Immune System

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Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include _______

-Neutrophils -Macrophages -Dendritic cells

Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal-section theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?

1. Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen 2. When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself 3. Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated

The complement system is ________

A group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin _________

Activate a group of proteins called complement

Clonal section is an explanation for how _________

An antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by its ________

Antimicrobial peptides

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely ___________

Be unable to differentiate and mature T-cells

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to _________

Certain bacterial infections

Inflammatory responses typically include ________

Increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?

Inflammatory response

Acidity in human sweat is an example of ________

Innate immunity

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered

The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are _________

Mast cells and histamines

If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?

Memory

The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors are __________

Natural killer cells

An immunnoglobin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of _______

One C region and one V region

Which of the following is a difference between B and T cells?

One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is the main immunological function?

Physically trapping pathogens

Within a differentiated B cell, the arrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n) _______

Recombinase

Clonal section and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of _________

Short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

Immunological memory accounts for _______

The ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ___________

The secretion of lysozyme on their surfaces

Lymphocytes mature in the _________

Thymus and bone marrow

You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which of the following is a logical explanation for this?

You had an adaptive immunity to that virus

Innate immunity is

activated immediately upon infection

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in or on certain groups of pathogens, such as viral ___________

double-stranded RNA

Vaccination increases the number of ________

lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen


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