronouns that are an object in a sentence
Nominative Nouns and Pronouns
The case for nouns and pronouns that are the subject of a sentence
Earths Moon
The closest celestial body to earth that is allowed for study
Data
The collective name for pieces of information
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individaul based on one or more characteristics
Point of Reflection
The midpoint of a line segment which connects a point in the figure to its image
Systeme International (SI)
The most commonly used unit system in the world
Main Idea
The most important point being made by the author
Mass Wasting
The movement of masses of dirt and rock from one place to another
Abolitionism
The movement that put an end to slavery
Collective Nouns
The names for a person, place or thing that may act as a whole
Proper Nouns
The names of a specific person, place, or thing (capitalized)
Dependent
The outcome of 1 event does affect the probability of the second event
Confederation Period
The period in US history directly following the American Revolution, from 1783-1788
Time Frame
The period in which the story is set
Setting
The place in which the story as a whole is set
Vertex
The point at which 2 segments or rays meet to form an angle
Projection of a Point on a Line
The point at which a perpendicular line drawn from the given point to the given line intersects the line
Point of Tangency
The point at which tangent touches a circle
Pitch
The quality of sound determined by frequency
Work
The quantity of energy transferred by one system to another due to changes in a system that is the result of external forces
Flexibility
The range of motion around particular joints
Reagan Era
There was an increase of military spending, while also cutting taxes and reducing the involvement of the natural government, from 1980-2000s
Algebraic Functions
Those that exclusively use polynomials and roots
Post War Era
Time of economic recovery and general growth in America, from 1945-1964
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
To force the colonies to be dependent on Britain and to help restore the British economy following the wars
Epistolary Novels
Told in the form of letters written by their characters rather than in narrative form
Electromagnetic waves
Transmit energy through a vacuum
Mechanical Waves
Transmit energy through matter
Stems
Transport food and water and act as support structures
Comic Relief
Use of comedy by an author to break up a dramatic or tragic science and infuse it with a bit of lightheartedness
Apostrophe
Use to show possession or the deletion of letters in contractions
Indicative Moods
Used for facts, opinions, and questions
Imperative Moods
Used for orders or requests
Subjunctive Moods
Used for wishes and statements that go against facts
Colon
Used to call attention to the words that follow it
Semicolon
Used to connect major sentence pieces of equal value
Math Parentheses
Used to designate which operation should be done first when there are multiple operations
Jacksonian Era
Voting rights expanded to men over 21 and lots of expansionism, from 1825-1849
Humitidy
Water vapor contained in the air
Theme
What the reader learns from the text or the passage
Subordination
When 2 related ideas are not of equal importance, the ideal way to combine them is to make the more important idea an independent clause, and the less important idea a dependent or subordinate clause
Active Transport
When a cell uses energy to move individual molecules across the cell membrane to maintain a proper balance
Adding and Subtracting Decimals
When adding and subtracting decimals, the decimal points must always be aligned
Empty Set
When an equation has no true solutions
Stretching, Compression, and Reflection
When different parts of a function are multiplied by different groups of constants
Displacement
When something moves from one place to another
Regrouping Subtraction
When subtracting, borrow a unit from the place value to the left in order to get a positive difference
Credible Text
When the author is knowledgeable and objective, or unbiased
Bias
When the author is unfair or inaccurate in his or her presentation
Constant of Proportionality
When the product of this constant and one of the quantities is equal to the other quantity
Common Denominator
When two fractions are manipulated so they can have the same denominator
Translation
When values are added to or subtracted from the X or Y values
Conjugating Verbs
When you change the form of a verb
Reducing a Fraction
When you divide both numbers by a common factor
Counter Arguments
While writing, au5ors give both sides to the argument to build trust with their readers
Passive Transport
Within a cell and does not require energy and work
Pronouns
Words that are used to stand in for a noun
Informative/Explanatory Writing
Writing based on something that is true or factual
Blogs
Writing done exclusively on the internet
Narrative Writing
Writing that tells a story
Pythagorean Theorem
a²+b²=c²
Parallel Lines
lines in the same plane that have no points in common and never meet
Weighted Mean Equation
w1x1+w2x2+w3x3...+wnxn/w1+w2+w3...+wn
Quadratic Formula
x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a
Intercept Form
x/x1 + y/y1 = 1
Arc Length Formula
πr0/180
Cylinder Volume
πr^2h
Cone Surface Area
πrs + πr^2
Composite of 2 Functions
(f o g) (x), which means that the output of the second function is used as the input of the first
Volcano Types
-Active -Extinct -Shield -Cinder cone -Composite
Base Properties
-Conduct electricity -Change red litmus paper to blue -Feel slippery -React with acids to neutralize
Acid Properties
-Conduct electricity -Chnge blue litmus paper to red -Sour taste -react with bases to neutralize
Industrial Revolution Outcomes
-Cotton Mills -Steel Industry -Steam Engine -Technological Era -Child Labor Laws -Labor Unions
How to Provide a Print Rich Environment?
-Displaying -Graphic organizers -Big books
Salt Properties
-Dissociate in water -Ionic compounds of metallic and nonmetallic ions -Comprised of tightly bonded ions
Electromagnetic Spectrum Waves
-Electromagnetic -Radio -Microwave -Infrared -Visible -Ultraviolet -Xrays -Gamma
Properties of Functions
-End behavior (the behavior of the function at extreme values) -Y intercept (the value of the function at f(0) -Roots (the values of x where the function equals 0) -Extrema (min or max values of the functions or where the function changes direction)
Earth Science Disciplines
-Geology (study of the origin and structure of earth and the changes) -Meteorology (study of the atmosphere) -Oceanography (study of the oceans) -Ecology (study of living organisms in realtion to their environment)
Important Speeches
-Gettysburg Address -Fourteen Points -Address to Congress -Inaugural Address -Berlin Address -I Have a Dream -Brandenburg Gate
Metric Prefixes
-Giga (one billion) -Mega (one million) -Kilo (one thousand) -Deci (one tenth) -Centi (one hundreth) -Milli (one thousandth) -Micro (one millionth)
Arthropod Characteristics
-Have exoskeleton -They molt -Several legs -Advanced nervous system -Develop through metamorphosis
Accomplishments of the Progressive Era
-Hepburn Act -Sherman Anti-trust Act -Clayton Anti-Trust Act -Forest Service -Pure Food and Drug Act -Federal Reserve System -Fair Trade Commission
Water Properties
-High Polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, high specific heat, high latent heat, and high heat of vaporization -Room temperature when liquid -Resists heat and motion -Is cohesive
Types of Figurative Language
-Hyperbole (excessive exaggeration for humor) -Onomatopoeia (words that imitate the sounds they name) -Simile (compares using like or as) -Metaphor (compares without using like or as) -Personification (describing a thing or animal as a person) -Alliteration (series of words containing the same sound) -Imagery (create mental images of the story)
Scientific Experimentation
-Hypothesis -Theory -Scientific law -Control and constants -Independent variable -Dependent variable
Steps that Readers can take for Evaluating the Arguments
-Identify the arguments conclusion -Identify the authors premises that support the conclusion —Evaluate whether premises reasonably support the conclusion
Types of Rocks
-Igneous (cooling liquid magma) -Metanorphic (metamorphosing into a new rock with pressure) -Sedimentary (sedimentation compaction)
Strategies to Improve Reading Comprehesion
-Illustrations and questions -Predictions -Relating or connecting -Retelling
Imagery
-Imporves balance -Prolongs lifts in a leap -Achieves deeper abdominal contraction -Sharpens angular movement and shapes -Softens tenssion in port de bras -Accelerates attack in an assemble -Better employs pile in preparation for jumps
Federal Taxes
-Income taxes on individuals -Income taxes on corporations -Excise taxes -Customs duties
Major Changes in Late 1800s
-Industrialization -Raailroad Expansion -Gold and silver minig -Cattle ranching
Types of Conflict
-Man vs man -Man vs nature -Man vs self
Division of Powers
-National -Concurrent -State
Types of Suffixes
-Noun suffix -Verb suffix -Adjective suffix
Eukaryotic Cells
-Nucleus -Nuclear envelope -Chromatin -Mitochondria
Life Process
-Nutrition -Transport -Respiration -Regulation -Reproducation and growth -Locomotion
Scientific Method
-Observation -Theory or hypothesis -Experimental method -Analysis and evaluation -Modification and replication
Data Must Be?
-Organized -Classified
Types of Verbals
-Participle (always functions as an objective) -Gerund (always functions as a noun) -Infinitive (functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb)
Teaching Strategies for ESL Student
-Partner ESL students and native English speakers together -Encourage questions -Dictate key sentences -Alternate difficult and easy tasks -Ask to label objects
Renaissance Figures
-Petrach -Leonardo da Vinci -Michelangelo and Raphael -Desiderius Erasmus -Sir Thomas More -Niccolo Machiavelli -William Shakespeare
Alphabet Writing Systems
-Phonological (each letter stands for an individual sound and words are spelled just as they sound) -Logographic (Chinese) -Syllabic (Japanese)
Names of Climates
-Polar (ice caps) -Polar (tundra) -Subtropical (dry summer) -Subtropical (dry winter) -Subtropical (humid) -Subtropical (marine west coast) -Subtropical (mediterranean) -Subtropical (wet) -Tropical (monsoon) -Tropical (Savannah/grasslands) -Tropucal (wet)
Rules to Compare Adverbs and Adjectives
-Positive (standard or normal form) -Comparative (compares 1 person or thing to another) -Superlative (compares more than 2 people or things)
How can Teacher Promote Vocabulary Development?
