Imaging Final
anything below what Hounsfield unit is displayed as black on CT imaging
-750 HU
what is the typical wavelength of a medical x-ray
0.05-0.01 nm
pulse wave imaging can detect velocities up to a maximum of
1.4 m/s
radiographs of joints must include which of the following
1/3 of the bones proximal and distal to the joint
during an x ray, a table top techinque is most commonly used for exotic companion animals when the species girth exceeds which diameter
10-12 cm
what size of power outlet is required to run a digital dental unit
110 V
which of the following kV will produce more scatter and secondary radiation
110 kV
to what level of kV radiation are most lead aprons effectived
125 kV
which of the following Hounsfield units on CT imaging appears as white
1260 HU
what is the speed of sound through fat tissue
1460 m/s
to obtain a dorsopalmar view of the interphalangeal joint, what should the primary beam angle be proximal to distal
15-20 degrees
when using he shaded-surface display process with CT, which Hounsfield units should be selected to view bone
160 HU
at what age in foals does the closure of the proximal growth plate of P2 occur
18-30 weeks
Modern CT scanners use multislice technology and are able to acquire image slices thinner than which of the following sizes
1mm
what is the max number of focal points that are recommended for use in ultrasound
2
to obtain a dorsopalmar view of the fetlock joint of a horse, the primary beam needs to be angled ___ proximal to distal
20 degrees
the protective lead equipment, decreases primary beam exposure by how much
25%
approximately how many shades of grey are displayed of an image obtained through ultrasound
256 shades of gray
how long does it take for barium sulfate to travel form the stomach to the colon
3 hours
how long should vet facilities maintain dosimetry reprots
30 years
what is the speed of sound through air
330 m/s
what is the correct temperature for an automatic processor tank that is used to develop x ray film
35 c and 95 f
a computer tomography x-ray tube can rotate how many degrees
360
When using a dental x-ray unit, the end of the cone should be positioned at ___ inches from the patient's anatomy
4
at what age does the first radiographic appearance of the crena seen in foals occur
4-22 weeks
what is the speed of sound through bone
4080 m/s
when do fetal skeletons of small animals become visible on x-ray
42-45 days
which of the following frequencies will allow for the deepest level of penetration in ultrasound
4MHz
when does the soft tissue phase occur in nuclear medicine
5-10 minutes after injection
what is the max permissible dose of radiation a person can receive per year
5000 millirems/yr
which repetition time shows the T1 decay response of the tissues using MRI
546 ms
what is the half-life of the radioisotope technetium Tc 99m used in nuclear medicine studies
6 hours
to obtain a flexed dorsoplantar radiographic view of the tarsal joint of a horse, at which angle should the primary beam direction be
60 degrees
to obtain a flexed lateromedial view of the carpus of a horse, the limb should be flexed approximately how many degrees
60 degrees
MRI machines produce noise in which of the following ranges
60-90 dB
horses have how many carpal bones
7
what is the typical kilovoltage preset on a dental unit
70 kV
when using computed tomography, what Hounsfield unit does blood have
80 HU
what is the correct definition of the abbreviation B-mode in ultrasound
Brightness
which of the following allows for measurements of very high blood flow velocities in ultrasound
CW Doppler
which of the following is the correct abbreviation to perform a caudalocranial radiograph
CdCr
which of the following is the correct abbreviation to perform a cranial radiograph
Cr
Which is correct abbreviation indicating performance of a craniocaudal radiograph
CrCd
digital radiography, CT, MRI, and ultrasound are stored using a universally accepted format known as
DICOM
when obtaining a caudocranial view of the humerus of a small animal, in which position should the animal be
Dorsal recumbency
which of the following is correct abbreviation for dorsopalmar
Dpa
which of the following image receptors is used in dental imaging
Film and Phosphor plates
which imaging modality is superior for demonstrating the brain and spinal cord
MRI
what is the difference between Doppler and Power Doppler ultrasound
Power Doppler is sensitive to slow flow and color Doppler indicates direction of flow
what is the amount used to express the dose equivalent that results form exposure to ionizing radiation known as
REM
the number of detectors that are covered by the x-ray beam in CT scanning is known as which field view
Scan field of view
which radiographic view is best suggested for imaging the lungs
VD
what does the term pitch refer to in CT imaging
a ratio between the table movement in mm and the CT slice thickness
