Immune System
Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include _______
-Neutrophils -Macrophages -Dendritic cells
Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal-section theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?
1. Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen 2. When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself 3. Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated
The complement system is ________
A group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion
Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin _________
Activate a group of proteins called complement
Clonal section is an explanation for how _________
An antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies
A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by its ________
Antimicrobial peptides
A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely ___________
Be unable to differentiate and mature T-cells
Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to _________
Certain bacterial infections
Inflammatory responses typically include ________
Increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?
Inflammatory response
Acidity in human sweat is an example of ________
Innate immunity
What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?
It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered
The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are _________
Mast cells and histamines
If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?
Memory
The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumors are __________
Natural killer cells
An immunnoglobin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of _______
One C region and one V region
Which of the following is a difference between B and T cells?
One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity
Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is the main immunological function?
Physically trapping pathogens
Within a differentiated B cell, the arrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by a(n) _______
Recombinase
Clonal section and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of _________
Short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
Immunological memory accounts for _______
The ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by ___________
The secretion of lysozyme on their surfaces
Lymphocytes mature in the _________
Thymus and bone marrow
You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which of the following is a logical explanation for this?
You had an adaptive immunity to that virus
Innate immunity is
activated immediately upon infection
Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in or on certain groups of pathogens, such as viral ___________
double-stranded RNA
Vaccination increases the number of ________
lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen