Imaging Final

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anything below what Hounsfield unit is displayed as black on CT imaging

-750 HU

what is the typical wavelength of a medical x-ray

0.05-0.01 nm

pulse wave imaging can detect velocities up to a maximum of

1.4 m/s

radiographs of joints must include which of the following

1/3 of the bones proximal and distal to the joint

during an x ray, a table top techinque is most commonly used for exotic companion animals when the species girth exceeds which diameter

10-12 cm

what size of power outlet is required to run a digital dental unit

110 V

which of the following kV will produce more scatter and secondary radiation

110 kV

to what level of kV radiation are most lead aprons effectived

125 kV

which of the following Hounsfield units on CT imaging appears as white

1260 HU

what is the speed of sound through fat tissue

1460 m/s

to obtain a dorsopalmar view of the interphalangeal joint, what should the primary beam angle be proximal to distal

15-20 degrees

when using he shaded-surface display process with CT, which Hounsfield units should be selected to view bone

160 HU

at what age in foals does the closure of the proximal growth plate of P2 occur

18-30 weeks

Modern CT scanners use multislice technology and are able to acquire image slices thinner than which of the following sizes

1mm

what is the max number of focal points that are recommended for use in ultrasound

2

to obtain a dorsopalmar view of the fetlock joint of a horse, the primary beam needs to be angled ___ proximal to distal

20 degrees

the protective lead equipment, decreases primary beam exposure by how much

25%

approximately how many shades of grey are displayed of an image obtained through ultrasound

256 shades of gray

how long does it take for barium sulfate to travel form the stomach to the colon

3 hours

how long should vet facilities maintain dosimetry reprots

30 years

what is the speed of sound through air

330 m/s

what is the correct temperature for an automatic processor tank that is used to develop x ray film

35 c and 95 f

a computer tomography x-ray tube can rotate how many degrees

360

When using a dental x-ray unit, the end of the cone should be positioned at ___ inches from the patient's anatomy

4

at what age does the first radiographic appearance of the crena seen in foals occur

4-22 weeks

what is the speed of sound through bone

4080 m/s

when do fetal skeletons of small animals become visible on x-ray

42-45 days

which of the following frequencies will allow for the deepest level of penetration in ultrasound

4MHz

when does the soft tissue phase occur in nuclear medicine

5-10 minutes after injection

what is the max permissible dose of radiation a person can receive per year

5000 millirems/yr

which repetition time shows the T1 decay response of the tissues using MRI

546 ms

what is the half-life of the radioisotope technetium Tc 99m used in nuclear medicine studies

6 hours

to obtain a flexed dorsoplantar radiographic view of the tarsal joint of a horse, at which angle should the primary beam direction be

60 degrees

to obtain a flexed lateromedial view of the carpus of a horse, the limb should be flexed approximately how many degrees

60 degrees

MRI machines produce noise in which of the following ranges

60-90 dB

horses have how many carpal bones

7

what is the typical kilovoltage preset on a dental unit

70 kV

when using computed tomography, what Hounsfield unit does blood have

80 HU

what is the correct definition of the abbreviation B-mode in ultrasound

Brightness

which of the following allows for measurements of very high blood flow velocities in ultrasound

CW Doppler

which of the following is the correct abbreviation to perform a caudalocranial radiograph

CdCr

which of the following is the correct abbreviation to perform a cranial radiograph

Cr

Which is correct abbreviation indicating performance of a craniocaudal radiograph

CrCd

digital radiography, CT, MRI, and ultrasound are stored using a universally accepted format known as

DICOM

when obtaining a caudocranial view of the humerus of a small animal, in which position should the animal be

Dorsal recumbency

which of the following is correct abbreviation for dorsopalmar

Dpa

which of the following image receptors is used in dental imaging

Film and Phosphor plates

which imaging modality is superior for demonstrating the brain and spinal cord

MRI

what is the difference between Doppler and Power Doppler ultrasound

Power Doppler is sensitive to slow flow and color Doppler indicates direction of flow

what is the amount used to express the dose equivalent that results form exposure to ionizing radiation known as

REM

the number of detectors that are covered by the x-ray beam in CT scanning is known as which field view

Scan field of view

which radiographic view is best suggested for imaging the lungs

VD

what does the term pitch refer to in CT imaging

a ratio between the table movement in mm and the CT slice thickness

which of the following correctly describes a CT image

a three-dimensional image and a matrix of voxels

the term ventral recumbency refers to the patient lying on

abdomen

to obtain a craniocaudal view of the brachioantebrachial joint of a horse, how should the leg be positioned

abducted

when obtaining a view of the tympanic bullae of small animals, where should the centering of the image occur

above the base of the tongue and just below the palate, approximately at eh commissure of the mouth

in the equation Z= pV used in ultrasound, what does the letter Z represent

acoustic impedance

when restraining a sedated bird for a lateral x-ray, where should the wings be properly taped

across the humerus

When obtaining a lateromedial view of the carpus of a horse, where should the cassette be held

against medial aspect of the leg

when obtaining a dorsopalmar view of the carpus of a horse, where should the cassette be held

against the palmar aspect of the carpus

where should the cassette be held when obtaining a dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of the carpus of a horse

against the palmarolateral aspect of the leg

when obtaining a dorsolater-palmaromedial oblique view of the carpus of a horse, where should the cassette be held

against the palmaromedial aspect of the leg

before imaging the coffin bone in horses, which of the following tasks should be performed in perparation

all of above

can occur if DNA is affected by radiation

all of the above

which of the following can the piezoelectric crystal within an ultrasound probe do

all of the above

which of the following factors should all personnel understand about MRI machines

all of the above

people allowed to view individual dosimetry reports except

all team members

which particles have high linerar energy transfer with low penetrability

alpha and beta particles

what does the milliamperage control on the x-ray machine affect

amount of radiation that is produced and current to the cathode

what does the acronym ALARA stand for

as low as reasonably achievable

what is the best exposure time for a thoracic radiograph

at max inspiration

to obtain a lateral projection of the pelvis, which area should be used for measurement

at the highest level of the trochanter

which contrast is commonly used for GI studies when perforation is not suspected

barium sulfate

which time frame is the most critical for limiting radiation exposure to an unborn fetus of an employee

between 2 and 10 weeks of gestation

when obtaining a foramen magnum projection of the skulls of small animals, where should the centering of image occur

between the eyes

where is the grid located in reference to an x-ray machine

between the patient and the cassette

how does cerebrospinal fluid appear on a true T1 weighted image of MRI

black

which of the following types of tissue absorb the most radiation

bone

IV contrast used with CT imaging will help to view all of the following, except

bone marrow

what cuadal landmark is used when obtaining a lateral x ray of the pelvis

border of the ischium

if pneumonia is suspected in small animals which radiographic view should be performed

both lateral vies and ventrodorsal views

radiographs of long bones must include which of the following

both the joint proximal and the joint distal to the long bone

what does the gain control knob adjust on the ultrasound machine

brightness of the image

which of the following contains a filament consisting of a tightly coiled tungsten wire and is the site of electron generation in the x ray tube

cathode

when obtaining a radiograph, the thickest part of the area of interest is placed toward what

cathode end of the x ray tube

abbreviation Cd in x-ray positioning refers to

caudal

whne positioning a lizard in right lateral recumbency before taking an x-ray, the left limbs are always _____ to the right limbs

caudal

for a lateral avian view, where would the left wings and limbs be positioned

caudally to the right wings and limbs

which of the following radiographic terms describes the radiographic projection obtained by passing primary x-ray beam from the caudal surface to the cranial surface of a structure

caudocranial

which term describes the view when the primary x ray beam enters the caudal surface and exits the cranial surface of the patient

caudocranial

when obtaining a caudocranial view of the scapula of a small animal, where should the central ray be located

center of the scapula

what is the topographic radiographic landmark for the caudal cervical vertebrae

center of the spine of the scapula

to obtain a dorsoventral view of the abdomen of a rabbit, where should the center of the beam be focused

center over the liver

to obtain a whole body view of the abdomen of a rabbit, where should the center of the beam be focused

center over the thoracolumbar area

to obtain a dorsoventral view of the thorax of a rabbit, where should the center of the beam be focused

centered over the heart

which of the following is the best restraint to use in avian radiography

chemical restraint

films that are properly collimated will have

clear, unexposed areas on all four edges of the film of the finished radiograph

lead shutters installed in the tube head of he x-ray machine are referred to as

collimators

in a dorsoventral view on a small animal x-ray, which organ appears in the shape of a question mark

colon

when using color-flow Doppler in ultrasound, what do the displayed red and blue colors mean

colors show blood flow; blue indicates flow away, and red indicates flow toward

which of the following ultrasound artifacts will likely be produced when the sound wave strikes a metal object or a pocket of air

comet tail

a feature of digital radiography that is related to the bit depth of each pixel and the software that accompanies the digital imaging system is referred to as

contrast optimization

film badges, TLDs, and OSL badges contain 3-4 elements for filtration. which element monitors the highest level of exposure to radiation

copper

which of the following are ways to determine if the animal is properly positioned in later view

coxofemoral joints are superimposed

for an avian lateral view where should the dependent limb be placed compared to the contralateral limb

cranial

to obtain a caudocranial view of the femorotibial joint of the horse, the cassette should be placed against which surface

cranial aspect

abbreviation CrCd refers to

craniocaudal

which of the following radiographic terms describes the veiw when the primary x-ray beam enters the cranial surface and exits the caudal surface of hte patient

craniocaudal

which of the following best describes the word tomography

cut or section

which of the following is the correct definition for the ultrasound term hypoechoic

dark gray

in which of the following circumstances should water-soluble organic iodides be avoided

dehydrated patients

which of hte following is considered to be a cardinal rule for radiation protection

distance, time, shielding

to obtain a craniocaudal view of the tibia of a small animal, that patient should be in which of the following positions

dorsal recumbency

to obtain a radiograph of the CdCr projection of the scapula of a small animal, which of hte following is the correct position for the patient

dorsal recumbency

to obtain a radiographic image of both temporomandibular joints of a small animal, which of the following is the best position

dorsal recumency

which of the following radiographic terms describes views distal to the carpus obtained by passing the primary x-ray beam form the dorsal direction to the palmar surface of the forelimb

dorsopalmar

which radiographic view of the carpal joint of a horse provides the best view to judge the width of the cartilage spaces

dorsopalmar

which of the following is the best view for assessing the distal radial growth plate for closure in horses

dorsopalmar view

which radiographic view provides the best option for detecting slab fractures in horses

dorsopalmar view

which of the following radiographic terms describes the view when the primary x-ray beam enters the dorsal surface and exits the ventral surface of the patient

dorsoventral

what view is required for the evaluation of the nasal passages of small animals

dorsoventral view, lateral view, rostrocaudal, open-mouth view

meters to measure the rate of exposure is also known as

dosimeter

which of the following is not an advantage of digital x ray verus analog x ray

elimination of damaging radiation

how often should x-ray equipment in a vet office be tested

every 2 years

which of the following will cause a fogged film

exposure to excessive scatter radiation

to obtain a mediolateral view of the brachioantebrachial joint of a horse, how should leg be positioned

extended cranially

when obtaining a dorsoventral view of the whole body of a rodent, how should the front legs be positioned

extended cranially

which type of monitoring badge is the most common method of monitoring ionizing radiation

film badges

decreased radiographic density with poor contrast results from which of the following

film was underexposed

which of hte following is the best view for detecting distal corner fractures

flexed lateral veiw

which radiographic view provides the best accuracy for detecting carpal fractures in horses

flexed lateral view

which of the following imaging modalities can cause radiation burns if the unit is too close to the skin and remains tin exposure mode for too long