which of the following correctly describes a CT image
a three-dimensional image and a matrix of voxels
the term ventral recumbency refers to the patient lying on
abdomen
to obtain a craniocaudal view of the brachioantebrachial joint of a horse, how should the leg be positioned
abducted
when obtaining a view of the tympanic bullae of small animals, where should the centering of the image occur
above the base of the tongue and just below the palate, approximately at eh commissure of the mouth
in the equation Z= pV used in ultrasound, what does the letter Z represent
acoustic impedance
when restraining a sedated bird for a lateral x-ray, where should the wings be properly taped
across the humerus
When obtaining a lateromedial view of the carpus of a horse, where should the cassette be held
against medial aspect of the leg
when obtaining a dorsopalmar view of the carpus of a horse, where should the cassette be held
against the palmar aspect of the carpus
where should the cassette be held when obtaining a dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of the carpus of a horse
against the palmarolateral aspect of the leg
when obtaining a dorsolater-palmaromedial oblique view of the carpus of a horse, where should the cassette be held
against the palmaromedial aspect of the leg
before imaging the coffin bone in horses, which of the following tasks should be performed in perparation
all of above
can occur if DNA is affected by radiation
all of the above
which of the following can the piezoelectric crystal within an ultrasound probe do
all of the above
which of the following factors should all personnel understand about MRI machines
all of the above
people allowed to view individual dosimetry reports except
all team members
which particles have high linerar energy transfer with low penetrability
alpha and beta particles
what does the milliamperage control on the x-ray machine affect
amount of radiation that is produced and current to the cathode
what does the acronym ALARA stand for
as low as reasonably achievable
what is the best exposure time for a thoracic radiograph
at max inspiration
to obtain a lateral projection of the pelvis, which area should be used for measurement
at the highest level of the trochanter
which contrast is commonly used for GI studies when perforation is not suspected
barium sulfate
which time frame is the most critical for limiting radiation exposure to an unborn fetus of an employee
between 2 and 10 weeks of gestation
when obtaining a foramen magnum projection of the skulls of small animals, where should the centering of image occur
between the eyes
where is the grid located in reference to an x-ray machine
between the patient and the cassette
how does cerebrospinal fluid appear on a true T1 weighted image of MRI
black
which of the following types of tissue absorb the most radiation
bone
IV contrast used with CT imaging will help to view all of the following, except
bone marrow
what cuadal landmark is used when obtaining a lateral x ray of the pelvis
border of the ischium
if pneumonia is suspected in small animals which radiographic view should be performed
both lateral vies and ventrodorsal views
radiographs of long bones must include which of the following
both the joint proximal and the joint distal to the long bone
what does the gain control knob adjust on the ultrasound machine
brightness of the image
which of the following contains a filament consisting of a tightly coiled tungsten wire and is the site of electron generation in the x ray tube
cathode
when obtaining a radiograph, the thickest part of the area of interest is placed toward what
cathode end of the x ray tube
abbreviation Cd in x-ray positioning refers to
caudal
whne positioning a lizard in right lateral recumbency before taking an x-ray, the left limbs are always _____ to the right limbs
caudal
for a lateral avian view, where would the left wings and limbs be positioned
caudally to the right wings and limbs
which of the following radiographic terms describes the radiographic projection obtained by passing primary x-ray beam from the caudal surface to the cranial surface of a structure
caudocranial
which term describes the view when the primary x ray beam enters the caudal surface and exits the cranial surface of the patient
caudocranial
when obtaining a caudocranial view of the scapula of a small animal, where should the central ray be located
center of the scapula
what is the topographic radiographic landmark for the caudal cervical vertebrae
center of the spine of the scapula
to obtain a dorsoventral view of the abdomen of a rabbit, where should the center of the beam be focused
center over the liver
to obtain a whole body view of the abdomen of a rabbit, where should the center of the beam be focused
center over the thoracolumbar area
to obtain a dorsoventral view of the thorax of a rabbit, where should the center of the beam be focused