-Prior knowledge -Defining Words -Context clues -Prefixes, roots, and suffixes -Dictionaries and thesaurus -Allow for practice -Print rich environment -Group Words into single subject
Mitosis Phases
-Prophase (duplicateto prepare for divison) -Metaphase (different pieces align themselves for split up) -Anaphase (half chromosomes on one side and half on the other) -Telophase (cell membrane closes and cells split into 2 pieces -Interphase (resting stage)
How to Encourage ESL Students to Speak?
-Read aloud -Verbal summary -Verbal explanations -Group Activities
Middle Ages Events
-Roman Catholicism -Knights -Peasants -Universities -Crusades -Charlemagne -Black Death plauge
Types of Congruent Triangles
-SSS (side, side, side) -SAS (side, angle, side) -ASA (angle, side, angle) -AAS (angle, angle, side) -HL (hypotenuse, leg)
Fats
-Saturated fats (meat, lard, butter, coconut, and palm oil) -Unsaturated fats (sunflower oil, corn oil, olive oil, and canola oil)
States of Matter
-Solid -Liquid -Gas -Plasma
Events Leading to the American Revolution
-Sons of Liberty -Boston Massacre -Committees of Correspondence -The Boston Tea Party -First Continental Congress -The Shot Hear Round the World
What should be Addressed in the Middle Part of an Essay?
-State the point -Explain it's meaning -Support it with quotations or other evidence -Explain how the point and the evidence are related to the thesis
Biological, Chemical, and Physical Properties
-States of water -Forms of carbon -Greenhouse effect -Atmosphere and electromagnetic field -Eaths realtionship to the sun and moon -Combination of water, carbin, and nutrients
Macromolecules
-Sugars -Starches -Cellulose
What should be Addressed in the Last Part of an Essay?
-Summary of Points 1-3 -Thesis Statement
How to Encourage ESL Students to Listen?
-Talk about interesting topics -Give examples that are easy to understand or are related to the topic -Avoid colloquiums and slang terms -Clarify points, repeat words, and define words -Support words with visuals
How to Determine the Outcome?
-Tree Diagrams -List Charts
Types of Polygons
-Triangle -Quadrilateral -Pentagon -Hexagon -Heptagon -Octagon -Nonagon -Decagon -Dodecagon
Match Rocks to Events
-Types or patterns -Small time periods -Volcanic ash -Meteor impact
Effective Classroom Practices for Second Language Acquisition
-Understandable instruction -Relate instruction to cultures -Increase interactive activities -Cover all curriculum areas -Use consistent routines -Use a schedule -Create group activities -Students as translators -Establish word to action relationships -Experiment with and practice -Use multi sensory learning
Recession Effects
-Unemployment -Mortgage ates go up -Credit is less available -Stock market prices drop -Depression and trauma occur
How to Encourage ESL Students to Read?
-Use bilingual dictionaries -Books in native languages -Read aloud -Verbal summaries
Types of Irony
-Verbal irony (uses words opposite of what is said or done) -Situational irony (what happens contrasts with that was expected) -Dramatic irony (narrative informs audiences of more than its characters know)
Organisms
-Viruses -Bacteria -Fungi -Paraasites
4 Basic Laws of Thermodynamics
-Zeroth Law (2 objects in therodynamic equilibrium with a 3rd object are also in equilibrium with each other -First Law (neither madd nor energy can be destroyed, only converted from one form to another) -Second Law (the entropy of an isolated system ca only increase) -Third Law (as temperature approaches absolute 0, entropy approaches a constant minmum)
Equator
0* latitude
Prime Meridian
0* longitude
Odds Against an Event Formula
1-P(A)/P(A)
Triangle Area
1/2bh
Trapezoid Area
1/2h(b1+b2)
Pyramid Volume
1/3Bh
Cone Volume
1/3πr^2h
Electric charge Formula
1C=1Ax1s
Planes
2 dimensional flat surface defined by three non-collinear points
Independent
2 events have no bearing on each other so that one event occuring has no influence on the probability of another event occuring
Limericks
2 lines of iambic diameter followed by 2 lines of iambic diameter and another of iambic triameter
Cartesian Coordinate Plane
2 number lines placed perpendicular to each other and intersecting at the 0 point
Dependent Events
2 or more events in whose outcomes affect one another
Independent Events
2 or more events whose outcomes do not affect one another
Mutually Exclusive Outcomes
2 or more outcomes whose criteria cannot all be satisfied in a single event
Binomial
2 terms
How many Amendments does the Constitution have?
27
Parallelogram Perimeter
2a+2b or 2(a+b)
Rectangle Perimeter
2l+2w or 2(l+w)
Rectanglar Prism Surface Area
2lw+2hl+2wh or 2(lw+hl+wh)
Trinomial
3 terms
Sphere Volume
4/3πr³
Square Perimeter
4s
Sphere Area
4πr²
Cube Surface Area
6s^2
Histogram
A bar graph that has one continuous bar for each range of data
Stereotype
A bias applied specifically to a group or place
Cause and Effect
A cause is an act that makes something happen and an effect is the thing that happens as a result of the cause
Motion
A change in the location of an object and is the result of an unbalanced net force acting on the object
Mathematical Expressions
A combination of one or more values arranged in terms that are added together
Mathematical Expressions
A combination of values and operations
Membrane
A comparable, semi permeable plasitic bag
Ratio
A comparison of two quantities in a particular order
Noun Clause
A dependent clause that can be used as a subject, object, or complement
Bar Graph
A graph with a bar drawn to represent the exact value of data
Pictograph
A graph, generally in the horizontal orientation, that uses pictures or symbols to represent the data
Box and Whisker Plot
A graphical representation of the 5 number summary
13 Colonies
A group of Englsih colonies that were overtly similar in their beliefs
Oscillation
A measurement against a basic value, equilibrium, or rest point
Temperature
A measurement of an objects stored heat energy
Density
A measurement of the amont of mass per unit volume
Potential of Hydrogen (pH)
A measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ per liter of solution
Science
A method of acquiring and obtaining knowledge
Expected Value
A method of determing expected outcome in a random situation
Closed Primary
A party nominating election in which only declared members can vote
Line of Reflection
A perpendicular bisector of any line segment drawn from a point on the original figure to its reflected image
Nouns
A person, place, thing, or idea
Journals
A personal account of events, experiences, feelings, and thoughts
Magnet
A pieccce of metal that can affect another substance with its field of force
Inverse Proportion
A relationship in which an increase in one quantity is accompanied by a decrease in the other
Immune System
A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Dilation
A transformation that stretches or shrinks a figure by a scale factor
Skewness
A way to describe the symmetry or asymmetry of the distribution of values in a dataset
Graphic Organizers
A way to simplify information and take key points from the text
Pulse Rate
About 72 beats per minute
Catalysts
Accelerate chemical reactions
Text Coding/Text Monitoring
Active reading strategy to support student comprehension of informational texts
What is the Property of a^n x a^m=a^n+m?
Add exponents to multiply powers of the same base number
Desired Outcome
An outcome that meets a particular set of criteria
Invertebrates
Animals with no internal skeletons
Parentheses
Are used for additional information
Interrogative Sentences
Asks a question and ends with a question mark
Conclusions
Based on data analysis and background research
Variables That Vary Directly
Both increase or decrease at the same rate
Nucleon
Both the neutrons and protons
Decomposers
Break down the complex structures of the bodies of living things into simpler forms that can be used by other living things
Absolute Adjectives
Can show comparison
Density Equation
D=m/v
Correlaational Studies
Determine how much one variable is affected by changes in a second variable
Compound Event
Events that involve 2 or more independent events
State Elections
For Governnor and Lieutenant Governor
Verbal Phrases
Formed from a verb but does not function as a verb
Negative Ion (anion)
Formed when an atom gains one or more electrons
Parallels
Latitude lines
Thesis
Main idea of the story that includes the topic and comment
Syntax
Sentence structure
Imperitove Sentences
The verbs subject is understood, but not actually presented in the sentence
Predicate Adjectives
The word (adjective) that gets linked to the subject in the predicate that describe or define the subject
Tone
The writers attitude towards the topic, and to the audience
Equivalent Fractions
Two fractions that have the same value but are expressed differently
Colonial Period
Where European countries attempted to settle and colonize the Americas to expand thier territories
Troposphere
Where most weather takes place
Rectangle Area
lw
Jargon
Specialized vocabulary that is used among members of a trade or profession
Estimation
Rounding each number in the calculation to the level indicated or the level that makes sense for the numbers involved
Reconstruction Period
South was under control of the US and military occupation began in the Confederacy, from 1865-1877
Participle Phrases
Come right before or right after the noun or pronoun that they modify
Solar Energy
Comes in the form of visible light and non-visible light
Coma
Comets fog like envelope that glows with sunlight
Terrestrial Plantes
Compact, rocky surfaces that are close to the sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars)
Analogies
Comparisons between items that appear to have nothing in common
Protien
Complex substances that make up almost half the dry weight of amilam bodies
Lymphatic System
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection
Physical Education
Composed of excersise, play, games, leisure, recreation, sport, and athletics
Hydrocarbons
Composed only of hydrogen and carbon, are the simplest organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Compounds made of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
Organic Compounds
Compounds that include carbon and form covalent bonds
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds that lack carbon
Theatrical Presentation
Familiarizing students with a broad range of activities that can be considered theatrical forms
Novels of Manners
Fictional stories that observe, explore, and analyze the social behaviors of a specific time and place.