fluoroscopy

what causes grid lines on the entire film

focal-film distance not being in the range of the grids's focus

what occurs when the object is not parallel to the recording surface of an x-ray

foreshortening

which of the following is not a radiographic characteristic of the bones of a newborn foal

fused

what does MRI require to highlight injections, tumors, or vascular disease

gadolinium

which of the following is not considered a physical restraint

gloved hands

an unossified carpal or tarsal bone describes which grade level on the ossification index for newborn foals

grade 1

which grade level on the ossification index for newborn foals does a closed metacarpal and metatarsal physes describe

grade 4

which should be avoided when manually restraining a bird

grasping the patient around the neck

what is the cuadal landmark for obtaining an abdominal x-ray in the lateral position

greater trochanter of the femur

all of the following are components of the x ray tube, except

grid

which of the following will help prevent motion artifacts

high milliamperage

what is the term used to describe an area that indicates higher radiation has been emitted in nuclear medicine

hot spot

which of the following is the best method for storing lead x-ray gowns

hung up by the shoulders when not in use

the area of interest when obtaining an x-ray should be closest to

image receptor

the bisecting angle principle states that the plane of an x ray beam should be 90 degrees to the

imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the tooth's long axis and the film plane

which of the following locations is best to store dosimeter badge

in a dry, cool place away form the x-ray machine

when imaging the lumbosacral vertebrae in the lateral position, which of the following should be done to ensure proper exposure

increase the kVp

which of the following is not considered a key radiographic feature of carpal or tarsal bone immaturity

increased calcification

which of the following is not a form of barium sulfate that can be administered to patients

injectable

with film-based imaging, which of the following ae receptor componets

intensifying screen, cassette, film

what does the TGC or time gain compensation allow on the ultrasound machine

it allows adjustment of the gain at various depths

if the mA or exposure time is doubled, what happens to the film density

it is doubled

how is gadolinium that is used in MRI excreted from the body

kidneys

which of the following PPE must the handler wear when a patient is considered radioactive

lab coat, gloves, disposable boots, and dosimeter badge

when obtaining a lateral projection of the skull of small animals, where should the centering of the image occur

lateral canthus of the eye socket

the ability to distinguish between two objects that are adjacent to each other, yet perpendicular to the sound wave in ultrasound, is described as

lateral resolution

which of the following is the best view for the judging a major fracture dislocation and confrormational abnormalities

lateral view

which radiographic view provides the best accuracy for evaluating major fracture dislocation and conformational abnormalities in horses

lateral view

a grid is a series of thin, linear strips made of alternating radiodense and radiolucent material. of what are the radiodense strips made

lead

when viewing a lateral radiograph, the cranial part of the animal is in which direction in relation to the illuminator

left

median plane divides the body into which

left and right portions

when obtaining an x-ray of a vomiting patient, which position is ideal

left lateral recumbency

when scanning the sagittal plane, where is the cranial aspect of the patient's body displayed on the ultrasound monitor

left side of hte monitor

which of the following causes a black irregular border on one end of the film

light exposure while still in the box in advance of exposure

term oblique is generally used in reference to

limbs

when viewing a radiograph, which organ lies in the cranial abdomen between the diaphragm and stomach in small animals

liver

scatter radiation has a _____ than the primary beam used in an x-ray

longer wavelength

what does the color blue indicate on a nuclear medicine study

low activity

all of hte following organs are seen on ultrasound, except

lungs

the amount of radioisotope used for each exam in a nuclear medicine study is measured in which unit

mCi

for digital radiography, what does the postprocessing step of image manipulation allow

magnification, rotation, contrast adjustment

to obtain a CdCr projection of the humerus of small animals, where should the measurement be taken

measure from the table to the midshaft humerus

for lateromedial view of the metacarpus of a horse, which surface should the cassette be on

medial aspect

to obtain a lateromedial view of the femorotibial joint of the horse, the cassette should be placed against which surface