centered over the heart
which of the following is the best restraint to use in avian radiography
chemical restraint
films that are properly collimated will have
clear, unexposed areas on all four edges of the film of the finished radiograph
lead shutters installed in the tube head of he x-ray machine are referred to as
collimators
in a dorsoventral view on a small animal x-ray, which organ appears in the shape of a question mark
colon
when using color-flow Doppler in ultrasound, what do the displayed red and blue colors mean
colors show blood flow; blue indicates flow away, and red indicates flow toward
which of the following ultrasound artifacts will likely be produced when the sound wave strikes a metal object or a pocket of air
comet tail
a feature of digital radiography that is related to the bit depth of each pixel and the software that accompanies the digital imaging system is referred to as
contrast optimization
film badges, TLDs, and OSL badges contain 3-4 elements for filtration. which element monitors the highest level of exposure to radiation
copper
which of the following are ways to determine if the animal is properly positioned in later view
coxofemoral joints are superimposed
for an avian lateral view where should the dependent limb be placed compared to the contralateral limb
cranial
to obtain a caudocranial view of the femorotibial joint of the horse, the cassette should be placed against which surface
cranial aspect
abbreviation CrCd refers to
craniocaudal
which of the following radiographic terms describes the veiw when the primary x-ray beam enters the cranial surface and exits the caudal surface of hte patient
craniocaudal
which of the following best describes the word tomography
cut or section
which of the following is the correct definition for the ultrasound term hypoechoic
dark gray
in which of the following circumstances should water-soluble organic iodides be avoided
dehydrated patients
which of hte following is considered to be a cardinal rule for radiation protection
distance, time, shielding
to obtain a craniocaudal view of the tibia of a small animal, that patient should be in which of the following positions
dorsal recumbency
to obtain a radiograph of the CdCr projection of the scapula of a small animal, which of hte following is the correct position for the patient
dorsal recumbency
to obtain a radiographic image of both temporomandibular joints of a small animal, which of the following is the best position
dorsal recumency
which of the following radiographic terms describes views distal to the carpus obtained by passing the primary x-ray beam form the dorsal direction to the palmar surface of the forelimb
dorsopalmar
which radiographic view of the carpal joint of a horse provides the best view to judge the width of the cartilage spaces
dorsopalmar
which of the following is the best view for assessing the distal radial growth plate for closure in horses
dorsopalmar view
which radiographic view provides the best option for detecting slab fractures in horses
dorsopalmar view
which of the following radiographic terms describes the view when the primary x-ray beam enters the dorsal surface and exits the ventral surface of the patient
dorsoventral
what view is required for the evaluation of the nasal passages of small animals
dorsoventral view, lateral view, rostrocaudal, open-mouth view
meters to measure the rate of exposure is also known as
dosimeter
which of the following is not an advantage of digital x ray verus analog x ray
elimination of damaging radiation
how often should x-ray equipment in a vet office be tested
every 2 years
which of the following will cause a fogged film
exposure to excessive scatter radiation
to obtain a mediolateral view of the brachioantebrachial joint of a horse, how should leg be positioned
extended cranially
when obtaining a dorsoventral view of the whole body of a rodent, how should the front legs be positioned
extended cranially
which type of monitoring badge is the most common method of monitoring ionizing radiation
film badges
decreased radiographic density with poor contrast results from which of the following
film was underexposed
which of hte following is the best view for detecting distal corner fractures
flexed lateral veiw
which radiographic view provides the best accuracy for detecting carpal fractures in horses
flexed lateral view
which of the following imaging modalities can cause radiation burns if the unit is too close to the skin and remains tin exposure mode for too long
fluoroscopy
what causes grid lines on the entire film
focal-film distance not being in the range of the grids's focus
what occurs when the object is not parallel to the recording surface of an x-ray
foreshortening
which of the following is not a radiographic characteristic of the bones of a newborn foal
fused