Compare and Contrast
Finds similarities and differences between 2 ideas or things
Bill of Rights
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
Words to Signal Introduction
First of all
Sumer
First writing system of the Sumerians
Positive Ion (cation)
Formed when an atom loses one or more electrons
Ionic Bond
Formed when an atom transfers an election to another atom
Covalent Bond
Formed when atoms share electrons
Conic Sections
Forms when a plane intersects a circular conic surface
Rational Expressions
Fractions with polynomials in both the numerator and denominator
Meteoroids
Fragments of asteroids of various sizes
Angle
Fromed when 2 lines or line segments meet at a common point
Distribution
Function that assigns a real number probability, from 0-1, to each outcome
Similar Figures
Geometric figures that have the same shape, but fo not necessarily have the same size
Congruent Figures
Geometric figures that have the same size and shape
Nonessential Clauses
Give more information about a person or thing but are not necessary to define them (uses comma)
Constant Functions
Given by the equation f(x)=b, where b is a real number
Accuracy
How close the data is to the correct data
Demand
How much consumers are willing to pay for the product or service
Precision
How reliable and repeatable a measurement is
Discourse
How the author arranges and sequences events
Pastoral Poems
Idealize nature and country living
Identity Functions
Identifies by the equation f(x)=x, where every value of the function is equal to its corresponding value of x
Maximum Possible Error
Half the magnitude of the smallest unit used inn the measurement
Complex Sentences
Has 1 independent clause and at least 1 dependent clause
Simple Sentences
Has 1 independent clause with no dependent clauses
Compound-Complex Sentences
Has 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause
Compound Sentences
Has 2 or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses
Ellipsis
Has 3 periods to show when words have been removed from a quotation
Complete Sentence
Has a subject and a verb or predicate
Piecewise Functions
Has different definitions on 2 or more different intervals
Prime Number
Has only two factors, but other numbers can have many factors
Dicot
Has seeds with 2 cotyledons or 2 seed leaves of food
Applied Science
Has specific practical goal or application, it is designed to solve a problem
Absolute Value Functions
Has the format of f(x)=|ax+b|
Consistent Systems
Have 1 solution
Waves
Have energy and can transfer energy when they interact with matter
Inconsistent Systems
Have no solution
Psychological health
Having an accurate and favorable impression of yourself
Connections
Help readers understand text better and predict what might occur next based on what they already know
Paraphrase
Helps readers comprehend information by rephrasing the authors words and details
Summarize
Helps readers identify important information and organize it in their minds
Identifying a Logical Conclusion
Helps you determine whether you agree with t writer or not
Prey
Herbivorous animals at the bottom og the ecological pyramid that are captures by predators for food
Soultions
Homogeneous mixtures composed of 2 or more substances thwat have become one
Allusion
Incited but recognizable reference to something else
Dependent/Subordinate Clauses
Includes a subject and verb (cant stand alone)
Writing Literacy
Includes spelling, grammar, and sentence structure
Complete Subject
Includes the simple subject and all of its modifiers
Infinitive Phrases
Includes the verbal itself and all of its complements or modifiers
History
Incorporates geography in discussions of battle, slavery, disasterss, and migrations
Addition
Increases the value of one quantity by the value of another quantity
Significant Figures
Indicate how precisely a quantity is known
Slang
Informal and sometimes private language that is understood by some individuals
Chronological Order/Sequence
Information presented in the order it happened
Continuous Data
Information that can be expressed by any value within a given range
Discrete Data
Information that can be expressed only by a specific value
Ordinal Data
Information that can be placed in numerical order
Qualitative Data
Information that cannot be measured using numbers
Nominal Data
Information that cannot be placed in numerical order
Primary Data
Information that has been collected directly from a survey, investigation, or experiment
Secondary Data
Information that has been collected, sorted, and processed by the researcher
Text Evidence
Information that supports a main point or minor points and can help lead the reader to a conclusion
Multiples
Integer increments of a given factor
Chemical Changes
Involve a chemical reaction and do produce new substances
Parliamentary Democracy
Involves a legislature and a variety of political parties
Asteroids
Irregularly shaped boulders that orbit the sun
Division
Is the opposite operation to multiplication, one number tells how many parts to divide the other number into
Proper Parallel Structures
Items and ideas must be stated in grammatically equivalent ways
Resources
Items one can barter in exchange for goods
Jeffersonian Era
Jefferson was big on activism and American Republicanism, from 1801-1817
Subordinating Conjunctions
Join subordinate clauses with independent clauses
Conjunctions
Join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the join pieces
Figurative Language
Language that goes beyond the literal meaning of a word or phrase
Nucleic Acids
Large molecules composed of a large number of simple molecules
Words to Signal Conculsion
Lastly, finally, last but not least
Civil Rights Era
Laws dealing with segregation, employment opportunity, and voting rights, from 1965-1980
Scientific Laws
Laws that must be true, not just probable
One to One Function
Each value of x has exactly 1 value for y on the coordinate plane, vise versa
Pre-listening Activities
Establishes the purpose of the lesson and engages students background knowledge
Post-listening Activities
Evaluation process that allows students to judge how well they did with the listening task
Mutually Exclusive
Events that have no outcomes in common
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Every non-constant, single variable polynomial has exactly as many roots as the polynomials highest exponent
Descriptive Language
Evokes imagery in the readers mind to make a story come alive
Odes
Evolved from songs to the typical poems, expressing strong feelings and contemplative thoughts
Respiratory System
Exchnges gases with the environment
When do you use an Exclamation Mark?
Exclamatory interjections
Essential Clauses
Explains or defines a person or thing (no comma)
Predicate
Explains or describes the subject
Denotation
Literal meaning of a word
Angiosperms
Plants that haveflowers
Gymnosperms
Plants with vascular systems and seeds but no flowers
Line Plot
Plotted pointss that are not connected by line segments
Haikus
Poems that have 17 syllables (5-7-5) that are distributed across 3 lines and have a pause after line 1 or 2
Sonnets
Poems with 14 lines of iambic pentameter, tightly organizes around a theme
Protons
Positively charged and make up the nucleus
Unit Rate
Expresses a quantity of one thing in terms of one unit of another
Variables
Expresses functional relationships
Constants
Expressions that include numbers without a variable
Gravitational Force Formula
F = G m1m2/r2
FOIL Method
F- Multiply the first terms of each binomial O- Multiply the outer terms I- Multiply the inner terms L- Multiply the last terms of each binomial
Poles
North and South poles that are on a magnets which attract each other
Theroretical Probability Equation
Number of acceptable outcomes/number of possible outcomes
Oxidized
Number of electorns are reduced
Decimal System
Number system that uses 10 different digits (0-9)
Binary System
Number system that uses 2 different digits (0-1)
Statistic
Numerical value that gives information about the sample
Static Frictional Force
Object is at a rest
Kinetic Frictional Force
Object is in motion to feel force opposing
Middle Clouds
Occur at altitudes between 2,000 and 7,000 meters
High Clouds
Occur at altitudes between 5,000 and 13,000 meters
Low Clouds
Occur at altitudes between the Earths surface and 2,000 meters
Congressional Elections
Occur every 2 years for the House and Senate
Split Infinitive
Occurs when a modifying word comes between the word to and the verb that pairs with to
Photosynthesis
Occurs when the energy from the sun hits a chloroplast and the chlorophyll used that energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugars and oxygen
Magnetic Domain
Occurs when the magnetic fields of atoms are grouped and aligned
Written Language Development
Occurs without direct instruction
Declaration of Independence
Officially seperated the colonies from British rules
Polar
Patially positively charged on one end and partially negatively charged on the other
Democracy
People elect thier governmental representatives
Quartiles
Percentile groups that make up quarter sections of the data set
Trigonometric Functions
Periodic, they repeat the same form over and over
Rows on Periodic Table
Periods
Cliches
Phrases that have been overused to the point that the phrase has no importance or has lost the original meaning
Abiotic Factors
Physical and chemical factors in the environment that are nonliving
Phonics
Process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters
Pronoun-Antecedents Agreement
Pronouns and their antecedents agree when they have the same number and gender
Sociocognitive Theory Approach
Proposes that language development is a complex interaction or linguistic, social, and cognitive influences
Linguistic Theory Approach
Proposes that the ability to use a language is innate
Transport Holes
Proteins that help certain molecues and ions move in and out of the cell
Simple Machines
Provide a force known as a mechanical advantages and make it easier to accomplish a task
Circle Graph
Provide a visual depiction of the relationship of each data compared to the whole sert of data
Supporting Details
Provide evidence and backing for the main point
Transverse Wave
Provides a good illustration of the features of a wave
Concrete Language
Provides informations that readers can grasp and empathize with
Science Inquiry
The impetus and catalyst for all scientific research and experimentation
Input Variables
The independent variable
Hydrologic Cycle
The journey water takes as it assumes different forms
Atomic Theory
The kinetic motion of atoms in order to explain the properties of macroscopic quantities of matter
Greatest Common Factor
The largest number that is a factor of two or more numbers
Arc Lengths
The length of that portion of the circumference between 2 points on the circle
Probability
The likelihood of a certain outcome occurring for a given event
Theoretical Probability
The likelihood of an outcome occuring, or the probability of an outcome occuring
Axis
The line perpendicular to the diretrix that passes through the focus
Line of Best Fit
The line that best shows the trends of the data
Vocabulary
The list of words that students understand and comprehend
Bottom-up Processing
The listener figures out the meaning of a message by using data obtained from what is said
Top-down Processing
The listener refers to background and global knowledge to figure out the meaning of a message
Biotic Facctors
The living components of the environemnt that affect
Biosphere
The living world of trees, bugs, and animals
logb MN=logb M +logb N
The log of a product is the song of the log of each factor
logb M/N=logb M -logb N
The log of a quotient is equal to the log of the dividend minus the log of the divisor
logb M^p=plogb M
The log of a value raised to a power is equal to the power times the log of value
logb 1=0
The log of one is equal to zero for any base
logb b=1
The log of the base is equal to one
logb bp=p
The log of the base raised to a power is equal to the power
Irony
The opposite of what is said or done
Subtraction
The opposite operation of addition, it decreases the value of one quantity by the value of another quantity
Digestive Sysytem
The organ system that breaks down food so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
Articles of Confederation
The original constitution of the USA, outlining how sovereignty would be shared among the states in the new country
Triangle Legs
The other 2 sides of the triangle, not the hypotenuse
Orthocenter
The point of concurrency of the altitudes of a triangle
Centroid
The point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle
Center of Rotation
The point that the figure turns around, which can be anywhere
Population in Late 1800s
The population in the US doubled between 1860-1890, with the arrival of 10 million immigrants
Sector
The portion of a circle formed by 2 radii and their intercepted arc
Intercepted Angle
The portion of the cirlce intercepter by the legs of the angle
Decimal Place
The position of the right of the decimal point
Complement of an Event
The possibility of something not happening
Alphabetic Principal
The use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds
Statistical Mean
The value in the middle of the sset of data
Linear Functions
The value of the function changes in direct proportion to x
Rectanglar Prism Volume
lwh
Slope Equation
m = y2-y1/x2-x1
Number of Diagonals Equation
n(n-3)/2
Combination Formula
nCr = n!/r!(n-r)!