medial aspect

which of the following is the best view of the carpal joint for detecting slab fractures

medial oblique

to perform an ultrasound in the intercostal region, which transducer would be ideal

microconvex probe

to obtain a radiograph of the VD extended hip porction, where isthe center of the beam focused

midline between the left and right ischial tuberosity

when obtaining a VD projection of the skull of small animals, where should the centering of the image occur

midway between the tip of the nose and just caudal to the occipital protuberance at the base

what is an essential factor when using a nonscreen film to x ray a snake

movement needs to be minimal

how does the adjacent bone density appear in fresh carpal chips in horses

normal

term rostral refers to toward the

nose

in which imaging modality is technetium 99 mm used

nuclear medicine

for a mediolateral view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position

on the lateral surface

for a lateromedial view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position

on the medial surface

for dorsoplantar view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position

on the plantar surface

which of the following could cause a false diagnosis of a pneumothorax on a radiograph

overexposure of film

when obtaining lateral view of the cervical vertebrae of a small animal, which of the following techniques should not be performed

overextend the limbs caudally

which of the following could be considered as negative-contrast agents used in radiograpy

oxygen, air, carbon dioxide

radiographic terms describes the caudal surface of the forelimb distal to the carpus

palmar

for dorsopalmar view of the metacarpus of a horse, which surface should the cassette be on

palmar aspect

for a dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique of the metacarpus of a horse, on which surface should the cassette be placed

palmaromedial aspect

all of the following organs are normally seen on a radiograph, except

pancreas

the only dental radiographic view that can be made with a true parallel technique is

parallel mandibular view

Which of the following is the correct order to prep dental film

pass through the developer, wash, fixer, then wash again

to decrease magnification of an x ray, which of the following would help

patients are positioned as close to the x-ray cassette as possible

which of the following is the best technique to consider for an abdominal x ray

peak expiration

which type of magnet consists of two slabs of magnetic material facing each other

permanent magnets

for a standard radiograph of metacarpus of a horse, the limb of interest should be in which position compared to the ground

perpendicular

which of the following correctly defines the term shims in reference to MRI

pieces or plates of metal used to correct the magnetic field within the magnet

what element is found within the transducer of an ultrasound machine

piezoelectric ceramics

for dorsolateral-plantaromeidal oblique view of the tarsal joint of a horse, the cassette should be placed in which position

plantaomedial surface

which of the following radiographic terms describes the caudal surface of the hind limb distal to the carpus

plantar

which of the following best describes the term fulcrum

point of interest

what is a major safety concern with MRI machines

potential projectile effect with metallic objects within the vicinity of the machine

term proximal refers to which abbreviation

pr

what does the MRI unit use to manipulate hydrogen atoms in and out of an excited energy state

radio waves

the degree of blackness on a radiograph is described as

radiographic density

what is an isotope termed when radioactive

radioisotope

in dental, periapical disease appears as a

radiolucent area around the apex of the tooth

atoms that emit particles and energy to become stable are known as

radionuclides

which of the following terms is used to describe the white appearance of an x ray

radiopaque

which of the following are ways to determine whether the animal is properly positioned int he ventrodorsal view

rib and abdominal symmetry and wings of the ilium are symmetrical

when a patient is receiving an x-ray and is in the right lateral recumbent position, what marker should be used to denote the correct side

right

to obtain a lateral view of the tibia of a small animal, the patient should be in which of the following positions

right and left lateral recumbency

to obtain a radiographic image of the right temporomandibular joint of a small animal, which of the following is the best position

right lateral recumbency

all statements are true except

sandbags, sponges, tape, or other restraining devices should not be used for positioning the patient rather than manual restraint

which of the following does not describe an old carpal chip seen on x ray in horses

sharp fragment margination

in MRI what are the various shades of gray referred to as

signal intensities

which parts of a patients body are considered radioactive after they have received the radioisotopes

skin, hair, waste products

A biarticular fracture is also known as a

slab fracture

which of the following is the most serious of all carpal fractures seen in horses