what does MRI require to highlight injections, tumors, or vascular disease
gadolinium
which of the following is not considered a physical restraint
gloved hands
an unossified carpal or tarsal bone describes which grade level on the ossification index for newborn foals
grade 1
which grade level on the ossification index for newborn foals does a closed metacarpal and metatarsal physes describe
grade 4
which should be avoided when manually restraining a bird
grasping the patient around the neck
what is the cuadal landmark for obtaining an abdominal x-ray in the lateral position
greater trochanter of the femur
all of the following are components of the x ray tube, except
grid
which of the following will help prevent motion artifacts
high milliamperage
what is the term used to describe an area that indicates higher radiation has been emitted in nuclear medicine
hot spot
which of the following is the best method for storing lead x-ray gowns
hung up by the shoulders when not in use
the area of interest when obtaining an x-ray should be closest to
image receptor
the bisecting angle principle states that the plane of an x ray beam should be 90 degrees to the
imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the tooth's long axis and the film plane
which of the following locations is best to store dosimeter badge
in a dry, cool place away form the x-ray machine
when imaging the lumbosacral vertebrae in the lateral position, which of the following should be done to ensure proper exposure
increase the kVp
which of the following is not considered a key radiographic feature of carpal or tarsal bone immaturity
increased calcification
which of the following is not a form of barium sulfate that can be administered to patients
injectable
with film-based imaging, which of the following ae receptor componets
intensifying screen, cassette, film
what does the TGC or time gain compensation allow on the ultrasound machine
it allows adjustment of the gain at various depths
if the mA or exposure time is doubled, what happens to the film density
it is doubled
how is gadolinium that is used in MRI excreted from the body
kidneys
which of the following PPE must the handler wear when a patient is considered radioactive
lab coat, gloves, disposable boots, and dosimeter badge
when obtaining a lateral projection of the skull of small animals, where should the centering of the image occur
lateral canthus of the eye socket
the ability to distinguish between two objects that are adjacent to each other, yet perpendicular to the sound wave in ultrasound, is described as
lateral resolution
which of the following is the best view for the judging a major fracture dislocation and confrormational abnormalities
lateral view
which radiographic view provides the best accuracy for evaluating major fracture dislocation and conformational abnormalities in horses
lateral view
a grid is a series of thin, linear strips made of alternating radiodense and radiolucent material. of what are the radiodense strips made
lead
when viewing a lateral radiograph, the cranial part of the animal is in which direction in relation to the illuminator
left
median plane divides the body into which
left and right portions
when obtaining an x-ray of a vomiting patient, which position is ideal
left lateral recumbency
when scanning the sagittal plane, where is the cranial aspect of the patient's body displayed on the ultrasound monitor
left side of hte monitor
which of the following causes a black irregular border on one end of the film
light exposure while still in the box in advance of exposure
term oblique is generally used in reference to
limbs
when viewing a radiograph, which organ lies in the cranial abdomen between the diaphragm and stomach in small animals
liver
scatter radiation has a _____ than the primary beam used in an x-ray
longer wavelength
what does the color blue indicate on a nuclear medicine study
low activity
all of hte following organs are seen on ultrasound, except
lungs
the amount of radioisotope used for each exam in a nuclear medicine study is measured in which unit
mCi
for digital radiography, what does the postprocessing step of image manipulation allow
magnification, rotation, contrast adjustment
to obtain a CdCr projection of the humerus of small animals, where should the measurement be taken
measure from the table to the midshaft humerus
for lateromedial view of the metacarpus of a horse, which surface should the cassette be on
medial aspect
to obtain a lateromedial view of the femorotibial joint of the horse, the cassette should be placed against which surface
medial aspect
which of the following is the best view of the carpal joint for detecting slab fractures
medial oblique
to perform an ultrasound in the intercostal region, which transducer would be ideal
microconvex probe
to obtain a radiograph of the VD extended hip porction, where isthe center of the beam focused