Permutation Formula
nPr = n!/(n-r)!
Square Area
s^2
Cube Volume
s^3
Laws of Sines
sinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c, where A, B, and C are the angles of a triangle and a, b, and c are the sides oppostire their respective angles
Angle of Rotation
the angle between 2 lines connected by a vertex
Electrons
Negatively charged and orbit the nucleus
Solution Set
The set of all solutions of a equation
Circle Circumference
2πr
Rhombus Perimeter
2√(d1)^2+(d2)^2
Dangling Modifier
A dependent clause or verbal phrase that does not have a clear logical connection to a word in the sentence
Adjective Clauses
A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun
Adverb Clauses
A dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb
Nicotine
Addictive drug that smokers use
Combining Like Terms
Adding or subtracting like terms to reduce sets of like terms to a single term
Formal Writing
Addressing a superior in school or work environment
Cos
Adjacent side/Hypotenuse
Articles
Adjectives that are used to mark nouns
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
After, although, because, before, in order that, since, so that, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while
Polynomial
Algebraic Expressions that use addition and subtraction to combine 2 or more monomials
Transcendental Functions
All functions that are non algebraic
Rational Numbers
All integers, decimals, and fractions
Estimating Sums
All numbers must be rounded to the same level
Electromagnetic Spectrum
All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Star
Begins as a cloud of hydrogen and some heavier elemetns draw togheter by their own mass
Logarithmic Functions
Equations that have the format y=logb x or f(x)=logb x
Equivalent Equations
Equations with identical solutions
Denudation
Erosion or land by weather or breaking waves
Verification
Establishes once and for all the truth of the statement
Columns on Periodic Table
Groups or familes
Transitions
Guide readers from idea to idea
Negative Modifiers
Should not be paired with other negative modifiers or negative words
Correlative Conjunctions
Show the connection between pairs
Frequency Tables
Shows how frequently each unique value appearss in a set
Exclamatory Sentences
Shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point
Intersection (symbol n)
The set of common elements found in all sets
Union (symbol U)
The set of elements found in all sets
Arcs
The set of points between and including two points on a circle
Numerator
The top number in a fraction
Sample Space
The total set of all possible results of a test or experiment
Up/Down Parabola Equation
(x-h)^2=4c(y-k)
Z Score Formula
(x-mean)/standard deviation
Vertical Hyperbola Equation
(y-k)^2/a^2 - (x-h)^2/b^2 = 1
Left/Right Parabola Equation
(y-k)^2=4c(x-h)
Metric Equivalents
-1000ug=1mg -1000mg=1g -1000g=1kg -1000kg=1 metric ton -1000mL=1L -1000um=1mm -1000mm=1m -100cm=1m -1000m=1km
Weight Measurements
-16d=28.35g -16oz=453.6g -2000lb=907.2kg
Distance and Area Measurement
-1in=2.54cm -12in=0.305m -3ft=0.914m -5280ft=1.609km -4840y^2=0.405ha -640a=2.590km^2
Outcomes of World War II
-Communism -Truman Doctrine -Marshall Plan -Organization of American States -Berlin Blockade -North Atlantic Treaty Organization -Korean War -McCarthy Era
When do you use Hyphens?
-Compound numbers -Written our fractions -Adjectives that come before a noun
Common Core Anchor Standards (6-12) in citing textual evidence to support informational text analysis
-6 (cite textual evidence to support their inferences and analyses) -7 (identify several specific pieces of textual evidence to defend each of their conclusions) -8 (differentiate strong from weak textual evidence) -9 & 10 (cite through evidence as well as strong evidence from text) -11 & 12 (determine which things are left unclear in a text)
Capacity Measurements
-8fd=29.573mL -8fl oz=0.237L -16fl oz=0.473L -2pt=0.946L -4qt=3.785L -1fd=5mL -4fd=15 or 16mL -0.271d=1mL
Types of Similar Triangles
-AAA (angle, angle, angle)
Types of Angles
-Acute -Right -Obtuse -Straight -Reflex -Full -Complementary -Supplementary -Adjacent -Alternate interior -Alternate exterior
Forms of Affect and Effect
-Affect [n] (feeling, emotion, or mood that is displayed) -Affect [v] (to alter, to change, to influence) -Effect [n] (a result, a consequence) -Effect [v] (to bring about, to cause to be)
When do you use a Colon?
-After a complete independent clause -Make a list -Explanations ams give a quote -After the greeting in a formal letter, to show hours and minutes, and Separate a title and subtitle
Aristotle's 5 Critical Terms Relative to Tragedy
-Anagnorisis (tragic recognition) -Hamartia (tragic flaw) -Hubris (tragic overstepping) -Nemesis (tragic punishment) -Peripateia (tragic turning)
Rhetorical Strategies
-Analogies -Similes and metaphors -Syllogism -Deductive reasoning -Diction -Understatement -Chiasmus -Anaphora
Rhetorical Devices
-Anecdote -Aphorisms -Allusions -Satire -Parody -Paradox -Hyperbole -Oxymoron
Basic Principles of Art
-Balance and harmony -Proportion -Unity -Variety
Examples of Homographs
-Bank -Content -Fine -Incense -Lead -Object -Produce -Refuse -Subject -Tear
When do you use a Comma?
-Before a coordinating conjunction -After an introductory phrase -After an adverbial clause -Between items in a series -Between coordinate adjectives -Interjections -After yes and no responses -Separate nonessential modifiers -Separate nonessential appositives -Set off nouns of direct address, interrogative tags, and contrast -dates, addresses, geographical names, and titles -Separate expressions like he said and she said
When do you use a Semicolon?
-Between closely connected independent clauses -Between independent clauses linked with a transitional word -Between items in a series that has internal punctuation
Types of Cancer
-Carcinoma (internal organs and outside the body) -Sarcomas (connective and supportive tissues, bones, muscles, and blood vessels) -Leukemia (blood-creating parts) -Lymphoma (lymph system)
Nervous System
-Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) -Pheripheral Nervous System (a network of billions of neurins of different types throughout the entire body)
Examples of Energy Transformation
-Chemical to heat -Chemical to light -Heat to electricity -Nuclear to heat -Mechanical to heat -Sound to electric -Light to electric -Electric to ligth
Classroom Activities that Teach Phonological Awareness
-Clapping to the sounds of individual words, names, or all words in a sentence -Practice saying blended phonemes -Singing songs that involve phoneme replacement -Reading poems, songs, and nursery rhymes out loud -Reading patterned and predictable texts out loud -Listening to environmental sounds or following verbal directions -Playing games with rhyming chants or finger plays -Reading alliterate texts out loud -Grouping objects by beginning sounds -Reordering Words in a well known sentence or making silly phrases by deleting words from a well known sentence
Glacier
A high mountian, where snow and ice accumulate inside a cirque
Benefits of Print and Book Awareness
-Connection between print and messages -Reading and writing are ways to obtain information and communicate ideas -Print runs from left to right or top to bottom -The book has parts -The book has an author and contains a story -The illustrations can carry meaning -Letters and words are different -Words and sentences are separated by spaces and punctuation -There are different text forms -Print represents spoken language -How to hold a book
Reptile Types
-Crocodilla -Squamata -Chelonia
Layers of the Earth
-Crust (the outermost layer of the earth that is comprised of the continents and the ocean basins) -Mantle (2 sections that are made up with silicates) -Core (seperated into 2 parts)
Major Events in 1960s
-Cuban Missile Crisis -Assassination of Kennedy -Civil Rights Movement -Vietnam War -Major Legislation
When do you use a Period?
-Declarative sentences -Imperative sentences -Abbreviations
Types of Articles
-Definite (the) -Indefinite (a, an)
Types of Powers
-Delegated -Reserved -Exclusive
Types of Structures or Organizational Patterns
-Descriptive -Sequence and order -Comparison/contrast -Cause and effect -Problem and solution
When do you use a Question Mark?
-Direct questions -Polite requests
Types of Galaxies
-Dwarf galaxies -Giant galaxies -Milky Way galaxy -Andromeda galaxy
Characteristics of Market Economy
-Economic freedom -Economic incentives -Competition -Private ownership -Limited government
How can Outlines help with Writing?
-Facilitate quick identification of the main point and supporting details -Helps analyze a piece of existing writing
Forms of Government
-Feudalism -Classical Republic -Absolute Monarchy -Authoritatiansim -Dictatorship -Autocracy -Oligarchy -Liberal Democracy -Totaltarianism
Newton's 2 Laws of Motion
-First Law (an object at rest or in motion will remian at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force) -Second Law (an objects acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the objects mass)
Types of Vertebrates
-Fish -Amphibians -Reptiles and birds -Mammals
What can you Model?
-Flow of electric current -Potental -Circuts
How to Write an Effective Paragraph?
-Focus on 1 main idea -Use specific details -Use structural patterns
How can Pronouns be Grouped?
-Intensive (I myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, the itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves) -Relative (which, who, whom, whose) -Interrogative (what, which, who, whom, whose) -Demonstrative (this, that, these, those) -Indefinite (all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several) -Reciprocal (each other, one another)
How can Children Learn Language?
-Interacting with others -Experiencing in daily and relevant context -Understanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication
Robber Barons
-Jay Gould (railroads) -Andrew Carnegie (steel) -John D. Rockefeller Sr. (oil) -Philip Danforth Armour (meatpacking) -John Jacob Astor (fur pelts) -Cornelius Vanderbilt (steamboat shipping)
How to Correct Run-On Sentences?
-Join Clauses Properly -Split into separate sentences -Make 1 clause dependent -Reduce to 1 clause with a compound verb
Kingdoms of Life Forms
-Kingdom Eubacteria -Kingdom Archaebacteria -Kingdom Protista -Kingdom Fungi -Kingdom Plantae -Kingdom Animalia
Types of Quadrilaterals
-Kite -Trapezoid -Parallelogram -Rectangle -Rhombus -Square
Factors of Production
-Land -Labor -Capital -Entrepreneurship
Facts Children should know about Letters
-Letters are distinct in appearance -Direction and shapes must be used to make each letter -Each letter has a name -There are 26 letters in the alphabet -Letters represent sounds of speech -Words are composed of letters and have meaning -To read, one must be able to correspond letters and sounds
Elements of Art
-Line -Shape -Space -Texture -Color
Themes of Geography
-Location -Place -Human-environmental interaction -Movement -Regions
Gross Motor Skills
-Locomotor skills -Balance -Bar skills
Important Supreme Court Rulings
-Marbury v. Madison -Dred Scott v. Sandford -Brown v. Board of Education -Miranda v. Arizona
Types of Invertebrates
-Marine -Freshwater -Terrestrial
Loudness
A humans perception of sound intensity
Why Start a New Paragraph?
-Mark off introduction and conclusion -Signal a shift to a new idea or topic -Indicate an important shift in time -Explain a point in additional detail -Highlight a comparison, contrast, or cause and effect relationship
Basic Elements of Sculpture
-Mass -Space -Plane -Line -Movement -Scale -Texture -Color
Planets
-Mercury -Venus -Earth -Mars -Jupiter -Saturn -Uranus -Neptune
How can Teachers Promote Language Development?
-Modeling enriched vocabulary and teaching new words -Using questions and examples to extend a child's descriptive language skills -Providing ample response time to encourage children to practice speech -Asking for clarification to provide students with the opportunity to develop communication skills -Promoting conversations among children -Providing feedback to let children know they have been heard and understood -Providing further explanation when needed
Mammal Types
-Monotremes -Marsupials -Placental
Types of Structural Patterns
-Narration -Description -Definition -Example and illustration -Division and classification -Comparison and contrast -Analogy -Cause and effect -Process
13 Colonies States
-New Hampshire -Massachusettes -Rhode Island -Conneticut -Virginia -Maryland -New York -Pensylvania -New Jersey -Delaware -North Carolina -South Carolina -Georgia
Art forms
-Painiting -Literature -Music -Sculpture -Theater -Drama -Comedy
Quadratic Function Types
-Parabola -Positive quadratic function -Negative quadratic function
PEMDAS
-Parentheses -Exponents -Multiplication -Division -Addition -Subtraction
6 Principles of the Constitution
-Popular Sovereignty (the people establish governnemnet and give power to it) -Limited Government (the consititution specifies limits on government authority) -Speration of Powers (power is divided among 3 government branches) -Checks and Balances (system that enforces the seperation of powers and ensures the branches have authority) -Judicial Review (judges in the federal courts ensure that no act of government is in violation of the Constitution) -Federalism (the division of power between centeral and local government)
Triangle Types
-Scalene (no congruent sides) -Acute (3 angles less than 90*) -Isosceles (2 angles equal) -Equilateral (3 angles equal) -Obtuse (1 angle greter than 90*) -Right (1 angle equals 90*)
Turning Points of the American Revolution
-Second Continental Congress -Common Sense -Declaration of Independence -Alliance with France -Treaty of Paris
6 Trigonometric Ratios
-Sin (opposite side/hypotenuse) -Cos (adjacent side/hypotenuse) -Tan (opposite side/adjacent side) -Cosecant (hypotenuse/opposite side) -Secant (hypotenuse/adjacent side) -Cotangent (adjacent side/opposite side)
Kinds of Connections
-Text to self -Text to text -Text to world
Types of Dramatic Comedies
-The farce (zany and goofy type of comedy that includes pratfalls and slapstick humor) -The romantic comedy (includes humor and a happy ending with love) -The satirical comedy (mock and lampoon human foolishness and vices)
Commonly Confused Words 2
-Then (sequence or order) -Than (comparison)
Text Features
-Title of a text -Table of contents -Appendix -Index -Glossary -Boldface print -Headings and subheadings -Footnotes -Bullet point -Sidebar -Illustrations -Captions -Charts, tables, and diagrams
When do you use Dashes?
-To set off parenthetical statements or an appositive with internal punctuation -To show a break or change in tone or thought
Examples of Homophones
-To, too, and two -There, their, and they're -Knew and new -its and it's -your and you're
Earths Atmosphere Layers
-Troposhphere (closest layer to where the earth takes place) -Stratoshpere (air flow is horizontal) -Mesosphere (cold layer) -Thermosphere (many ionized atoms)
What should be Addressed in the First Part of an Essay?
-What is the subject of the lesson? -How does the essay address the subject? -What will the essay provide?
When do you use Brackets?
-When placing parentheses inside of parentheses -When adding clarification or detail to quotation that is not part of the quotation
Commonly Confused Words
-Which (used for things only) -That (used for people and things) -Who (used for people only)
Components of Percentage Problems
-Whole -Part -Percentage
Creative Movement
A child's interpretation of the song without paying attention to the beat
Timbre
A humans perception of the type or quality of sound
Polygons
A closed, 2 dimensional figure with 3 or more straight line segments
Sector Area
0r^2/2
Prepositional Phrases
Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition
Composition of Earths Atmosphere
79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, 1% other gases
Amendment
A change to the Constitution
Point
A fixed location in space, has no size or dimensions, and is commonly represented by a dot
Friction
A force that arises a resistance to motion where 2 surfaces are in contact
Proper Fraction
A fraction whose denominator is greater than its numerator
Improper Fraction
A fraction whose numerator is greater than its denominator
Invertible Function
A function f(x), for which there is another function f^-1(x), such that f^-1(f(x))=x
Quadratic Functions
A function in the form y=ax^2 + box + c, where a does not equal 0
Rational Functions
A function that can be constructed as a ratio of 2 polynomial expressions: f(x)= p(x)/q(x) and q(x)= 0
Square Root Functions
A function that contains a radical and is in the format f(x)= √2x+1
Many to One Function
A function whereby the relation is a function, but the inverse of the function is not a function
Monotone Function
A function whose graph either constantly increases or constantly decrease
Polynomial Functions
A function with multiple terms and multiple powers of x
Biome
A general ecosystem tyoe definded by the plants and animals that live there and the local climate patterns
Odd Fuction
A graph that is symmetric with respect to the origin and satisfies the equation f(x)=-f(-x)
Even Function
A graph that is symmetric with respect to the y axis and satisfies the equation f(x)=f(-x)
Number Lines
A graph to see the distance between numbers
Paragraph
A group of sentences that forms a unit separate from other paragraphs
Clauses
A group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate
Phrases
A groups of words that functions as a single part of speech that adds detail or explanation to a sentence, or renames something in the sentence
Presidential System
A legislative-executive system that features a directly elected president with most executive powers
Tangent
A line in the same plane as a circle that touches the circle in exactly 1 point
Bisector
A line or line segment that divides another line segment into 2 equal lengths
Altitude
A line segment drawn from one vertex perpendicular to the opposite side
Median
A line segment drawn from one vertex to theh midpoint of the opposite side
Apothem
A line segment from the center of a polygon that is perpendicular to a side of the polygon
Radius
A line segment from the center of a polygon to a vertex of the polygon
Perpendicular Bisector
A line segment is composed of points that are equidistant from the endpoints of the segment it is dividing
Diagonal
A line segment that joins 2 non adjacent vertices of a polygon
Circle Radius
A line segment that joins the center of the circle and any one point on the circle
Cirlce Diameter
A line segment that passes through the center of the circle and has both endpoints on the circle
Line of Symmetry
A line that divides a figure or object into congruen parts
Secant
A line that intersects a circle in 2 points
Transversal
A line that intersects at least 2 other lines, which may or may not be parallel to one annother
Emulsion
A liquid or solid being dispersed
Foam
A liquid that has gas dispersed through it
Realism
A literacy form with the goal of representing reality as faithfully as possible
Weighted Mean
A mean that used weighted values
Direct Primary
A means for members of a party to participate in the selection of a candidate
Standard Deviation
A measure of dispersion that compares all the data values in teh set to the mean of the set to give a more accurate picture
Science Accuracy
A measure of how close a measurement is to the true value
Science Precison
A measure of how close repeated measurements are to one another
Eccentricity
A measure of how elongated an ellipse is, and is the ratio of the distance between the foci to the length of the major axis
Scarcity
A measure of supply
Survey Studies
A method of gathering information from a small group in an attempt to gain enough information to make accurate general assumptions about the population
Representative Democracy
A more powerful legislature than other forms of government systems
What is the Property of a^-n=1/a^n?