slab fracture

what is the correct place of measurement for radiographs of the nasal passages of small animals

slightly rostral to the widest area of the cranium

what is the cranial landmark for an x ray of the thoracic vertebrae in the lateral position

spine of the scapula

to obtain a caudocranial view of the tibia of a small animal, the patient should be in which of the following positions

sternal recumbency

to obtain a dorsopalmar x-ray of the metacarpus and digits, in which position should the patient be

sternal recumbency

which of the following is the most common medical magnet

superconducting magnets

for a ventrodorsal avian radiographic view, the keel should be in which position related to the spine

superimposed

for smaller-sized patients, which radiographic technique is preferred

tabletop technique

for larger species of birds, which technique can be used to obtain a craniocaudal appendicular skeletal radiograph

tape the lib to a plexiglas plate and use a gloved hand placed behind the hock to restrain the limb for exposure

exposing a reptile to cool conditions, such as a cool metal surface will cause

temporary lethargy and immobility

what is the term used to describe a medical magnets field strength

tesla

when using a V-trough to aid in obtaining a radiograph, what needs to be measured before taking the x ray

the V-trough and the thickest portion of the body to be measured

radiographic projections are named according to

the direction in which the central beam anatomically enters the body parts, followed by the area the exit of the x-ray beam

when obtaining a radiograph of the thoracic vertebrae, what level should be measured for kVp setting

the highest point of the thorax

when using a plexiglas tube to obtain an x-ray, which of the following should be adjusted

the kVp should be increased

when obtaining a ventrodorsal x ray of the thorax, what is the cranial landmark

the manubrium

when an x-ray photon strikes an object, which of the following can occur

the photon penetrates the object

which of the following best describes the Nyquist point in ultrasound

the point at which the maximum blood velocity is reached

to obtain a flexed lateral projection of the carpus of small animals, where should the measurement be taken

the thickest part of the flexed joint

when obtaining a caudocranial x ray of the stifle joint, what should be palpated to determine the amount of rotation necessary for an exact caudocranial prjection

the tibial tuberosity

for standard radiogrphs of the tarsus of a horse, which of the following is the correct weight distribution

the weight should be evenly distributed on all four legs

which of the following causes the entire film to be clear

there was no exposure or the film was placed in the fixer before the developer

what happens to crystals within the ultrasound transducer when strong, short electrical pulses strike them

they vibrate

what is the purpose of the foil backing found on dental x-ray film

to absorb exiting remnant radiation

for what are grids used on an x-ray machine

to decrease scatter radiation and to increase the contrast on the radiograph

what does it mean to collimate the x-ray beam

to limit the beam exposure just to the area of interest within the film

Tooth is elongated. This happened because the beam was perpendicular to the?

tooth

Which one of the following imaging modalities produces images without the use of radiation

ultrasound

which of the following conditions results from uneven development of film

uneven chemical levels

what is a concern of exposure creep with the use of digital x rays

unnecessary patient and personnel exposure because of ionizing radiation

dental film should be placed in the mouth with the dimple facing

up and pointing rostrally

which of the following best describes the use for Doppler ultrasound

used to image the flow of blood and other liquids as well as to measure their velocity

when capturing analog radiographs, which of the following descriptions refers to "spliting the plate"

using a lead shield on half of the film to prevent exposure and to allow for 2 views to be obtained on the same film

a deformity in which the interior angle of the joint viewed frontally, is greater than 180 degrees is known as

valgus deformity

a deformity, in which the interior angle of the joint, viewed frontally, is <180 degrees, is known as

varus deformity

which of the following radiographic terms describes the view when the primary x ray beam enters the ventral surface and exits the dorsal surface of the patient

ventrodorsal

before taking a radiograph of a patient, what is the proper way to obtain a measurement of the area of interest

when the patient is in the position in which it is to be x-rayed

which of the following is the proper way to disinfect an ultrasound probe

wipe with glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant


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