midline between the left and right ischial tuberosity
when obtaining a VD projection of the skull of small animals, where should the centering of the image occur
midway between the tip of the nose and just caudal to the occipital protuberance at the base
what is an essential factor when using a nonscreen film to x ray a snake
movement needs to be minimal
how does the adjacent bone density appear in fresh carpal chips in horses
normal
term rostral refers to toward the
nose
in which imaging modality is technetium 99 mm used
nuclear medicine
for a mediolateral view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position
on the lateral surface
for a lateromedial view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position
on the medial surface
for dorsoplantar view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position
on the plantar surface
which of the following could cause a false diagnosis of a pneumothorax on a radiograph
overexposure of film
when obtaining lateral view of the cervical vertebrae of a small animal, which of the following techniques should not be performed
overextend the limbs caudally
which of the following could be considered as negative-contrast agents used in radiograpy
oxygen, air, carbon dioxide
radiographic terms describes the caudal surface of the forelimb distal to the carpus
palmar
for dorsopalmar view of the metacarpus of a horse, which surface should the cassette be on
palmar aspect
for a dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique of the metacarpus of a horse, on which surface should the cassette be placed
palmaromedial aspect
all of the following organs are normally seen on a radiograph, except
pancreas
the only dental radiographic view that can be made with a true parallel technique is
parallel mandibular view
Which of the following is the correct order to prep dental film
pass through the developer, wash, fixer, then wash again
to decrease magnification of an x ray, which of the following would help
patients are positioned as close to the x-ray cassette as possible
which of the following is the best technique to consider for an abdominal x ray
peak expiration
which type of magnet consists of two slabs of magnetic material facing each other
permanent magnets
for a standard radiograph of metacarpus of a horse, the limb of interest should be in which position compared to the ground
perpendicular
which of the following correctly defines the term shims in reference to MRI
pieces or plates of metal used to correct the magnetic field within the magnet
what element is found within the transducer of an ultrasound machine
piezoelectric ceramics
for dorsolateral-plantaromeidal oblique view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position
plantaomedial surface
which of the following radiographic terms describes the caudal surface of the hind limb distal to the carpus
plantar
which of the following best describes the term fulcrum
point of interest
what is a major safety concern with MRI machines
potential projectile effect with metallic objects within the vicinity of the machine
term proximal refers to which abbreviation
pr
what does the MRI unit use to manipulate hydrogen atoms in and out of an excited energy state
radio waves
the degree of blackness on a radiograph is described as
radiographic density
what is an isotope termed when radioactive
radioisotope
in dental, periapical disease appears as a
radiolucent area around the apex of the tooth
atoms that emit particles and energy to become stable are known as
radionuclides
which of the following terms is used to describe the white appearance of an x ray
radiopaque
which of the following are ways to determine whether the animal is properly positioned int he ventrodorsal view
rib and abdominal symmetry and wings of the ilium are symmetrical
when a patient is receiving an x-ray and is in the right lateral recumbent position, what marker should be used to denote the correct side
right
to obtain a lateral view of the tibia of a small animal, the patient should be in which of the following positions
right and left lateral recumbency
to obtain a radiographic image of the right temporomandibular joint of a small animal, which of the following is the best position
right lateral recumbency
all statements are true except
sandbags, sponges, tape, or other restraining devices should not be used for positioning the patient rather than manual restraint
which of the following does not describe an old carpal chip seen on x ray in horses
sharp fragment margination
in MRI what are the various shades of gray referred to as
signal intensities
which parts of a patients body are considered radioactive after they have received the radioisotopes
skin, hair, waste products
A biarticular fracture is also known as a
slab fracture
which of the following is the most serious of all carpal fractures seen in horses