A negative exponent is the same as the reciprocal of a positive exponent
Direct Objects
A noun or pronoun takes or receives the action of a verb
Complements
A noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the subject or verb in the sentence
Mixed Numbers
A number that contains both an integer and a fraction
Common Factor
A number that divides exactly into two or more other numbers
Perfect Square
A number that has an integer for its square root
Fraction
A number that is expressed as one integer above another integer
Parameter
A numerical value that gives inofmraion about the population
Respiration Rate
Between 15 to 29 breaths a minute
William Shakespeare
A poet and play writer who lived in England and wrote poems, sonnets, and plays
Convex Polygon
A polygon whose diagonals all lie within the interior of the polygon
Concave Polygon
A polygon with at least one diagonal that is outside the polygon
Ray
A portion of a line that extends from a single point on that line in one direction along the line
Line Segment
A portion of a line that has definite endpoints
Mountain
A portion of the earth that has been raised above its surroundings by volcanic action or plate movement
Sample
A portion of the entire population
Electic Field
A positive or negative charge creates a field of empty space
Sound
A pressure disturbance that moves through a medium in the form of mechanical waves, which transfer energy from one particle to the next
Problem and Solution
A problem is something that shouldn't happen and the solution is how that problem was fixed
Representative Sample
A sample whose characteristics give an accurate picture of the characteristics of the entire population
Comma
A punctuation mark that can help you understand connections in a sentence
Projection of a Segment on a Line
A segment whose endpoints are the points formed when perpendicular lines are drawn from the endpoints of the given segment to the given line
Scales
A sequenced arrangement of notes or pitches that are located with the octave
Mesopotamia
A series of empires that failed because of their oppression of subject peoples
Food Chain
A series of events that happens when one organism consumes another to survive
Line
A set of points that extends infinitely in 2 opposite directions
Order of Operations
A set of rules that dictate the order in which we must perform each operation in an expression so that we evaluate it
Measure of Dispersion
A single value that helps to interpret the measure of central tendency by providing more information about the measure of central tendency
Monomial
A single variable or product or variables
Event
A situation that produces a result
Weather Front
Between 2 differing masses of air that affects weather
Measure of Central Tendency
A statistical value that gives a reasonable estimate for the center of a group of data
Mood
A story's atmosphere or the feeling the reader gets from reading it
Decimal Point
A symbol used to separate the ones place from the tenths place in decimals
Rotation
A transformation that turns a figure around a point
Translation
A transformation which slides a figure from one position in the plane to another position in the plane
Isosceles Trapezoid
A trapezoid with equal base angles
Gravitational Force
A universal force that causes every object to exert a force on every other object
French and Indian War
A war over territoy between the Englsih colonies and the French
Scientific Notation
A way of writing large numbers in a shorter form, ax10^n
Hydrogen Bond
A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
Van der Waals Force
A weak force between molecules
Interjections
A word for exclamation that is used alone or as a piece to a sentence
Performance of Dynamics
A work of art that needs a choerographer, dancers, and viewers
Universe
All space, matter, energy, and time
Blanket Primary
Allows voters to vote in the primaries of both parties
Prime Factor
Also a prime number
Words to Signal Points
Also, in addition, besides, moreover, furthermore, not only that
Progressive Era
American created the Monroe Doctrine and participated in Spanish-American wars, from 1890-1920
Wolrd War I
American declared neutraility and did not want to go into war but had to and got victory in 1918
Future Perfect Verbs
An action that uses the past and the future
Semicircle
An arc whose endpoints are the endpoints of the diameter of a circle
Minor Arc
An arc with the measure less than 180*
Major Arc
An arc with the measure of at least 180*
Permutation
An arrangement of a specific number of a set of objects in a specific order
Combinations
An arrangement of a specific number of a set of objects in no specific order
Music
An artistic expression for worship, poetry, and dance
Compound Inequalities
An equality that consists of 2 Inequalities combined with and or or
Linear Equation
An equation in which variables only appear by themselves
Bias
An error that causes the study to favor one set of results over another
Experimental Probability
An estimate of the likelihood of a certain outcome based on repeted experiments or collected data
Outlier
An extremely high or low value in the data set
Urbanization
An increaase in the proportion of human populations from rural areas to cities
Z Scores
An indication of how many standard deviations aa given value falls from the mean
Political Party
An organization that advocates a particular ideology and seeks to gain power within government (democratic or republican)
Aquifer
An underground water reservior formed from groundwater that has infiltrated from the surface by passing through the soil and permeable rock layers
Pre-modern Period
Ancient history of early civilizations in Egypt, Babylon, and Greek and Roman Empires
Carnivorss
Animals that eat only animals
Herbivores
Animals that eat only plants
Omnivories
Animals that eat plants and animals
Vertebrates
Animals with an internal skeleton
Root
Another way of writing a fractional exponent with the radical symbol
Drug
Any chemical substance that changes the way a person acts or feels
Even Number
Any integer that can be divided by 2 without leaving a remainder
Odd Number
Any integer that cannot be divided evenly by 2
What is the Property of a^0=1?
Any number raised to the power of zero is equal to one
Decimal Number
Any number that uses a decimal point to show the part of the number that is less than 1
What is the Property of a^1=a?
Any number to the power of one is equal to itself
Integer
Any positive or negative while number, including 0
Rational Root Theorem
Any rational root of a polynomial function f(x)= anX^n +an-1X^n-1 + ... + a1X +a0 with integer coefficients will, when reduced to its lowest terms, be a positive or negative fractions such as the numerator is a factor of a0 in the denominator is a factor of an
Absolute Inequalities
Any real number as the value for the variable to make the condition true, while there is no real number value for the variable that will make the condition false
Composite Number
Any whole number greater than 1 that has more than 2 different factors
Prime Number
Any whole number greater than 1 that has only 2 factors, itself and 1
U.S. Citizen
Anyone born in the US, born abroad to a US citizen, or who has gone through a process of naturalization to become a citizen
Hydrosphere
Anything on earth that is related to water
Biophysics
Application of the laws of physics to the process of orginaisms and the application of the facts about living things to human processess and inventions
Informal Writing
Appropriate for private letters, personal emails, and business correspondence between close associates
Mean
Arithmetic average of that group
Molecules
Atoms that bonded together through a chemical bond
Experimental Studies
Attempt to prove or disprove a cause and effect relationship
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Assumes that gas molecules are small compared to the distances between them and that they are in constant random motion
Learning Theory Approach
Assumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults, then is solidified in school through drills about the rules of language structures
Standard Form Equation
Ax+By=C
Pyramid Surface Area
B+1/2Phs
Objective Probability
Based on mathematical formulas and documented evidence
Subjective Probability
Based on personal or professional feelings and judgments
Prism Volume
Bh
Roaring Twenties
Big change in culture and lifestyle apprach, until the stock market crashed and women were able to vote, from 1920-1929
Solar Winds
Blow a comet away from the sun and give it a tail of dust or particles
Conditional Inequalities
Certain values for the variable that will make the condition true and other values for the variable where the condition will be false
Physical Properties
Can be seen or observed without changing the identity or compostition of matter
Fact
Can be subjected to analysis and can be with proved or disproved
Body Temperature
Can be taken with a thermometer and should be 96*-99.9*
Percentages
Can be thought of as fractions that are based on a whole of 100
Multiplication
Can be thought of as repeated addition, one number indicates how many times to add the other number to itself
Gerund Phrases
Can be used as the subject of a sentence, the predicate nominative, or the object of a verb or preposition
Relative Adjectives
Can show the comparison between things
Chemical Properties
Cannot be measured without changing the identity or composition of matter
Irrational Numbers
Cannot be written as fractions or decimals because the number of decimal places is infinite and there is no recurring pattern of digits within the number
Hunters
Carnivorous animals at the top of the ecological pyramid that eat other animals
Comets
Celestrial bodies composed of dust, rock, frozen gas, and ice
Pollution
Change in the air, soil, or water that impairs its ability to host life
Story Plot
Characters, places, and events originating in the authors mind
Lipids
Cmpounds that are insoluableor only partially soluable in water
Era of Good Feelings
Collapse of the Federalist system and Monroe tried partisan political systems, from 1817-1825
Inferences
Conclusions that readers make based on observations and previous knowledge
Predictions
Conclusions that readers make based on what will happen in the text
Run-On Sentences
Consist of multiple independent clauses that have not been joined together properly
Galaxies
Consist of stars, stellar remnants, and dark matter
Absolute Phrases
Consists of a noun followed by a participle to provide context to what is being describes in the sentence
Atom Structure
Consists of a nucleus and electrons
Writing Style
Consists of different ways of encoding the meaning and indicating figurative and stylistic meaning
Intergalactic Space
Consists of gas with an average density of less than one atom per cubic meter
Endocrine System
Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones
Nucleus Structure
Consists of protons and neutrons
Muscular System
Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint
Mixtures
Contain 2 or more substances that are combined but have not reacted chemically with each other
Independent Clauses
Contains a complete thought (stands alone)
Data Table
Contains the values for x and y, which you can also list as coordinates
Igneous Intrusions
Cuts through or fows above other rocks
Bivariate Data
Data from 2 different variables
13th Amendment
Declared slavery illegal
Appreciating Visual Arts
Deriving satisfaction or pleasure from observing the beauty given to artwork by its creator
Direct Proportion
Describes a relationship in which a quantity increases by a set amount for every increase in the other quantity or decreases by the same amount for every decrease in the other quantity
Bildungsroman
Describes apprenticeship novels focusing on coming of age stories and is German for education novel
Chemical Equations
Describes chemical reactions
68-95-99.7 Rule
Describes how a normal distribution of data should appear when compared to the mean
Emphysema
Destroys the tissues in the lungs by smoking tobacco that cannot be regenerated
Coherence
Details that fit together and flow well to clearly understand the main points
Solar System
Developed 4.6 billion years ago
First Conceptualization of the Atom
Developed by Democritus inn 400BC
Statistical Range
Difference between the greatest and lowest values of the data in the set
Bimodal
Distribution with 2 peaks
Unimodal
Distribution with a single peak
Uniform Distribution
Distribution with no distinct peaks
Physical Changes
Do not produce new substances
One Variable Linear Equations
Equations that can be written as ax+b=0, where a does not equal 0
Dwarf Planet
Does not have cleared space in its orbit
Oral Language Development
Does not occur naturally, but does occur in a social context
Comparing 2 Things
Draws attention to their similarities and indicates a number of differences
Place Value in Word Form
Each digit of a number represents how many of the corresponding place value
Exponential Functions
Equations that have the format y=b^2, where b>0 and b doesn't = 1
Open Primary
Election in which an qualifies voter can take part in
Electron Cloud
Electrons swarm around the nucleus
Carbon
Element founf in all living things
Linguistic Form
Encodes the literal meaning of words and sentences
Electromagnetic Waves
Energy contained by a field
Sound Energy
Energy in sound waves
Thermal Energy
Energy present in a systemm due to temperature
Thermal Contact
Energy transferred to a bodyby a means other than work
Heat
Energy transsfer from one body to another due to thermal contact
Gilded Age
Enormous wealth aand grossly opulent lifestyle enjoyed by families
Units of Time
Eons-> eras-> periods-> epchs-> ages
Rate of Flow of Electrical Charge
Epressed using ampere and can be measured using an ammeter
5 Number Summary
Gives a very informative picutre of the set
Producers
Green plants that manufacture food by photosynthesis
Periodic Table
Groups elements with similar chemical properties together
Organelles
Groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
If two fractions have a common denominator, they can be added or subtracted simply by adding or subtracting the two numerators and retaining the same denominator
Latitude and Longitude
Imaginary lines that divide the globe into a grid
Technical Language
Impersonal language found in scientific texts
Perpendicular Lines
Lines that intersect at right angles
Linking Verbs
Link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun or link a subject with an adjective
Autotrophs
Organisms capable of producing thier own food
Meridians
Longitude lines
Define Words with Context
Look for nearby words that can assist in learning the meaning of the word
Pastoral Novels
Lyrically idealize country life as idyllic and utopian, akin to the Garden of Eden
14th Amendment
Made all persons born or naturalized in the US citizens and forbade any state to interfere with their fundamental civil rights
15th Amendment
Made it illegal to deny individuals the right to vote on the grounds of race
Independent Expenditures
Made to pay for a form of communication that supports the election
Descriptive Paragraph
Makes a verbal portrait of a person, place, or thing
Isolate a Variable
Manipulate the equation so that the variable appears by itself on one side of the equation
Chemical Energy
Manner in which atoms form into molecules, and this energy can be released or absorbed when molecules regroup
Epigrams
Memorable rhymes with 1 or 2 lines
Operation
Mathematical process that takes some values as inputs and produces and output
Dark Matter
May account for up to 90% of the mass of galaxies
Connotation
Meaning of a word goes beyond the denotative meaning to include the emotional reaction that a word may invoke
Sound Intensity
Measure as the sound power per unit area, and can be expressed in decibels
Invervals
Measurements from pitch to pitch
Quantitive Data
Measurements that provide information about quantities in numbers
Map Coordinates
Measures for a place based on longitude and latitude
Mass
Measures how much of a substance is in an obkject
Volume
Measures the amount of space taken up
Weight
Measures the gravitational pull of the earth on an object
Specific Gravity
Meausres the ratio of a substances density to the density of water
Letters
Messages written to other people
Decoding
Method or strategy used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them
Suspensions
Mixtures of heterogeneous materials
Abstract Language
More general, can leave readers felling disconnected, empty, or even confused
Federalist Era
More power was placed on the federal government and the 3 branches of government were established, from 1788-1801
Elegies
Mourning poems written in lament, praise of the deceased, and solace for loss
Simple Circuit
Movement of electric charge along a path between areas of high electric potential and low electric potential, with a resistor or load device between them
What is the Property of (a x b)^n=a^n x b^n and (a / b)^n=a^n / b^n?
Multiplication and division operations inside parentheses can be raised to a power, this is the same as each term being raised to the power
Smog
Name given to the combination of smoke, gases, and fog that accumulates in major industrial areas
Specific Nouns
Names people, places, and things that are understood by using your senses
Subject
Names who or what the sentence is all about
First Person Narration
Narrator expresses inner feelings and thoughts
Third Person Narration
Narrator expresses other people's feelings, thoughts, and actions
Second Person Narration
Narrator expresses other people's thoughts and actions
Random Sample
Necessary to produce valid results
Hormone System
One cell communicates with many cells, mass communication, often at a distance through circulatory system
Variables That Vary Inversely
One increases while the other decreases, vise versa
Decimals
One way to represent parts of a whole
Sin
Opposite side/Hypotenuse
Valence Layer
Outermost layer of valence electrons
National Music Education Standards
Outlines for music educators instructing students in grades K-4
Extraneous Variables
Outside influences that can affect the outcome of a study
Percentage Problem Equation
P = W x %
Multiplication Rule
P(A and B)=P(A)xP(B)
Addition Rule Formula
P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B)
Odds in Favor of an Event Formula
P(A)/1-P(A)
Complement of an Event Equation
P(not occuring)=1-P(occuring)
Rounding
Reducing the digits in a number while still trying to keep the value similar
Random Variable
Refers to all possible outcomes of a single event which may be discrete or continuous
Roman à Clef
Refers to books that require a real life frame of reference or key, for full comprehension and is French for novel with a key
Factor Theorem
Related to the remainder theorem states that if f(a)=0 then (x-a) is a factor of the function
Efferent Neurons
Send impulses from the central system to the limbs and organs
Fragments
Sentences without a complete thought
Relation
Set of data in which there is not a unique y value for each x value in the data set
Systems of Equations
Sets of simultaneous equations that all use the same variables
Blood Pressure
Should be between 120/70 and 140/90
Scientific Prediction
Stating in advance the outcome from testing a theory or hypothesis in a controlled experiment
Astronomy
Study of celestial objects and their positions, movements, and structure
Cytology
Study of cells
Genetics
Study of heredity as it relates to traansmission of genes
Geomorphology
Study of landforms
Botany
Study of plants
Biochemistry
Study of the chemistry of living organisms, including diseases and he pharaceutical drugs used to cure them
Histology
Study of the tissues of plants and animals
Physiology
Study of the way organisms function
Organology
Study of tissues organized into organs
What is the Property of a^n / a^m=a^n-m?
Subtract exponents to divide powers of the same base number
Exponent
Superscript number placed next to another number at the top right, Indicating how many times the bass number is to be multiplied by itself
Affixes
Syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word
Prefixes
Syllables that appear at the beginning of a word
Suffixes
Syllables that appear at the end of a word
Paragraph of Narration
Tells a story or a part of a story
Imperative Sentences
Tells someone to do something and ends with a period
Creativity
The ability to produce or bring into existence a work of art
Past Verbs
The action happened in the past
Electric Charge
The amount of charge morved in one second by a steady current of one ampere, measured with the unit coulomb
Appropriate Error
The amount of error in a physical measurement
Supply
The amount of product or servce available to consumers
Centeral Angle
The angle whose vertex is the center of a circle and whose legs intercept an arc of the circle
Quotient
The answer to a division problem
Sampling Distribution of the Mean
The distribution of the sample mean, derived from random samples of a given size
The Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
Electric Force
The attractive force between the electrons and the nucleus
Persuasive Essays
The author tries to make a convincing argument and change the minds of readers
Atomic Radius
The average distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron
Climate
The average weather for a particular area over time, typically at least 30 years
Root Words
The base of a word to which affixes can be added
Cell
The basic organizational unit of all living things
Possessive Nouns and Pronouns
The case for nouns and pronouns that show possession or ownership
Refraction
The change in the direction of a light wave when it passes through transparent medium with a different optical density from the one in which the wave had been traveling
Great Recession
The housing industry collapsed in 2008
Common Noun
The class or group of people, places, and things (not capitalized)
Ecological System
The community of all living organisms in a specific area interacting with nonliving factors
Earth System Science
The complex and interconnected dynamics of the continents, atmosphere, oceans, ice, and life forms
Weather
The condition of the atmosphere at any given momement
Statistical Mode
The data that occurs the greatest numner of times in the data set
Dynamics
The degree of loudness or softness of a musical piece
Output Variables
The dependent variable
Magnetic Field
The direction of the spin and orbit that indicated the direction of the field
Absolute Value
The distance away from 0 a number is in the number line
Central Limit Theorem
The distribution of the means tend to get closer and closer to a normal distributionas the sample size gets larger and larger
Step Functions
The double brackets in a equation, such as f0(x)=[[x]]
Mitosis
The duplication of a cell and all its parts
Pre-historical
The earliest history of the human race
Doppler Effect
The effect that relative motion of the source of the wave and the location of the observer has on waves
Population
The entire collection of people, plants, etc., that data can be collected from
Phenotype
The external manifestation of the genotype
Rhythm
The flow of the piece
Fluency
The goal of literacy development, to read accurately and quickly
Degree of a Polynomial
The highest degree of any individual term
Wellness
The highest state of health
Correlation Coefficent
The numerical value that indicates how strong the relationship is between the two variable of a linear regression equation
General Nouns
The names of conditions or ideas
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Odds Against an Event
The number of times the event will not occur compared to the number of times the event will occur
Odds in Favor of an Event
The number of times the event will occur compared to the number of times the event will not occur
What is the Property of 1^n=1?
The number one raised to any power is equal to one
Coefficient
The number part
Real Numbers
The set of all rational and irrational numbers
Conditional Probability
The probability that an event will occur, given that the other event has occured
Measuring Data
The process of determining variablrd such as time, space, and temperature of objects and processes in precise numbers
Erosion
The process that breaks down matter
Variable Term
The product of a real number and one or more variables each of which may be raised to an exponent
Define Words with Substitution
The reader will brainstorm some possible synonyms for the given word and they will substitute these words into the sentence
Define Words with Contrast
The reader will describe the unfamiliar word with the opposite meaning
Authors Purpose
The reason the author has for writing (inform, persuade, express, & entertain)
Reflection
The rebound of a light wave from a surface back toward the medium from where it came
Contact Metamorphism
The recrystillization of rocks due to changes in physical and chemical conditions
Function
The relation where 1 quantity depends on the other
Winds
The result of air moving into thier place
Taxonomy
The science of classification
Past Perfect Verbs
The second action started in the past and the first action came before the second
Chord
The segment of a secant line that is contaained within the circle
Domain
The set of all input values for which the function is defined
Parabola
The set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from the directrix and focus
Ellipse
The set of all points in a plane whose total distance from 2 foci
Hyperbola
The set of all points in a plane, whose distance from 2 foci, has a constant difference
Range
The set of all possible output values of the function
Hypotenuse
The side of a triangle opposite the right angle
Center of Circle
The single point from which every point on the circle is equidisant
Leaves
The site for photosynthesis and are connected to the rest of the plant by a vascular system
Skeletal System
The skeleton is made up of bones, that support the body
Least Common Multiple
The smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers
Microbes
The smallest, simplest, and most abundant organism on earth
Phonemes
The sounds represented by the eaters in the alphabet
Tempo
The speed of a piece of music
Variance
The square of the standard deviation of that sample
Health
The state of being sound in mind, boy, and spirit
Magnetic Moment
The strength og a magnetic field
Chromosomes
The structures inside the nucleus of a cell make up primarily of DNA and proteins
Paleontology
The study of phrehistoric plant and animal life through the analysis of fossil remains
Meteorology
The study of the atmosphere, particularly as it pertains to forecasting the weather and understandding its processes
Economics
The study of the buying choices that people make, the production of goods and services, and how our market system works
Simple Subject
The subject of the sentence
Transitive Verbs-Active Voice
The subject of the sentence is doing the action
Topics
The subject of the text
Transitive Verbs-Passive Voice
The subject receives the action
Single Variable Linear Expressions
The sum of a single variable term, where the variable has no exponent and a constant
Linear Expression
The sum of any number of variable terms so long as none of the variables have an exponent
Degree of a Monomial
The sum of the exponents of the variables
Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the measures of any 2 sides of a triangle is always greater than the measure of the third side
Electric Current
The sustained flow of electrons that are part of an electric charge moving along a path in a circuit
Dew Point
The temperature at which water vapor condenses into water at a particual humidity
Inertia
The tendency of a body to remain in its present state of motion
Observational Studies
The tester cannot change or in any way control all of the variables in the test
Confirmation
The testing of claims to see how true they are
Predicate Nominatives
The word (noun or pronoun) that gets linked to the subject in the predicate that describe or define the subject
Geography
The worlds physical and cultural patterns to help understand how the world functions as an interconnected and dynamic system
Dashes
To show a break or a change in thought in a sentence or to act as parentheses in a sentence
Remainder Theorem
Useful for determining the remainder when a polynomial is divided by a binomial
Circulatory System
Transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body
Multiplying Decimals
Treat the numbers are wholes rather than decimals, then count the number of places to the right of the decimal in both the numbers and place the decimal in that position
Dividing Decimals
Treat the numbers as whiles rather than decimals, then move the decimal the appropriate amount
Conifers
Trees that thrive in northern latitudes and have cones
Multiplying Fractions
Two fraction can be multiplied by multiplying the two numerators to find the numerator and the two denominators to find the new denominator
Dividing Fractions
Two fractions can be divided by flipping the numerator and denominator of the second fraction and then proceeding as though it were a multiplication
World War II
US wanted to stay out of it but Japan attacked first with Pearl Harbor and was the end to the economic depression in 1939
Scatter Plots
Useful in determining the type of function represented by the data and finding the siple regression
Satire
Uses sarcasm, irony, and/or humor as social criticism to lampoon human folly
Neutrons
Uncharged atomic particles contained within the nucleus
Environmentally
Urabn heat islands (farming)
Economically
Urban development (working class)
Conversion Factors
Used to convert between units and maintain the same meaning but change the way it is displayed
Appositive Phrases
Used to explain or rename nouns or pronouns
Hyphens
Used to separate compound words
Stem and Leaf Plot
Usedul for depicting groups of data that fall into a range of values
Simple Regression
Using an equation to represent a realtion between an independent and dependent variable
Coordinates
Values on a graph written as (x,y)
Subject Verb Agreement
Verbs agree with their subjects in number
Figure of Speech
Word of phrase that departs from straight forward, literal language
Colloquiums
Word or phrase that is found in informal writing
Antonyms
Words that mean the opposite of one another
Synonyms
Words that mean the same thing
Homographs
Words that share the same spelling, but have different meanings and sometimes different pronunciation
Homophones
Words that sound alike, but have different spellings and definitions
Symphony
Work of an orchestra with multiple movements or parts
Argumentative Writing
Writing strives to prove something that may or may not be true or factual
Concisness
Writing that you need to get your message across in the fewest words possible
Epistolary Poems
Written and read as letters
|3|=|-3|?
Yes because the distance is the same between 0 and 3 and -3 and 0
Triangle Perimeter
a+b+c
Trapezoid Perimeter
a+b1+c+b2
Geometric Sequences
an= a1 x r^n-1, where an is the value of the nth term, a1 is the initial value, r is the common ratio, and n is the number of terms
Paralellogram Area
bh
Eccentricity Formula
c/a
Laws of Cosines
c^2=a^2+b^2-2ab(cos C), wherr a, b, and c are the sides of a triangle, and C is the angle oppostie the angle side c
Rhombus Area
d1xd2/2
Compound Interest
f(t)=P(1+r/n)^nt, where f(t) is the account value at a certain number of time periods t is greater than or equal to 0, P is the initial principle balance, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of times the interest is applied per time period
General Exponential Growth or Decay
f(t)=a(1+r)^t, where f(t) is the future count, a is the current or current count, r is the growth or decay rate, and t is the time
Population Growth
f(t)=ae^rt, where f(t) is the population at time is greater than or equal to zero, a is the initial population, e is the mathematical constant known as Euler's number, and r is the growth rate
Basic pH
pH greater than 7
Acidic pH
pH less than 7
Neutral pH
pH of 7
Impossible Outcome
probability of outcome is 0% or 0
Certain Outcome
probability of outcome is 100% or 1
Potential Energy
stored energy that results from the position or orientation
Mean Equation
sum of the data values/quantity of data values
Two Point Form Equation
y-y1 / x-x1 = y2-y1 / x2-x1
Point Slope Form Equation
y-y1=m(x-x1)
Line of Best Fit Equation
y=ax+b
Slope Intercept Form Equation
y=mx+b
Circle Area
πr²