slab fracture
what is the correct place of measurement for radiographs of the nasal passages of small animals
slightly rostral to the widest area of the cranium
what is the cranial landmark for an x ray of the thoracic vertebrae in the lateral position
spine of the scapula
to obtain a caudocranial view of the tibia of a small animal, the patient should be in which of the following positions
sternal recumbency
to obtain a dorsopalmar x-ray of the metacarpus and digits, in which position should the patient be
sternal recumbency
which of the following is the most common medical magnet
superconducting magnets
for a ventrodorsal avian radiographic view, the keel should be in which position related to the spine
superimposed
for smaller-sized patients, which radiographic technique is preferred
tabletop technique
for larger species of birds, which technique can be used to obtain a craniocaudal appendicular skeletal radiograph
tape the lib to a plexiglas plate and use a gloved hand placed behind the hock to restrain the limb for exposure
exposing a reptile to cool conditions, such as a cool metal surface will cause
temporary lethargy and immobility
what is the term used to describe a medical magnets field strength
tesla
when using a V-trough to aid in obtaining a radiograph, what needs to be measured before taking the x ray
the V-trough and the thickest portion of the body to be measured
radiographic projections are named according to
the direction in which the central beam anatomically enters the body parts, followed by the area the exit of the x-ray beam
when obtaining a radiograph of the thoracic vertebrae, what level should be measured for kVp setting
the highest point of the thorax
when using a plexiglas tube to obtain an x-ray, which of the following should be adjusted
the kVp should be increased
when obtaining a ventrodorsal x ray of the thorax, what is the cranial landmark
the manubrium
when an x-ray photon strikes an object, which of the following can occur
the photon penetrates the object
which of the following best describes the Nyquist point in ultrasound
the point at which the maximum blood velocity is reached
to obtain a flexed lateral projection of the carpus of small animals, where should the measurement be taken
the thickest part of the flexed joint
when obtaining a caudocranial x ray of the stifle joint, what should be palpated to determine the amount of rotation necessary for an exact caudocranial prjection
the tibial tuberosity
for standard radiogrphs of the tarsus of a horse, which of the following is the correct weight distribution
the weight should be evenly distributed on all four legs
which of the following causes the entire film to be clear
there was no exposure or the film was placed in the fixer before the developer
what happens to crystals within the ultrasound transducer when strong, short electrical pulses strike them
they vibrate
what is the purpose of the foil backing found on dental x-ray film
to absorb exiting remnant radiation
for what are grids used on an x-ray machine
to decrease scatter radiation and to increase the contrast on the radiograph
what does it mean to collimate the x-ray beam
to limit the beam exposure just to the area of interest within the film
Tooth is elongated. This happened because the beam was perpendicular to the?
tooth
Which one of the following imaging modalities produces images without the use of radiation
ultrasound
which of the following conditions results from uneven development of film
uneven chemical levels
what is a concern of exposure creep with the use of digital x rays
unnecessary patient and personnel exposure because of ionizing radiation
dental film should be placed in the mouth with the dimple facing
up and pointing rostrally
which of the following best describes the use for Doppler ultrasound
used to image the flow of blood and other liquids as well as to measure their velocity
when capturing analog radiographs, which of the following descriptions refers to "spliting the plate"
using a lead shield on half of the film to prevent exposure and to allow for 2 views to be obtained on the same film
a deformity in which the interior angle of the joint viewed frontally, is greater than 180 degrees is known as
valgus deformity
a deformity, in which the interior angle of the joint, viewed frontally, is <180 degrees, is known as
varus deformity
which of the following radiographic terms describes the view when the primary x ray beam enters the ventral surface and exits the dorsal surface of the patient
ventrodorsal
before taking a radiograph of a patient, what is the proper way to obtain a measurement of the area of interest
when the patient is in the position in which it is to be x-rayed
which of the following is the proper way to disinfect an ultrasound probe
wipe with glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant
